notebook.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Introduction"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Original motivation to explore this dataset is because of the post I saw from New York Times on instagram. (link: https://www.instagram.com/p/C4KFCSELMr0/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA%3D%3D) The posts states how e-bikes are having more serious accidents than traditional bikes. \n",
    "\n",
    "After reading the post, my immediate question was that I don't think deaths can represent how dangerous it is. I became curious about the overall accidents, as smaller accidents without deaths can also impact people's lives significantly. However, other information was not provided and want to investigate further. I found a relevant data set from NYC OpenData on crash cyclists https://data.cityofnewyork.us/Public-Safety/Crash-Cyclist-2020/2kbb-e72t/about_data. When I accessed the dataset, it is updated to March 26, 2024."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Imports"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import plotly.express as px\n",
    "import altair as alt"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data = pd.read_csv('Crash-Cyclist-2020_20240327.csv')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "<div>\n",
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       "    }\n",
       "\n",
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       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>CRASH DATE</th>\n",
       "      <th>CRASH TIME</th>\n",
       "      <th>BOROUGH</th>\n",
       "      <th>ZIP CODE</th>\n",
       "      <th>LATITUDE</th>\n",
       "      <th>LONGITUDE</th>\n",
       "      <th>LOCATION</th>\n",
       "      <th>ON STREET NAME</th>\n",
       "      <th>CROSS STREET NAME</th>\n",
       "      <th>OFF STREET NAME</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2</th>\n",
       "      <th>CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3</th>\n",
       "      <th>CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4</th>\n",
       "      <th>CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5</th>\n",
       "      <th>COLLISION_ID</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>12/14/2021</td>\n",
       "      <td>12:54</td>\n",
       "      <td>BROOKLYN</td>\n",
       "      <td>11217.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.687534</td>\n",
       "      <td>-73.977500</td>\n",
       "      <td>(40.687534, -73.9775)</td>\n",
       "      <td>FULTON STREET</td>\n",
       "      <td>SAINT FELIX STREET</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Unspecified</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4487052</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sedan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bike</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>12/14/2021</td>\n",
       "      <td>16:25</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.784615</td>\n",
       "      <td>-73.953964</td>\n",
       "      <td>(40.784615, -73.953964)</td>\n",
       "      <td>EAST 93 STREET</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Driver Inattention/Distraction</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4486581</td>\n",
       "      <td>Van</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bike</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>04/24/2022</td>\n",
       "      <td>15:35</td>\n",
       "      <td>MANHATTAN</td>\n",
       "      <td>10019.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.767242</td>\n",
       "      <td>-73.986206</td>\n",
       "      <td>(40.767242, -73.986206)</td>\n",
       "      <td>WEST 56 STREET</td>\n",
       "      <td>9 AVENUE</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Unspecified</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4521853</td>\n",
       "      <td>Station Wagon/Sport Utility Vehicle</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bike</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>12/09/2021</td>\n",
       "      <td>20:20</td>\n",
       "      <td>BROOKLYN</td>\n",
       "      <td>11223.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.592070</td>\n",
       "      <td>-73.962990</td>\n",
       "      <td>(40.59207, -73.96299)</td>\n",
       "      <td>EAST 7 STREET</td>\n",
       "      <td>CRAWFORD AVENUE</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Unspecified</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4485150</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bike</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>12/09/2021</td>\n",
       "      <td>23:15</td>\n",
       "      <td>BROOKLYN</td>\n",
       "      <td>11218.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.640835</td>\n",
       "      <td>-73.989670</td>\n",
       "      <td>(40.640835, -73.98967)</td>\n",
       "      <td>12 AVENUE</td>\n",
       "      <td>41 STREET</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Driver Inattention/Distraction</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4485355</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sedan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bike</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>21096</th>\n",
       "      <td>02/14/2020</td>\n",
       "      <td>22:44</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.710907</td>\n",
       "      <td>-73.951650</td>\n",
       "      <td>(40.710907, -73.95165)</td>\n",
       "      <td>BORINQUEN PLACE</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Unspecified</td>\n",
       "      <td>Unspecified</td>\n",
       "      <td>Unspecified</td>\n",
       "      <td>Unspecified</td>\n",
       "      <td>4288986</td>\n",
       "      <td>Station Wagon/Sport Utility Vehicle</td>\n",
       "      <td>Station Wagon/Sport Utility Vehicle</td>\n",
       "      <td>Station Wagon/Sport Utility Vehicle</td>\n",
       "      <td>E-Scooter</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sedan</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>21097</th>\n",
       "      <td>10/22/2022</td>\n",
       "      <td>8:55</td>\n",
       "      <td>BROOKLYN</td>\n",
       "      <td>11249.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.712860</td>\n",
       "      <td>-73.965790</td>\n",
       "      <td>(40.71286, -73.96579)</td>\n",
       "      <td>SOUTH 4 STREET</td>\n",
       "      <td>WYTHE AVENUE</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Unspecified</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4575887</td>\n",
       "      <td>Station Wagon/Sport Utility Vehicle</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bike</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>21098</th>\n",
       "      <td>11/06/2022</td>\n",
       "      <td>17:30</td>\n",
       "      <td>MANHATTAN</td>\n",
       "      <td>10022.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.762733</td>\n",
       "      <td>-73.973400</td>\n",
       "      <td>(40.762733, -73.9734)</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>11        EAST 57 STREET</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Driver Inattention/Distraction</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4580242</td>\n",
       "      <td>Taxi</td>\n",
       "      <td>Pedicab</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>21099</th>\n",
       "      <td>09/21/2023</td>\n",
       "      <td>8:01</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.678818</td>\n",
       "      <td>-73.965350</td>\n",
       "      <td>(40.678818, -73.96535)</td>\n",
       "      <td>BERGEN STREET</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Passing or Lane Usage Improper</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4664391</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bus</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bike</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>21100</th>\n",
       "      <td>10/13/2023</td>\n",
       "      <td>20:40</td>\n",
       "      <td>BROOKLYN</td>\n",
       "      <td>11214.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.592495</td>\n",
       "      <td>-73.984440</td>\n",
       "      <td>(40.592495, -73.98444)</td>\n",
       "      <td>STILLWELL AVENUE</td>\n",
       "      <td>BAY 46 STREET</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Unspecified</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4670407</td>\n",
       "      <td>Station Wagon/Sport Utility Vehicle</td>\n",
       "      <td>E-Bike</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>21101 rows × 29 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       CRASH DATE CRASH TIME    BOROUGH  ZIP CODE   LATITUDE  LONGITUDE  \\\n",
       "0      12/14/2021      12:54   BROOKLYN   11217.0  40.687534 -73.977500   \n",
       "1      12/14/2021      16:25        NaN       NaN  40.784615 -73.953964   \n",
       "2      04/24/2022      15:35  MANHATTAN   10019.0  40.767242 -73.986206   \n",
       "3      12/09/2021      20:20   BROOKLYN   11223.0  40.592070 -73.962990   \n",
       "4      12/09/2021      23:15   BROOKLYN   11218.0  40.640835 -73.989670   \n",
       "...           ...        ...        ...       ...        ...        ...   \n",
       "21096  02/14/2020      22:44        NaN       NaN  40.710907 -73.951650   \n",
       "21097  10/22/2022       8:55   BROOKLYN   11249.0  40.712860 -73.965790   \n",
       "21098  11/06/2022      17:30  MANHATTAN   10022.0  40.762733 -73.973400   \n",
       "21099  09/21/2023       8:01        NaN       NaN  40.678818 -73.965350   \n",
       "21100  10/13/2023      20:40   BROOKLYN   11214.0  40.592495 -73.984440   \n",
       "\n",
       "                      LOCATION                    ON STREET NAME  \\\n",
       "0        (40.687534, -73.9775)                     FULTON STREET   \n",
       "1      (40.784615, -73.953964)                    EAST 93 STREET   \n",
       "2      (40.767242, -73.986206)                    WEST 56 STREET   \n",
       "3        (40.59207, -73.96299)                     EAST 7 STREET   \n",
       "4       (40.640835, -73.98967)                         12 AVENUE   \n",
       "...                        ...                               ...   \n",
       "21096   (40.710907, -73.95165)  BORINQUEN PLACE                    \n",
       "21097    (40.71286, -73.96579)                    SOUTH 4 STREET   \n",
       "21098    (40.762733, -73.9734)                               NaN   \n",
       "21099   (40.678818, -73.96535)                     BERGEN STREET   \n",
       "21100   (40.592495, -73.98444)                  STILLWELL AVENUE   \n",
       "\n",
       "        CROSS STREET NAME           OFF STREET NAME  ...  \\\n",
       "0      SAINT FELIX STREET                       NaN  ...   \n",
       "1                     NaN                       NaN  ...   \n",
       "2                9 AVENUE                       NaN  ...   \n",
       "3         CRAWFORD AVENUE                       NaN  ...   \n",
       "4               41 STREET                       NaN  ...   \n",
       "...                   ...                       ...  ...   \n",
       "21096                 NaN                       NaN  ...   \n",
       "21097        WYTHE AVENUE                       NaN  ...   \n",
       "21098                 NaN  11        EAST 57 STREET  ...   \n",
       "21099                 NaN                       NaN  ...   \n",
       "21100       BAY 46 STREET                       NaN  ...   \n",
       "\n",
       "        CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2  CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3  \\\n",
       "0                         Unspecified                            NaN   \n",
       "1      Driver Inattention/Distraction                            NaN   \n",
       "2                         Unspecified                            NaN   \n",
       "3                         Unspecified                            NaN   \n",
       "4      Driver Inattention/Distraction                            NaN   \n",
       "...                               ...                            ...   \n",
