Student Score Prediction Using Linear Regression

Most of the linear regression theory is covered in this project.

Using these theories, we can predict students' marks through this program.

Introduction

• When we train the machine learning model we need to follow several steps.

• While training this linear regression machine learning algorithm, we need to follow some steps to make the model accurate and fast. Amoung them are things like,
  

  Data Collecting

  Data Preprocessing

  Data Analysis

  Split the Data into training and testing

  Evaluate the Model

  Check model performance

  Fine-tune the Model

• A better understanding of these can be obtained from the following introduction and relative code sections related to the introduction can be obtained by observing the code.

Data Collecting

• We must collect the data we need according to our needs.
• Depending on the target variable (dependent variable/ our predictor variable/ y) we need to collect other data (characteristics/ independent variables/ Features).

Data Preprocessing

• After collecting the data we need to clean it,
  

  find missing data and fill them

  Drop duplicate data

  Turn categorical data into numerical or Boolean

  Rename columns for easily understand

  Separate target value and features

• We can use Encoding method or dummy method for convert categorical data into numerical or boolean.

Data Analysis

• We can analyze the relationships between the target and the features using plots, graphs, etc.
• We can identify the relationship through the following sample examples.

Split the Data into training and testing

• We want seperate data set into training and testing.
• Traing data is used for train model and tesing data for find model accuracy

Evaluate the Model

• Then we can train linear regression model using traning data

Check model performance

• We are used testing data set for this proccess
• We can use mean squared error, mean absolute error and R2 score for check performance
• MSE measures the average of the squares of the errors—that is, the average squared difference between the actual and predicted values
• Lower MSE values indicate a better fit. However, since MSE is in squared units of the response variable, it can be harder to interpret directly
• R², or the coefficient of determination, indicates the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable
• R² ranges from 0 to 1. An R² of 1 indicates that the model perfectly explains the variability of the response data around its mean, while an R² of 0 indicates that the model does not explain any of the variability.
• We can check these thing between trained and test data
• Also we can use recidual plot for predict trained model performance
• Additional information - https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/regression-metrics/

Fine-tune the Model

• Fine-tuning a Linear Regression (LR) model involves optimizing the model parameters and improving its performance by making adjustments based on the evaluation of its results. Here are some steps and techniques for fine-tuning a Linear Regression model

Feature Engineering

• Feature Selection: Choose the most relevant features for the model. Techniques include correlation analysis, recursive feature elimination, and using algorithms like Lasso that perform feature selection.
• We can use recursive feature elemination for this technique
• Additional information - https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/feature-selection-techniques-in-machine-learning/

Regularization

• Apply techniques to prevent overfitting by adding a penalty to the model's complexity
  
  
  1. Ridge Regression: Adds an L2 penalty to the loss function.
     
  2. Lasso Regression: Adds an L1 penalty to the loss function.
     
  3. Elastic Net: Combines both L1 and L2 penalties.
     
     
• Additional information - https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/regularization-in-machine-learning/

Hyperparameter optimization

• Use techniques such as Grid Search or Random Search to find the best hyperparameters for your model. These can be used to tune regularization parameters, polynomial degrees, etc
• Additional information - https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/hyperparameter-tuning-in-linear-regression/

Cross-Validation

• Implement cross-validation techniques (like k-fold cross-validation) to ensure that the model generalizes well to unseen data.
• Additional information - https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cross-validation-machine-learning/

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More information on functionality

• Kaggle - https://www.kaggle.com/code/hirudikaanupama/student-performance-prediction

Key Features

• Implementation of linear regression machine learning algorithm
• Data cleaning
• Data visualization
• Data analysis
• Other

Contact

• Author: Hirudika Anupama
• Email: hirudikaanupama4@gmail.com
• GitHub: https://github.com/HirudikaAnupama