feat(Dockerfile): introduce universe-external-devel stage

[youtalk]

Description

• chore(Dockerfile): rename from autoware:core-common-devel to autoware:core-external-devel #5852

This PR adds the autoware:universe-external-devel stage, which excludes the autoware.universe/common directory from the autoware:universe-common-devel stage.

This stage is intended to be used in the CI of autoware.universe.

How was this PR tested?

Notes for reviewers

None.

Effects on system behavior

None.

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[youtalk]

Oh, autoware.universe's external repositories depend on autoware.universe packages...

https://github.com/youtalk/autoware/actions/runs/13719057191/job/38370227139#step:7:6510

#96 [universe-localization-mapping-devel rosdep-depend 23/25] RUN /autoware/resolve_rosdep_keys.sh /autoware/src humble > /rosdep-universe-external-depend-packages.txt && cat /rosdep-universe-external-depend-packages.txt
#96 0.494 ERROR: no rosdep rule for 'autoware_component_interface_specs_universe'
#96 0.494 ERROR: no rosdep rule for 'autoware_tensorrt_common'
#96 0.494 ERROR: no rosdep rule for 'autoware_adapi_specs'
#96 0.494 ERROR: no rosdep rule for 'autoware_component_interface_utils'
#96 0.494 ERROR: no rosdep rule for 'tier4_api_utils'
#96 0.494 ERROR: no rosdep rule for 'autoware_cuda_utils'