       "21096                     Unspecified                    Unspecified   \n",
       "21097                     Unspecified                            NaN   \n",
       "21098  Driver Inattention/Distraction                            NaN   \n",
       "21099  Passing or Lane Usage Improper                            NaN   \n",
       "21100                     Unspecified                            NaN   \n",
       "\n",
       "       CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4  CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5  \\\n",
       "0                                NaN                            NaN   \n",
       "1                                NaN                            NaN   \n",
       "2                                NaN                            NaN   \n",
       "3                                NaN                            NaN   \n",
       "4                                NaN                            NaN   \n",
       "...                              ...                            ...   \n",
       "21096                    Unspecified                    Unspecified   \n",
       "21097                            NaN                            NaN   \n",
       "21098                            NaN                            NaN   \n",
       "21099                            NaN                            NaN   \n",
       "21100                            NaN                            NaN   \n",
       "\n",
       "       COLLISION_ID                  VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1  \\\n",
       "0           4487052                                Sedan   \n",
       "1           4486581                                  Van   \n",
       "2           4521853  Station Wagon/Sport Utility Vehicle   \n",
       "3           4485150                                 Bike   \n",
       "4           4485355                                Sedan   \n",
       "...             ...                                  ...   \n",
       "21096       4288986  Station Wagon/Sport Utility Vehicle   \n",
       "21097       4575887  Station Wagon/Sport Utility Vehicle   \n",
       "21098       4580242                                 Taxi   \n",
       "21099       4664391                                  Bus   \n",
       "21100       4670407  Station Wagon/Sport Utility Vehicle   \n",
       "\n",
       "                       VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2  \\\n",
       "0                                     Bike   \n",
       "1                                     Bike   \n",
       "2                                     Bike   \n",
       "3                                      NaN   \n",
       "4                                     Bike   \n",
       "...                                    ...   \n",
       "21096  Station Wagon/Sport Utility Vehicle   \n",
       "21097                                 Bike   \n",
       "21098                              Pedicab   \n",
       "21099                                 Bike   \n",
       "21100                               E-Bike   \n",
       "\n",
       "                       VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3 VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4  \\\n",
       "0                                      NaN                 NaN   \n",
       "1                                      NaN                 NaN   \n",
       "2                                      NaN                 NaN   \n",
       "3                                      NaN                 NaN   \n",
       "4                                      NaN                 NaN   \n",
       "...                                    ...                 ...   \n",
       "21096  Station Wagon/Sport Utility Vehicle           E-Scooter   \n",
       "21097                                  NaN                 NaN   \n",
       "21098                                  NaN                 NaN   \n",
       "21099                                  NaN                 NaN   \n",
       "21100                                  NaN                 NaN   \n",
       "\n",
       "      VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5  \n",
       "0                     NaN  \n",
       "1                     NaN  \n",
       "2                     NaN  \n",
       "3                     NaN  \n",
       "4                     NaN  \n",
       "...                   ...  \n",
       "21096               Sedan  \n",
       "21097                 NaN  \n",
       "21098                 NaN  \n",
       "21099                 NaN  \n",
       "21100                 NaN  \n",
       "\n",
       "[21101 rows x 29 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Data Cleaning"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Observation 1\n",
    "Is spaces ok in column names? It's alright, just some pandas commands may not work"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Observation 2\n",
    "Date not in date time object, but in strings. Not the best to work with for date."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "str"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(data['CRASH DATE'][0])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data['CRASH DATE'] = pd.to_datetime(data['CRASH DATE'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>CRASH DATE</th>\n",
       "      <th>CRASH TIME</th>\n",
       "      <th>BOROUGH</th>\n",
       "      <th>ZIP CODE</th>\n",
       "      <th>LATITUDE</th>\n",
       "      <th>LONGITUDE</th>\n",
       "      <th>LOCATION</th>\n",
       "      <th>ON STREET NAME</th>\n",
       "      <th>CROSS STREET NAME</th>\n",
       "      <th>OFF STREET NAME</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2</th>\n",
       "      <th>CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3</th>\n",
       "      <th>CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4</th>\n",
       "      <th>CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5</th>\n",
       "      <th>COLLISION_ID</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>13270</th>\n",
       "      <td>2020-01-02</td>\n",
       "      <td>20:42</td>\n",
       "      <td>MANHATTAN</td>\n",
       "      <td>10023.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.772243</td>\n",
       "      <td>-73.990005</td>\n",
       "      <td>(40.772243, -73.990005)</td>\n",
       "      <td>WEST 60 STREET</td>\n",
       "      <td>WEST END AVENUE</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Unspecified</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4268270</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bike</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>13351</th>\n",
       "      <td>2020-01-02</td>\n",
       "      <td>17:35</td>\n",
       "      <td>BROOKLYN</td>\n",
       "      <td>11221.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.693874</td>\n",
       "      <td>-73.917770</td>\n",
       "      <td>(40.693874, -73.91777)</td>\n",
       "      <td>CENTRAL AVENUE</td>\n",
       "      <td>GATES AVENUE</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Unspecified</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4268207</td>\n",
       "      <td>Station Wagon/Sport Utility Vehicle</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bike</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>13301</th>\n",
       "      <td>2020-01-02</td>\n",
       "      <td>13:30</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.714165</td>\n",
       "      <td>-74.006320</td>\n",
       "      <td>(40.714165, -74.00632)</td>\n",
       "      <td>CHAMBERS STREET</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Unspecified</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4271563</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sedan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bike</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>13348</th>\n",
       "      <td>2020-01-02</td>\n",
       "      <td>16:00</td>\n",
       "      <td>MANHATTAN</td>\n",
       "      <td>10012.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.725643</td>\n",
       "      <td>-73.992070</td>\n",
       "      <td>(40.725643, -73.99207)</td>\n",
       "      <td>BOWERY</td>\n",
       "      <td>EAST 2 STREET</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Unspecified</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4268322</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sedan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bike</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>13324</th>\n",
       "      <td>2020-01-02</td>\n",
       "      <td>21:30</td>\n",
       "      <td>MANHATTAN</td>\n",
       "      <td>10007.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.711933</td>\n",
       "      <td>-74.009850</td>\n",
       "      <td>(40.711933, -74.00985)</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>30        VESEY STREET</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Unspecified</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4271936</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sedan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bike</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>20732</th>\n",
       "      <td>2024-03-23</td>\n",
       "      <td>21:00</td>\n",
       "      <td>BROOKLYN</td>\n",
       "      <td>11201.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.692318</td>\n",
       "      <td>-73.989660</td>\n",
       "      <td>(40.692318, -73.98966)</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>250       JORALEMON STREET</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Unspecified</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4712033</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sedan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bike</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>20733</th>\n",
       "      <td>2024-03-23</td>\n",
       "      <td>8:20</td>\n",
       "      <td>BROOKLYN</td>\n",
       "      <td>11211.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.716840</td>\n",
       "      <td>-73.956640</td>\n",
       "      <td>(40.71684, -73.95664)</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>559       DRIGGS AVENUE</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Unspecified</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4712331</td>\n",
       "      <td>Station Wagon/Sport Utility Vehicle</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bike</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>20736</th>\n",
       "      <td>2024-03-23</td>\n",
       "      <td>16:33</td>\n",
       "      <td>QUEENS</td>\n",
       "      <td>11106.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.760800</td>\n",
       "      <td>-73.939150</td>\n",
       "      <td>(40.7608, -73.93915)</td>\n",
       "      <td>36 AVENUE</td>\n",
       "      <td>12 STREET</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Unspecified</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4711895</td>\n",
       "      <td>Station Wagon/Sport Utility Vehicle</td>\n",
       "      <td>E-Bike</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>20737</th>\n",
       "      <td>2024-03-23</td>\n",
       "      <td>21:40</td>\n",
       "      <td>BROOKLYN</td>\n",
       "      <td>11207.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.680405</td>\n",
       "      <td>-73.887640</td>\n",
       "      <td>(40.680405, -73.88764)</td>\n",
       "      <td>WARWICK STREET</td>\n",
       "      <td>ARLINGTON AVENUE</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Unspecified</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4712173</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sedan</td>\n",
       "      <td>E-Bike</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>20735</th>\n",
       "      <td>2024-03-23</td>\n",
       "      <td>5:20</td>\n",
       "      <td>MANHATTAN</td>\n",
       "      <td>10002.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.723648</td>\n",
       "      <td>-73.991030</td>\n",
       "      <td>(40.723648, -73.99103)</td>\n",
       "      <td>EAST HOUSTON STREET</td>\n",
       "      <td>CHRYSTIE STREET</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Unspecified</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>4712390</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sedan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bike</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>21101 rows × 29 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "      CRASH DATE CRASH TIME    BOROUGH  ZIP CODE   LATITUDE  LONGITUDE  \\\n",
       "13270 2020-01-02      20:42  MANHATTAN   10023.0  40.772243 -73.990005   \n",
       "13351 2020-01-02      17:35   BROOKLYN   11221.0  40.693874 -73.917770   \n",
       "13301 2020-01-02      13:30        NaN       NaN  40.714165 -74.006320   \n",
       "13348 2020-01-02      16:00  MANHATTAN   10012.0  40.725643 -73.992070   \n",
       "13324 2020-01-02      21:30  MANHATTAN   10007.0  40.711933 -74.009850   \n",
       "...          ...        ...        ...       ...        ...        ...   \n",
       "20732 2024-03-23      21:00   BROOKLYN   11201.0  40.692318 -73.989660   \n",
       "20733 2024-03-23       8:20   BROOKLYN   11211.0  40.716840 -73.956640   \n",
       "20736 2024-03-23      16:33     QUEENS   11106.0  40.760800 -73.939150   \n",
       "20737 2024-03-23      21:40   BROOKLYN   11207.0  40.680405 -73.887640   \n",
       "20735 2024-03-23       5:20  MANHATTAN   10002.0  40.723648 -73.991030   \n",
       "\n",
       "                      LOCATION                    ON STREET NAME  \\\n",
       "13270  (40.772243, -73.990005)  WEST 60 STREET                     \n",
       "13351   (40.693874, -73.91777)  CENTRAL AVENUE                     \n",
       "13301   (40.714165, -74.00632)  CHAMBERS STREET                    \n",
       "13348   (40.725643, -73.99207)  BOWERY                             \n",
       "13324   (40.711933, -74.00985)                               NaN   \n",
       "...                        ...                               ...   \n",
       "20732   (40.692318, -73.98966)                               NaN   \n",
       "20733    (40.71684, -73.95664)                               NaN   \n",
       "20736     (40.7608, -73.93915)                         36 AVENUE   \n",
       "20737   (40.680405, -73.88764)                    WARWICK STREET   \n",
       "20735   (40.723648, -73.99103)               EAST HOUSTON STREET   \n",
       "\n",
       "      CROSS STREET NAME                           OFF STREET NAME  ...  \\\n",
       "13270   WEST END AVENUE                                       NaN  ...   \n",
       "13351      GATES AVENUE                                       NaN  ...   \n",
       "13301               NaN                                       NaN  ...   \n",
       "13348     EAST 2 STREET                                       NaN  ...   \n",
       "13324               NaN  30        VESEY STREET                    ...   \n",
       "...                 ...                                       ...  ...   \n",
       "20732               NaN                250       JORALEMON STREET  ...   \n",
       "20733               NaN                   559       DRIGGS AVENUE  ...   \n",
       "20736         12 STREET                                       NaN  ...   \n",
       "20737  ARLINGTON AVENUE                                       NaN  ...   \n",
       "20735   CHRYSTIE STREET                                       NaN  ...   \n",
       "\n",
       "       CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2  CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3  \\\n",
       "13270                    Unspecified                            NaN   \n",
       "13351                    Unspecified                            NaN   \n",
       "13301                    Unspecified                            NaN   \n",
       "13348                    Unspecified                            NaN   \n",
       "13324                    Unspecified                            NaN   \n",
       "...                              ...                            ...   \n",
       "20732                    Unspecified                            NaN   \n",
       "20733                    Unspecified                            NaN   \n",
       "20736                    Unspecified                            NaN   \n",
       "20737                    Unspecified                            NaN   \n",
       "20735                    Unspecified                            NaN   \n",
       "\n",
       "       CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4  CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5  \\\n",
       "13270                            NaN                            NaN   \n",
       "13351                            NaN                            NaN   \n",
       "13301                            NaN                            NaN   \n",
       "13348                            NaN                            NaN   \n",
       "13324                            NaN                            NaN   \n",
       "...                              ...                            ...   \n",
       "20732                            NaN                            NaN   \n",
       "20733                            NaN                            NaN   \n",
       "20736                            NaN                            NaN   \n",
       "20737                            NaN                            NaN   \n",
       "20735                            NaN                            NaN   \n",
       "\n",
       "       COLLISION_ID                  VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1  VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2  \\\n",
       "13270       4268270                                 Bike                  NaN   \n",
       "13351       4268207  Station Wagon/Sport Utility Vehicle                 Bike   \n",
       "13301       4271563                                Sedan                 Bike   \n",
       "13348       4268322                                Sedan                 Bike   \n",
       "13324       4271936                                Sedan                 Bike   \n",
       "...             ...                                  ...                  ...   \n",
       "20732       4712033                                Sedan                 Bike   \n",
       "20733       4712331  Station Wagon/Sport Utility Vehicle                 Bike   \n",
       "20736       4711895  Station Wagon/Sport Utility Vehicle               E-Bike   \n",
       "20737       4712173                                Sedan               E-Bike   \n",
       "20735       4712390                                Sedan                 Bike   \n",
       "\n",
       "       VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3 VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4 VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5  \n",
       "13270                  NaN                 NaN                 NaN  \n",
       "13351                  NaN                 NaN                 NaN  \n",
       "13301                  NaN                 NaN                 NaN  \n",
       "13348                  NaN                 NaN                 NaN  \n",
       "13324                  NaN                 NaN                 NaN  \n",
       "...                    ...                 ...                 ...  \n",
       "20732                  NaN                 NaN                 NaN  \n",
       "20733                  NaN                 NaN                 NaN  \n",
       "20736                  NaN                 NaN                 NaN  \n",
       "20737                  NaN                 NaN                 NaN  \n",
       "20735                  NaN                 NaN                 NaN  \n",
       "\n",
       "[21101 rows x 29 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data = data.sort_values(by='CRASH DATE')\n",
    "data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Observation 3\n",
    "Missingness:\n",
    "- Missing values in `BOROUGH` can be depended on the columns in `ON STREET NAME`, `CROSS STREET NAME` or `OFF STREET NAME`. However, it is complicated to recover due to so many roads in one area. This is also similar for `LATITUDE` and `LONGITUDE`.\n",
    "- We either have information for `OFF STREET NAME` or `ON STREET NAME`, and may or may not have `CROSS STREET NAME`. `OFF STREET NAME` provides the exact address if known where `ON STREET NAME` and `CROSS STREET NAME` is more of a general area.\n",
    "- Missing values in `CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2/3/4/5` are misssing is due to the incident does not have that many vehicles involved.\n",
    "- Not sure about the relations between missingness of `CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE` and `VEHICLE TYPE`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Data Processing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "1. Drop unnecessary columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "2. Separate `data` by year. 2024 will not be incorporate at there is no data yet for the whole year."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "grouped_by_year = data.groupby(data['CRASH DATE'].dt.year)\n",
    "\n",
    "crash_2020 = grouped_by_year.get_group(2020)\n",
    "crash_2021 = grouped_by_year.get_group(2021)\n",
    "crash_2022 = grouped_by_year.get_group(2022)\n",
    "crash_2023 = grouped_by_year.get_group(2023)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Exploratory Data Analysis\n",
    "- Plot incidents on a map"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "application/vnd.plotly.v1+json": {
       "config": {
        "plotlyServerURL": "https://plot.ly"
       },
       "data": [
        {
         "coloraxis": "coloraxis",
         "hovertemplate": "LATITUDE=%{lat}<br>LONGITUDE=%{lon}<extra></extra>",
         "lat": [
          40.80142,
          40.760857,
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           "landcolor": "#E5ECF6",
           "showlakes": true,
           "showland": true,
           "subunitcolor": "white"
          },
          "hoverlabel": {
           "align": "left"
          },
          "hovermode": "closest",
          "mapbox": {
           "style": "light"
          },
          "paper_bgcolor": "white",
          "plot_bgcolor": "#E5ECF6",
          "polar": {
           "angularaxis": {
            "gridcolor": "white",
            "linecolor": "white",
            "ticks": ""
           },
           "bgcolor": "#E5ECF6",
           "radialaxis": {
            "gridcolor": "white",
            "linecolor": "white",
            "ticks": ""
           }
          },
          "scene": {
           "xaxis": {
            "backgroundcolor": "#E5ECF6",
            "gridcolor": "white",
            "gridwidth": 2,
            "linecolor": "white",
            "showbackground": true,
            "ticks": "",
            "zerolinecolor": "white"
           },
           "yaxis": {
            "backgroundcolor": "#E5ECF6",
            "gridcolor": "white",
            "gridwidth": 2,
            "linecolor": "white",
            "showbackground": true,
            "ticks": "",
            "zerolinecolor": "white"
           },
           "zaxis": {
            "backgroundcolor": "#E5ECF6",
            "gridcolor": "white",
            "gridwidth": 2,
            "linecolor": "white",
            "showbackground": true,
            "ticks": "",
            "zerolinecolor": "white"
           }
          },
          "shapedefaults": {
           "line": {
            "color": "#2a3f5f"
           }
          },
          "ternary": {
           "aaxis": {
            "gridcolor": "white",
            "linecolor": "white",
            "ticks": ""
           },
           "baxis": {
            "gridcolor": "white",
            "linecolor": "white",
            "ticks": ""
           },
           "bgcolor": "#E5ECF6",
           "caxis": {
            "gridcolor": "white",
            "linecolor": "white",
            "ticks": ""
           }
          },
          "title": {
           "x": 0.05
          },
          "xaxis": {
           "automargin": true,
           "gridcolor": "white",
           "linecolor": "white",
           "ticks": "",
           "title": {
            "standoff": 15
           },
           "zerolinecolor": "white",
           "zerolinewidth": 2
          },
          "yaxis": {
           "automargin": true,
           "gridcolor": "white",
           "linecolor": "white",
           "ticks": "",
           "title": {
            "standoff": 15
           },
           "zerolinecolor": "white",
           "zerolinewidth": 2
          }
         }
        },
        "width": 2000
       }
      }
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fig = px.density_mapbox(crash_2021, lat = 'LATITUDE', lon = 'LONGITUDE',\n",
    "                        radius = 8,\n",
    "                        center = dict(lat=40.7128, lon=-74.0060),\n",
    "                        zoom = 10,\n",
    "                        mapbox_style = 'open-street-map')\n",
    "fig.update_layout(width=2000, height=1000)\n",
    "fig.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>YEAR</th>\n",
       "      <th>CRASH DATE</th>\n",
       "      <th>CRASH TIME</th>\n",
       "      <th>BOROUGH</th>\n",
       "      <th>ZIP CODE</th>\n",
       "      <th>LATITUDE</th>\n",
       "      <th>LONGITUDE</th>\n",
       "      <th>LOCATION</th>\n",
       "      <th>ON STREET NAME</th>\n",
       "      <th>CROSS STREET NAME</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2</th>\n",
       "      <th>CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3</th>\n",
       "      <th>CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4</th>\n",
       "      <th>CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5</th>\n",
       "      <th>COLLISION_ID</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2020</td>\n",
       "      <td>4117</td>\n",
       "      <td>4117</td>\n",
       "      <td>2983</td>\n",
       "      <td>2983</td>\n",
       "      <td>3875</td>\n",
       "      <td>3875</td>\n",
       "      <td>3875</td>\n",
       "      <td>3304</td>\n",
       "      <td>2512</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>3801</td>\n",
       "      <td>56</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>4117</td>\n",
       "      <td>4117</td>\n",
       "      <td>3536</td>\n",
       "      <td>48</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2021</td>\n",
       "      <td>3961</td>\n",
       "      <td>3961</td>\n",
       "      <td>2854</td>\n",
       "      <td>2854</td>\n",
       "      <td>3738</td>\n",
       "      <td>3738</td>\n",
       "      <td>3738</td>\n",
       "      <td>3162</td>\n",
       "      <td>2352</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>3681</td>\n",
       "      <td>53</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3961</td>\n",
       "      <td>3961</td>\n",
       "      <td>3428</td>\n",
       "      <td>45</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2022</td>\n",
       "      <td>4160</td>\n",
       "      <td>4160</td>\n",
       "      <td>3044</td>\n",
       "      <td>3044</td>\n",
       "      <td>3887</td>\n",
       "      <td>3887</td>\n",
       "      <td>3887</td>\n",
       "      <td>3290</td>\n",
       "      <td>2485</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>3860</td>\n",
       "      <td>49</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>4160</td>\n",
       "      <td>4160</td>\n",
       "      <td>3567</td>\n",
       "      <td>45</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2023</td>\n",
       "      <td>4287</td>\n",
       "      <td>4287</td>\n",
       "      <td>3234</td>\n",
       "      <td>3233</td>\n",
       "      <td>4062</td>\n",
       "      <td>4062</td>\n",
       "      <td>4062</td>\n",
       "      <td>3380</td>\n",
       "      <td>2631</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>3976</td>\n",
       "      <td>47</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>4287</td>\n",
       "      <td>4287</td>\n",
       "      <td>3707</td>\n",
       "      <td>40</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>4 rows × 30 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   YEAR  CRASH DATE  CRASH TIME  BOROUGH  ZIP CODE  LATITUDE  LONGITUDE  \\\n",
       "0  2020        4117        4117     2983      2983      3875       3875   \n",
       "1  2021        3961        3961     2854      2854      3738       3738   \n",
       "2  2022        4160        4160     3044      3044      3887       3887   \n",
       "3  2023        4287        4287     3234      3233      4062       4062   \n",
       "\n",
       "   LOCATION  ON STREET NAME  CROSS STREET NAME  ...  \\\n",
       "0      3875            3304               2512  ...   \n",
       "1      3738            3162               2352  ...   \n",
       "2      3887            3290               2485  ...   \n",
       "3      4062            3380               2631  ...   \n",
       "\n",
       "   CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2  CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3  \\\n",
       "0                           3801                             56   \n",
       "1                           3681                             53   \n",
       "2                           3860                             49   \n",
       "3                           3976                             47   \n",
       "\n",
       "   CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4  CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5  COLLISION_ID  \\\n",
       "0                              3                              1          4117   \n",
       "1                              2                              1          3961   \n",
       "2                              4                              2          4160   \n",
       "3                              7                              2          4287   \n",
       "\n",
       "   VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1  VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2  VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3  \\\n",
       "0                 4117                 3536                   48   \n",
       "1                 3961                 3428                   45   \n",
       "2                 4160                 3567                   45   \n",
       "3                 4287                 3707                   40   \n",
       "\n",
       "   VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4  VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5  \n",
       "0                    3                    1  \n",
       "1                    2                    1  \n",
       "2                    4                    2  \n",
       "3                    6                    2  \n",
       "\n",
       "[4 rows x 30 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bike_crashes = data.loc[(data['VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1'] == \"Bike\") | (data['VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2'] == \"Bike\")]\n",
    "bike_crashes = bike_crashes.assign(YEAR = bike_crashes['CRASH DATE'].apply(lambda x: x.year))\n",
    "bike_crashes = bike_crashes.groupby('YEAR').count().drop(2024).reset_index()\n",
    "bike_crashes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
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       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>YEAR</th>\n",
       "      <th>CRASH DATE</th>\n",
       "      <th>CRASH TIME</th>\n",
       "      <th>BOROUGH</th>\n",
       "      <th>ZIP CODE</th>\n",
       "      <th>LATITUDE</th>\n",
       "      <th>LONGITUDE</th>\n",
       "      <th>LOCATION</th>\n",
       "      <th>ON STREET NAME</th>\n",
       "      <th>CROSS STREET NAME</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2</th>\n",
       "      <th>CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3</th>\n",
       "      <th>CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4</th>\n",
       "      <th>CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5</th>\n",
       "      <th>COLLISION_ID</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2020</td>\n",
       "      <td>635</td>\n",
       "      <td>635</td>\n",
       "      <td>452</td>\n",
       "      <td>452</td>\n",
       "      <td>621</td>\n",
       "      <td>621</td>\n",
       "      <td>621</td>\n",
       "      <td>518</td>\n",
       "      <td>378</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>582</td>\n",
       "      <td>17</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>635</td>\n",
       "      <td>635</td>\n",
       "      <td>560</td>\n",
       "      <td>15</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2021</td>\n",
       "      <td>795</td>\n",
       "      <td>795</td>\n",
       "      <td>583</td>\n",
       "      <td>583</td>\n",
       "      <td>765</td>\n",
       "      <td>765</td>\n",
       "      <td>765</td>\n",
       "      <td>623</td>\n",
       "      <td>460</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>727</td>\n",
       "      <td>14</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>795</td>\n",
       "      <td>795</td>\n",
       "      <td>689</td>\n",
       "      <td>15</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2022</td>\n",
       "      <td>752</td>\n",
       "      <td>752</td>\n",
       "      <td>568</td>\n",
       "      <td>568</td>\n",
       "      <td>714</td>\n",
       "      <td>714</td>\n",
       "      <td>714</td>\n",
       "      <td>596</td>\n",
       "      <td>455</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>694</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>752</td>\n",
       "      <td>752</td>\n",
       "      <td>643</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2023</td>\n",
       "      <td>764</td>\n",
       "      <td>764</td>\n",
       "      <td>590</td>\n",
       "      <td>590</td>\n",
       "      <td>735</td>\n",
       "      <td>735</td>\n",
       "      <td>735</td>\n",
       "      <td>594</td>\n",
       "      <td>465</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>707</td>\n",
       "      <td>20</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>764</td>\n",
       "      <td>764</td>\n",
       "      <td>664</td>\n",
       "      <td>19</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>4 rows × 30 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   YEAR  CRASH DATE  CRASH TIME  BOROUGH  ZIP CODE  LATITUDE  LONGITUDE  \\\n",
       "0  2020         635         635      452       452       621        621   \n",
       "1  2021         795         795      583       583       765        765   \n",
       "2  2022         752         752      568       568       714        714   \n",
       "3  2023         764         764      590       590       735        735   \n",
       "\n",
       "   LOCATION  ON STREET NAME  CROSS STREET NAME  ...  \\\n",
       "0       621             518                378  ...   \n",
       "1       765             623                460  ...   \n",
       "2       714             596                455  ...   \n",
       "3       735             594                465  ...   \n",
       "\n",
       "   CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2  CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3  \\\n",
       "0                            582                             17   \n",
       "1                            727                             14   \n",
       "2                            694                              8   \n",
       "3                            707                             20   \n",
       "\n",
       "   CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4  CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5  COLLISION_ID  \\\n",
       "0                              2                              0           635   \n",
       "1                              4                              1           795   \n",
       "2                              0                              0           752   \n",
       "3                              3                              0           764   \n",
       "\n",
       "   VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1  VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2  VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3  \\\n",
       "0                  635                  560                   15   \n",
       "1                  795                  689                   15   \n",
       "2                  752                  643                    7   \n",
       "3                  764                  664                   19   \n",
       "\n",
       "   VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4  VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5  \n",
       "0                    2                    0  \n",
       "1                    4                    1  \n",
       "2                    0                    0  \n",
       "3                    3                    0  \n",
       "\n",
       "[4 rows x 30 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ebike_crashes = data.loc[(data['VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1'] == \"E-Bike\") | (data['VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2'] == \"E-Bike\")]\n",
    "ebike_crashes = ebike_crashes.assign(YEAR = ebike_crashes['CRASH DATE'].apply(lambda x: x.year))\n",
    "ebike_crashes = ebike_crashes.groupby('YEAR').count().drop(2024).reset_index()\n",
    "ebike_crashes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 133,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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       "    if(typeof define === \"function\" && define.amd) {\n",
       "      requirejs.config({paths});\n",
       "      require([\"vega-embed\"], displayChart, err => showError(`Error loading script: ${err.message}`));\n",
       "    } else {\n",
       "      maybeLoadScript(\"vega\", \"5\")\n",
       "        .then(() => maybeLoadScript(\"vega-lite\", \"5.16.3\"))\n",
       "        .then(() => maybeLoadScript(\"vega-embed\", \"6\"))\n",
       "        .catch(showError)\n",
       "        .then(() => displayChart(vegaEmbed));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  })({\"config\": {\"view\": {\"continuousWidth\": 300, \"continuousHeight\": 300}}, \"layer\": [{\"data\": {\"name\": \"data-f0d6ba53e8c3aa230d4a9b559a11568a\"}, \"mark\": {\"type\": \"area\", \"color\": \"#beaed4\", \"line\": {\"color\": \"#a38dc2\"}, \"opacity\": 0.5}, \"encoding\": {\"tooltip\": [{\"field\": \"YEAR\", \"type\": \"quantitative\"}, {\"field\": \"COLLISION_ID\", \"type\": \"quantitative\"}], \"x\": {\"field\": \"YEAR\", \"title\": \"Year\", \"type\": \"quantitative\"}, \"y\": {\"field\": \"COLLISION_ID\", \"scale\": {\"domain\": [4500, 0]}, \"title\": \"Number of Crashes\", \"type\": \"quantitative\"}}, \"title\": \"Number of New York Crash Cyclist from 2020-2023\"}, {\"data\": {\"name\": \"data-71f6c8ca51e09897e529c00b5fa45b98\"}, \"mark\": {\"type\": \"area\", \"color\": \"#cf5147\", \"line\": {\"color\": \"#cf5147\"}, \"opacity\": 0.5}, \"encoding\": {\"tooltip\": [{\"field\": \"YEAR\", \"type\": \"quantitative\"}, {\"field\": \"COLLISION_ID\", \"type\": \"quantitative\"}], \"x\": {\"field\": \"YEAR\", \"title\": \"Year\", \"type\": \"quantitative\"}, \"y\": {\"field\": \"COLLISION_ID\", \"title\": \"Number of Crashes\", \"type\": \"quantitative\"}}, \"title\": \"Number of New York Crash Cyclist\"}], \"$schema\": \"https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.16.3.json\", \"datasets\": {\"data-f0d6ba53e8c3aa230d4a9b559a11568a\": [{\"YEAR\": 2020, \"CRASH DATE\": 4117, \"CRASH TIME\": 4117, \"BOROUGH\": 2983, \"ZIP CODE\": 2983, \"LATITUDE\": 3875, \"LONGITUDE\": 3875, \"LOCATION\": 3875, \"ON STREET NAME\": 3304, \"CROSS STREET NAME\": 2512, \"OFF STREET NAME\": 813, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED\": 4117, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS KILLED\": 4117, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS INJURED\": 4117, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS KILLED\": 4117, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST INJURED\": 4117, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST KILLED\": 4117, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST INJURED\": 4117, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST KILLED\": 4117, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 1\": 4117, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2\": 3801, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3\": 56, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4\": 3, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5\": 1, \"COLLISION_ID\": 4117, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1\": 4117, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2\": 3536, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3\": 48, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4\": 3, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5\": 1}, {\"YEAR\": 2021, \"CRASH DATE\": 3961, \"CRASH TIME\": 3961, \"BOROUGH\": 2854, \"ZIP CODE\": 2854, \"LATITUDE\": 3738, \"LONGITUDE\": 3738, \"LOCATION\": 3738, \"ON STREET NAME\": 3162, \"CROSS STREET NAME\": 2352, \"OFF STREET NAME\": 799, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED\": 3960, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS KILLED\": 3961, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS INJURED\": 3961, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS KILLED\": 3961, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST INJURED\": 3961, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST KILLED\": 3961, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST INJURED\": 3961, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST KILLED\": 3961, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 1\": 3961, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2\": 3681, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3\": 53, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4\": 2, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5\": 1, \"COLLISION_ID\": 3961, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1\": 3961, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2\": 3428, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3\": 45, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4\": 2, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5\": 1}, {\"YEAR\": 2022, \"CRASH DATE\": 4160, \"CRASH TIME\": 4160, \"BOROUGH\": 3044, \"ZIP CODE\": 3044, \"LATITUDE\": 3887, \"LONGITUDE\": 3887, \"LOCATION\": 3887, \"ON STREET NAME\": 3290, \"CROSS STREET NAME\": 2485, \"OFF STREET NAME\": 870, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED\": 4160, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS KILLED\": 4160, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS INJURED\": 4160, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS KILLED\": 4160, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST INJURED\": 4160, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST KILLED\": 4160, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST INJURED\": 4160, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST KILLED\": 4160, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 1\": 4160, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2\": 3860, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3\": 49, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4\": 4, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5\": 2, \"COLLISION_ID\": 4160, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1\": 4160, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2\": 3567, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3\": 45, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4\": 4, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5\": 2}, {\"YEAR\": 2023, \"CRASH DATE\": 4287, \"CRASH TIME\": 4287, \"BOROUGH\": 3234, \"ZIP CODE\": 3233, \"LATITUDE\": 4062, \"LONGITUDE\": 4062, \"LOCATION\": 4062, \"ON STREET NAME\": 3380, \"CROSS STREET NAME\": 2631, \"OFF STREET NAME\": 907, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED\": 4287, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS KILLED\": 4287, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS INJURED\": 4287, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS KILLED\": 4287, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST INJURED\": 4287, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST KILLED\": 4287, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST INJURED\": 4287, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST KILLED\": 4287, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 1\": 4287, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2\": 3976, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3\": 47, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4\": 7, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5\": 2, \"COLLISION_ID\": 4287, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1\": 4287, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2\": 3707, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3\": 40, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4\": 6, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5\": 2}], \"data-71f6c8ca51e09897e529c00b5fa45b98\": [{\"YEAR\": 2020, \"CRASH DATE\": 635, \"CRASH TIME\": 635, \"BOROUGH\": 452, \"ZIP CODE\": 452, \"LATITUDE\": 621, \"LONGITUDE\": 621, \"LOCATION\": 621, \"ON STREET NAME\": 518, \"CROSS STREET NAME\": 378, \"OFF STREET NAME\": 117, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED\": 635, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS KILLED\": 635, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS INJURED\": 635, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS KILLED\": 635, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST INJURED\": 635, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST KILLED\": 635, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST INJURED\": 635, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST KILLED\": 635, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 1\": 635, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2\": 582, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3\": 17, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4\": 2, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5\": 0, \"COLLISION_ID\": 635, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1\": 635, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2\": 560, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3\": 15, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4\": 2, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5\": 0}, {\"YEAR\": 2021, \"CRASH DATE\": 795, \"CRASH TIME\": 795, \"BOROUGH\": 583, \"ZIP CODE\": 583, \"LATITUDE\": 765, \"LONGITUDE\": 765, \"LOCATION\": 765, \"ON STREET NAME\": 623, \"CROSS STREET NAME\": 460, \"OFF STREET NAME\": 172, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED\": 795, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS KILLED\": 795, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS INJURED\": 795, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS KILLED\": 795, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST INJURED\": 795, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST KILLED\": 795, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST INJURED\": 795, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST KILLED\": 795, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 1\": 795, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2\": 727, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3\": 14, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4\": 4, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5\": 1, \"COLLISION_ID\": 795, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1\": 795, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2\": 689, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3\": 15, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4\": 4, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5\": 1}, {\"YEAR\": 2022, \"CRASH DATE\": 752, \"CRASH TIME\": 752, \"BOROUGH\": 568, \"ZIP CODE\": 568, \"LATITUDE\": 714, \"LONGITUDE\": 714, \"LOCATION\": 714, \"ON STREET NAME\": 596, \"CROSS STREET NAME\": 455, \"OFF STREET NAME\": 156, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED\": 752, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS KILLED\": 752, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS INJURED\": 752, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS KILLED\": 752, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST INJURED\": 752, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST KILLED\": 752, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST INJURED\": 752, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST KILLED\": 752, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 1\": 752, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2\": 694, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3\": 8, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4\": 0, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5\": 0, \"COLLISION_ID\": 752, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1\": 752, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2\": 643, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3\": 7, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4\": 0, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5\": 0}, {\"YEAR\": 2023, \"CRASH DATE\": 764, \"CRASH TIME\": 764, \"BOROUGH\": 590, \"ZIP CODE\": 590, \"LATITUDE\": 735, \"LONGITUDE\": 735, \"LOCATION\": 735, \"ON STREET NAME\": 594, \"CROSS STREET NAME\": 465, \"OFF STREET NAME\": 170, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED\": 764, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS KILLED\": 764, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS INJURED\": 764, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS KILLED\": 764, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST INJURED\": 764, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST KILLED\": 764, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST INJURED\": 764, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST KILLED\": 764, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 1\": 764, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2\": 707, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3\": 20, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4\": 3, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5\": 0, \"COLLISION_ID\": 764, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1\": 764, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2\": 664, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3\": 19, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4\": 3, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5\": 0}]}}, {\"mode\": \"vega-lite\"});\n",
       "</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "alt.LayerChart(...)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 133,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Stacked area chart - didn't quite work out\n",
    "chart1 = alt.Chart(bike_crashes).mark_area(\n",
    "    opacity=0.5,\n",
    "    color = '#beaed4',\n",
    "    line = {'color':'#a38dc2'}\n",
    ").encode(\n",
    "    x = alt.X('YEAR', title='Year'),\n",
    "    y = alt.Y('COLLISION_ID', title='Number of Crashes', scale=alt.Scale(domain=[4500,0])),\n",
    "    tooltip = ['YEAR', 'COLLISION_ID']\n",
    ").properties(\n",
    "    title = 'Number of New York Crash Cyclist from 2020-2023'\n",
    ")\n",
    "\n",
    "chart2 = alt.Chart(ebike_crashes).mark_area(\n",
    "    opacity=0.5,\n",
    "    color = '#cf5147',\n",
    "    line = {'color':'#cf5147'}\n",
    ").encode(\n",
    "    alt.X('YEAR').title('Year'),\n",
    "    alt.Y('COLLISION_ID').title('Number of Crashes'),\n",
    "    tooltip = ['YEAR', 'COLLISION_ID']\n",
    ").properties(\n",
    "    title = 'Number of New York Crash Cyclist'\n",
    ")\n",
    "chart1+chart2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 172,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "<style>\n",
       "  #altair-viz-454ab781d80342a5b32631f61238c784.vega-embed {\n",
       "    width: 100%;\n",
       "    display: flex;\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  #altair-viz-454ab781d80342a5b32631f61238c784.vega-embed details,\n",
       "  #altair-viz-454ab781d80342a5b32631f61238c784.vega-embed details summary {\n",
       "    position: relative;\n",
       "  }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<div id=\"altair-viz-454ab781d80342a5b32631f61238c784\"></div>\n",
       "<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n",
       "  var VEGA_DEBUG = (typeof VEGA_DEBUG == \"undefined\") ? {} : VEGA_DEBUG;\n",
       "  (function(spec, embedOpt){\n",
       "    let outputDiv = document.currentScript.previousElementSibling;\n",
       "    if (outputDiv.id !== \"altair-viz-454ab781d80342a5b32631f61238c784\") {\n",
       "      outputDiv = document.getElementById(\"altair-viz-454ab781d80342a5b32631f61238c784\");\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    const paths = {\n",
       "      \"vega\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vega@5?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-lib\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vega-lib?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-lite\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vega-lite@5.16.3?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-embed\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vega-embed@6?noext\",\n",
       "    };\n",
       "\n",
       "    function maybeLoadScript(lib, version) {\n",
       "      var key = `${lib.replace(\"-\", \"\")}_version`;\n",
       "      return (VEGA_DEBUG[key] == version) ?\n",
       "        Promise.resolve(paths[lib]) :\n",
       "        new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {\n",
       "          var s = document.createElement('script');\n",
       "          document.getElementsByTagName(\"head\")[0].appendChild(s);\n",
       "          s.async = true;\n",
       "          s.onload = () => {\n",
       "            VEGA_DEBUG[key] = version;\n",
       "            return resolve(paths[lib]);\n",
       "          };\n",
       "          s.onerror = () => reject(`Error loading script: ${paths[lib]}`);\n",
       "          s.src = paths[lib];\n",
       "        });\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function showError(err) {\n",
       "      outputDiv.innerHTML = `<div class=\"error\" style=\"color:red;\">${err}</div>`;\n",
       "      throw err;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function displayChart(vegaEmbed) {\n",
       "      vegaEmbed(outputDiv, spec, embedOpt)\n",
       "        .catch(err => showError(`Javascript Error: ${err.message}<br>This usually means there's a typo in your chart specification. See the javascript console for the full traceback.`));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    if(typeof define === \"function\" && define.amd) {\n",
       "      requirejs.config({paths});\n",
       "      require([\"vega-embed\"], displayChart, err => showError(`Error loading script: ${err.message}`));\n",
       "    } else {\n",
       "      maybeLoadScript(\"vega\", \"5\")\n",
       "        .then(() => maybeLoadScript(\"vega-lite\", \"5.16.3\"))\n",
       "        .then(() => maybeLoadScript(\"vega-embed\", \"6\"))\n",
       "        .catch(showError)\n",
       "        .then(() => displayChart(vegaEmbed));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  })({\"config\": {\"view\": {\"continuousWidth\": 300, \"continuousHeight\": 300}}, \"layer\": [{\"mark\": {\"type\": \"area\", \"color\": \"#cf5147\", \"line\": {\"color\": \"#000000\"}, \"opacity\": 0.5}, \"encoding\": {\"tooltip\": [{\"field\": \"YEAR\", \"type\": \"quantitative\"}, {\"field\": \"COLLISION_ID\", \"type\": \"quantitative\"}], \"x\": {\"field\": \"YEAR\", \"title\": \"Year\", \"type\": \"quantitative\"}, \"y\": {\"field\": \"COLLISION_ID\", \"scale\": {\"domain\": [4500, 0]}, \"title\": \"Number of Crashes\", \"type\": \"quantitative\"}}, \"title\": \"Number of Traditional Bike Collisions in New York City from 2020-2023\"}, {\"mark\": {\"type\": \"point\", \"color\": \"#000000\"}, \"encoding\": {\"tooltip\": [{\"field\": \"YEAR\", \"type\": \"quantitative\"}, {\"field\": \"COLLISION_ID\", \"type\": \"quantitative\"}], \"x\": {\"field\": \"YEAR\", \"title\": \"Year\", \"type\": \"quantitative\"}, \"y\": {\"field\": \"COLLISION_ID\", \"scale\": {\"domain\": [4500, 0]}, \"title\": \"Number of Crashes\", \"type\": \"quantitative\"}}, \"title\": \"Number of Traditional Bike Collisions in New York City from 2020-2023\"}], \"data\": {\"name\": \"data-f0d6ba53e8c3aa230d4a9b559a11568a\"}, \"$schema\": \"https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.16.3.json\", \"datasets\": {\"data-f0d6ba53e8c3aa230d4a9b559a11568a\": [{\"YEAR\": 2020, \"CRASH DATE\": 4117, \"CRASH TIME\": 4117, \"BOROUGH\": 2983, \"ZIP CODE\": 2983, \"LATITUDE\": 3875, \"LONGITUDE\": 3875, \"LOCATION\": 3875, \"ON STREET NAME\": 3304, \"CROSS STREET NAME\": 2512, \"OFF STREET NAME\": 813, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED\": 4117, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS KILLED\": 4117, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS INJURED\": 4117, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS KILLED\": 4117, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST INJURED\": 4117, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST KILLED\": 4117, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST INJURED\": 4117, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST KILLED\": 4117, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 1\": 4117, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2\": 3801, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3\": 56, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4\": 3, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5\": 1, \"COLLISION_ID\": 4117, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1\": 4117, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2\": 3536, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3\": 48, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4\": 3, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5\": 1}, {\"YEAR\": 2021, \"CRASH DATE\": 3961, \"CRASH TIME\": 3961, \"BOROUGH\": 2854, \"ZIP CODE\": 2854, \"LATITUDE\": 3738, \"LONGITUDE\": 3738, \"LOCATION\": 3738, \"ON STREET NAME\": 3162, \"CROSS STREET NAME\": 2352, \"OFF STREET NAME\": 799, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED\": 3960, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS KILLED\": 3961, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS INJURED\": 3961, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS KILLED\": 3961, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST INJURED\": 3961, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST KILLED\": 3961, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST INJURED\": 3961, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST KILLED\": 3961, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 1\": 3961, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2\": 3681, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3\": 53, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4\": 2, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5\": 1, \"COLLISION_ID\": 3961, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1\": 3961, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2\": 3428, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3\": 45, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4\": 2, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5\": 1}, {\"YEAR\": 2022, \"CRASH DATE\": 4160, \"CRASH TIME\": 4160, \"BOROUGH\": 3044, \"ZIP CODE\": 3044, \"LATITUDE\": 3887, \"LONGITUDE\": 3887, \"LOCATION\": 3887, \"ON STREET NAME\": 3290, \"CROSS STREET NAME\": 2485, \"OFF STREET NAME\": 870, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED\": 4160, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS KILLED\": 4160, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS INJURED\": 4160, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS KILLED\": 4160, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST INJURED\": 4160, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST KILLED\": 4160, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST INJURED\": 4160, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST KILLED\": 4160, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 1\": 4160, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2\": 3860, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3\": 49, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4\": 4, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5\": 2, \"COLLISION_ID\": 4160, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1\": 4160, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2\": 3567, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3\": 45, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4\": 4, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5\": 2}, {\"YEAR\": 2023, \"CRASH DATE\": 4287, \"CRASH TIME\": 4287, \"BOROUGH\": 3234, \"ZIP CODE\": 3233, \"LATITUDE\": 4062, \"LONGITUDE\": 4062, \"LOCATION\": 4062, \"ON STREET NAME\": 3380, \"CROSS STREET NAME\": 2631, \"OFF STREET NAME\": 907, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED\": 4287, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS KILLED\": 4287, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS INJURED\": 4287, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS KILLED\": 4287, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST INJURED\": 4287, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST KILLED\": 4287, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST INJURED\": 4287, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST KILLED\": 4287, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 1\": 4287, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2\": 3976, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3\": 47, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4\": 7, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5\": 2, \"COLLISION_ID\": 4287, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1\": 4287, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2\": 3707, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3\": 40, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4\": 6, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5\": 2}]}}, {\"mode\": \"vega-lite\"});\n",
       "</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "alt.LayerChart(...)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 172,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "line = alt.Chart(bike_crashes).mark_area(\n",
    "    opacity=0.5,\n",
    "    color = '#cf5147',\n",
    "    line = {'color':'#000000'}\n",
    ").encode(\n",
    "    x = alt.X('YEAR', title='Year'),\n",
    "    y = alt.Y('COLLISION_ID', title='Number of Crashes', scale=alt.Scale(domain=[4500,0])),\n",
    "    tooltip = ['YEAR', 'COLLISION_ID']\n",
    ").properties(\n",
    "    title = 'Number of Traditional Bike Collisions in New York City from 2020-2023'\n",
    ")\n",
    "point = alt.Chart(bike_crashes).mark_point(\n",
    "    color = '#000000'\n",
    ").encode(\n",
    "    x = alt.X('YEAR', title='Year'),\n",
    "    y = alt.Y('COLLISION_ID', title='Number of Crashes', scale=alt.Scale(domain=[4500,0])),\n",
    "    tooltip = ['YEAR', 'COLLISION_ID']\n",
    ").properties(\n",
    "    title = 'Number of Traditional Bike Collisions in New York City from 2020-2023'\n",
    ")\n",
    "line+point"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Description\n",
    "As motivated by the New York Times instagram post, discussing e-bikes being more dangerous than traditional bikes. If I would to oppose their argument, I can use this deceptive visualization to look like showing a decrease in traditional bike accidents.\n",
    "\n",
    "For this visualization, I queried the data to only contain the accidents of traditional bikes.\n",
    "\n",
    "In this visualization, I inverted the y-axis so that the zero starts at the top, which attempts to obfuscate information. At first glance, we would think the number of crashes for traditional bikes, as ploted with a dark black line with black points, bringing the users attention to the black trend line. Noting that I selected line charts to show the change over the years. No values of the data points were given to assist showing the seemingly \"decreasing\" number of accidents, while it is actually an increase in accidents for traditional bikes.\n",
    "\n",
    "I highlighted the area from the trend line to the x-axis in red is to balance and still be honest as opposed to highlighting the area below the black trend line. This is because by convention we highlight the area between the curve to the x-axis."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 94,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>YEAR</th>\n",
       "      <th>CRASH DATE</th>\n",
       "      <th>CRASH TIME</th>\n",
       "      <th>BOROUGH</th>\n",
       "      <th>ZIP CODE</th>\n",
       "      <th>LATITUDE</th>\n",
       "      <th>LONGITUDE</th>\n",
       "      <th>LOCATION</th>\n",
       "      <th>ON STREET NAME</th>\n",
       "      <th>CROSS STREET NAME</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3</th>\n",
       "      <th>CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4</th>\n",
       "      <th>CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5</th>\n",
       "      <th>COLLISION_ID</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4</th>\n",
       "      <th>VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5</th>\n",
       "      <th>TYPE</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2020</td>\n",
       "      <td>4117</td>\n",
       "      <td>4117</td>\n",
       "      <td>2983</td>\n",
       "      <td>2983</td>\n",
       "      <td>3875</td>\n",
       "      <td>3875</td>\n",
       "      <td>3875</td>\n",
       "      <td>3304</td>\n",
       "      <td>2512</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>56</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>4117</td>\n",
       "      <td>4117</td>\n",
       "      <td>3536</td>\n",
       "      <td>48</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>bike</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2021</td>\n",
       "      <td>3961</td>\n",
       "      <td>3961</td>\n",
       "      <td>2854</td>\n",
       "      <td>2854</td>\n",
       "      <td>3738</td>\n",
       "      <td>3738</td>\n",
       "      <td>3738</td>\n",
       "      <td>3162</td>\n",
       "      <td>2352</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>53</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3961</td>\n",
       "      <td>3961</td>\n",
       "      <td>3428</td>\n",
       "      <td>45</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>bike</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2022</td>\n",
       "      <td>4160</td>\n",
       "      <td>4160</td>\n",
       "      <td>3044</td>\n",
       "      <td>3044</td>\n",
       "      <td>3887</td>\n",
       "      <td>3887</td>\n",
       "      <td>3887</td>\n",
       "      <td>3290</td>\n",
       "      <td>2485</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>49</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>4160</td>\n",
       "      <td>4160</td>\n",
       "      <td>3567</td>\n",
       "      <td>45</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>bike</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2023</td>\n",
       "      <td>4287</td>\n",
       "      <td>4287</td>\n",
       "      <td>3234</td>\n",
       "      <td>3233</td>\n",
       "      <td>4062</td>\n",
       "      <td>4062</td>\n",
       "      <td>4062</td>\n",
       "      <td>3380</td>\n",
       "      <td>2631</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>47</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>4287</td>\n",
       "      <td>4287</td>\n",
       "      <td>3707</td>\n",
       "      <td>40</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>bike</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2020</td>\n",
       "      <td>635</td>\n",
       "      <td>635</td>\n",
       "      <td>452</td>\n",
       "      <td>452</td>\n",
       "      <td>621</td>\n",
       "      <td>621</td>\n",
       "      <td>621</td>\n",
       "      <td>518</td>\n",
       "      <td>378</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>17</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>635</td>\n",
       "      <td>635</td>\n",
       "      <td>560</td>\n",
       "      <td>15</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>ebike</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2021</td>\n",
       "      <td>795</td>\n",
       "      <td>795</td>\n",
       "      <td>583</td>\n",
       "      <td>583</td>\n",
       "      <td>765</td>\n",
       "      <td>765</td>\n",
       "      <td>765</td>\n",
       "      <td>623</td>\n",
       "      <td>460</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>14</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>795</td>\n",
       "      <td>795</td>\n",
       "      <td>689</td>\n",
       "      <td>15</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>ebike</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2022</td>\n",
       "      <td>752</td>\n",
       "      <td>752</td>\n",
       "      <td>568</td>\n",
       "      <td>568</td>\n",
       "      <td>714</td>\n",
       "      <td>714</td>\n",
       "      <td>714</td>\n",
       "      <td>596</td>\n",
       "      <td>455</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>752</td>\n",
       "      <td>752</td>\n",
       "      <td>643</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>ebike</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2023</td>\n",
       "      <td>764</td>\n",
       "      <td>764</td>\n",
       "      <td>590</td>\n",
       "      <td>590</td>\n",
       "      <td>735</td>\n",
       "      <td>735</td>\n",
       "      <td>735</td>\n",
       "      <td>594</td>\n",
       "      <td>465</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>20</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>764</td>\n",
       "      <td>764</td>\n",
       "      <td>664</td>\n",
       "      <td>19</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>ebike</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>8 rows × 31 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   YEAR  CRASH DATE  CRASH TIME  BOROUGH  ZIP CODE  LATITUDE  LONGITUDE  \\\n",
       "0  2020        4117        4117     2983      2983      3875       3875   \n",
       "1  2021        3961        3961     2854      2854      3738       3738   \n",
       "2  2022        4160        4160     3044      3044      3887       3887   \n",
       "3  2023        4287        4287     3234      3233      4062       4062   \n",
       "0  2020         635         635      452       452       621        621   \n",
       "1  2021         795         795      583       583       765        765   \n",
       "2  2022         752         752      568       568       714        714   \n",
       "3  2023         764         764      590       590       735        735   \n",
       "\n",
       "   LOCATION  ON STREET NAME  CROSS STREET NAME  ...  \\\n",
       "0      3875            3304               2512  ...   \n",
       "1      3738            3162               2352  ...   \n",
       "2      3887            3290               2485  ...   \n",
       "3      4062            3380               2631  ...   \n",
       "0       621             518                378  ...   \n",
       "1       765             623                460  ...   \n",
       "2       714             596                455  ...   \n",
       "3       735             594                465  ...   \n",
       "\n",
       "   CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3  CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4  \\\n",
       "0                             56                              3   \n",
       "1                             53                              2   \n",
       "2                             49                              4   \n",
       "3                             47                              7   \n",
       "0                             17                              2   \n",
       "1                             14                              4   \n",
       "2                              8                              0   \n",
       "3                             20                              3   \n",
       "\n",
       "   CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5  COLLISION_ID  VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1  \\\n",
       "0                              1          4117                 4117   \n",
       "1                              1          3961                 3961   \n",
       "2                              2          4160                 4160   \n",
       "3                              2          4287                 4287   \n",
       "0                              0           635                  635   \n",
       "1                              1           795                  795   \n",
       "2                              0           752                  752   \n",
       "3                              0           764                  764   \n",
       "\n",
       "   VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2  VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3  VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4  \\\n",
       "0                 3536                   48                    3   \n",
       "1                 3428                   45                    2   \n",
       "2                 3567                   45                    4   \n",
       "3                 3707                   40                    6   \n",
       "0                  560                   15                    2   \n",
       "1                  689                   15                    4   \n",
       "2                  643                    7                    0   \n",
       "3                  664                   19                    3   \n",
       "\n",
       "   VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5   TYPE  \n",
       "0                    1   bike  \n",
       "1                    1   bike  \n",
       "2                    2   bike  \n",
       "3                    2   bike  \n",
       "0                    0  ebike  \n",
       "1                    1  ebike  \n",
       "2                    0  ebike  \n",
       "3                    0  ebike  \n",
       "\n",
       "[8 rows x 31 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 94,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "all_crashes = pd.concat([bike_crashes, ebike_crashes]).assign(TYPE = ['bike', 'bike', 'bike', 'bike', 'ebike', 'ebike', 'ebike', 'ebike'])\n",
    "all_crashes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 170,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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\"NUMBER OF MOTORIST KILLED\": 4287, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 1\": 4287, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2\": 3976, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3\": 47, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4\": 7, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5\": 2, \"COLLISION_ID\": 4287, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1\": 4287, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2\": 3707, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3\": 40, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4\": 6, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5\": 2, \"TYPE\": \"bike\"}, {\"YEAR\": 2020, \"CRASH DATE\": 635, \"CRASH TIME\": 635, \"BOROUGH\": 452, \"ZIP CODE\": 452, \"LATITUDE\": 621, \"LONGITUDE\": 621, \"LOCATION\": 621, \"ON STREET NAME\": 518, \"CROSS STREET NAME\": 378, \"OFF STREET NAME\": 117, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED\": 635, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS KILLED\": 635, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS INJURED\": 635, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS KILLED\": 635, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST INJURED\": 635, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST KILLED\": 635, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST INJURED\": 635, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST KILLED\": 635, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 1\": 635, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2\": 582, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3\": 17, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4\": 2, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5\": 0, \"COLLISION_ID\": 635, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1\": 635, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2\": 560, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3\": 15, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4\": 2, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5\": 0, \"TYPE\": \"ebike\"}, {\"YEAR\": 2021, \"CRASH DATE\": 795, \"CRASH TIME\": 795, \"BOROUGH\": 583, \"ZIP CODE\": 583, \"LATITUDE\": 765, \"LONGITUDE\": 765, \"LOCATION\": 765, \"ON STREET NAME\": 623, \"CROSS STREET NAME\": 460, \"OFF STREET NAME\": 172, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED\": 795, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS KILLED\": 795, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS INJURED\": 795, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS KILLED\": 795, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST INJURED\": 795, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST KILLED\": 795, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST INJURED\": 795, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST KILLED\": 795, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 1\": 795, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2\": 727, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3\": 14, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4\": 4, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5\": 1, \"COLLISION_ID\": 795, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1\": 795, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2\": 689, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3\": 15, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4\": 4, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5\": 1, \"TYPE\": \"ebike\"}, {\"YEAR\": 2022, \"CRASH DATE\": 752, \"CRASH TIME\": 752, \"BOROUGH\": 568, \"ZIP CODE\": 568, \"LATITUDE\": 714, \"LONGITUDE\": 714, \"LOCATION\": 714, \"ON STREET NAME\": 596, \"CROSS STREET NAME\": 455, \"OFF STREET NAME\": 156, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED\": 752, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS KILLED\": 752, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS INJURED\": 752, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS KILLED\": 752, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST INJURED\": 752, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST KILLED\": 752, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST INJURED\": 752, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST KILLED\": 752, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 1\": 752, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2\": 694, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3\": 8, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4\": 0, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5\": 0, \"COLLISION_ID\": 752, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1\": 752, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2\": 643, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3\": 7, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4\": 0, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5\": 0, \"TYPE\": \"ebike\"}, {\"YEAR\": 2023, \"CRASH DATE\": 764, \"CRASH TIME\": 764, \"BOROUGH\": 590, \"ZIP CODE\": 590, \"LATITUDE\": 735, \"LONGITUDE\": 735, \"LOCATION\": 735, \"ON STREET NAME\": 594, \"CROSS STREET NAME\": 465, \"OFF STREET NAME\": 170, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED\": 764, \"NUMBER OF PERSONS KILLED\": 764, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS INJURED\": 764, \"NUMBER OF PEDESTRIANS KILLED\": 764, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST INJURED\": 764, \"NUMBER OF CYCLIST KILLED\": 764, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST INJURED\": 764, \"NUMBER OF MOTORIST KILLED\": 764, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 1\": 764, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 2\": 707, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 3\": 20, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 4\": 3, \"CONTRIBUTING FACTOR VEHICLE 5\": 0, \"COLLISION_ID\": 764, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 1\": 764, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 2\": 664, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 3\": 19, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 4\": 3, \"VEHICLE TYPE CODE 5\": 0, \"TYPE\": \"ebike\"}]}}, {\"mode\": \"vega-lite\"});\n",
       "</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "alt.Chart(...)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 170,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "chart = alt.Chart(all_crashes, title='Number of Collisions for Bikes and E-Bikes in New York City From 2020-2023').mark_bar(binSpacing=50).encode( \n",
    "    alt.X('YEAR:O').title('Year'), \n",
    "    alt.Y('COLLISION_ID').title('Number of Collisions'), \n",
    "    color='TYPE'\n",
    ")\n",
    "\n",
    "y_value_annotations = chart.mark_text(\n",
    "    align='center',\n",
    "    baseline='bottom',\n",
    "    dx=0,\n",
    "    dy=-5,\n",
    ").encode(\n",
    "    x=alt.X('YEAR:O', title='Year'),\n",
    "    y=alt.Y('sum(COLLISION_ID):Q'), \n",
    "    text=alt.Text('sum(COLLISION_ID):Q', format='.0f'),\n",
    ")\n",
    "chart"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Description\n",
    "This is the earnest visualization. I created a stacked bar chart is to align with the type that New York Times created so the form is aligned for easier comparison. \n",
    "\n",
    "For this graph, I tested out stacking traditional bike on top of ebike and also the other way around. I realize the trend for ebike is relatively more flat to see the changes in traditional bikes that are stacked above, so I designed the bars for ebikes to be below traditional bikes.\n",
    "\n",
    "I did not do any modifications to the y-axis, meaning how long the bar can directly represent the quantity of accidents.\n",
    "\n",
    "By looking at all cyclist crashes, with the y-axis being standard and equally scaled, we actually see a growth in accidents for traditional bikes compared to ebikes having less growth in accidents. This is very different from the graph presented by New York Times when they focused on cyclist deaths. My chart clearly conveys how traditional bikes can potentially be more dangerous than ebikes.\n",
    "\n",
    "To make this chart better, I can label their values for every bar and sub-bars. However, I struggle with making them show at the right place and have all of the values be visible. For example, the value labels for ebikes is in orange on top of the area for traditional bikes which is easily visible; oppossitely, the value labels for traditional bikes in blue is written in blue and placed also on the blue area of the bar, which makes it barely visible. I am worried that it will end up to be deceptive so decided to not include.\n",
    "\n",
    "At the end of the day, no matter if it is the New York Times visualization on cyclist deaths or my visualization on accidents in general, which is more dangerous is still opened up to the viewers beliefs and perspective, or how they perceive as being dangerous."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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