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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta name="generator" content="pandoc" />
<title>R Markdown Hints</title>
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Describing Data
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Analyses
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<h1 class="title toc-ignore">R Markdown Hints</h1>
</div>
<p>Think of an <code>R Markdown File</code>, or <code>Rmd</code> for short, as a command center. You write commands, then Knit the file, and an html output file is created according to your commands.</p>
<p>Study this image to get the idea.</p>
<div class="figure">
<img src="Images/Rmd2html.png" />
</div>
<div id="creating-headers" class="section level2">
<h2>Creating Headers</h2>
<p>There are six available sizes of headings you can use in an Rmd file (left in image) that show up as shown below (right in image).</p>
<div class="figure">
<img src="Images/Rmd2html_Headers.png" />
</div>
<p><br /></p>
</div>
<div id="emphasizing-words" class="section level1">
<h1>Emphasizing Words</h1>
<p>To <em>italisize</em> a word use the asterisk (Shift 8) <code>*italisize*</code>. To <strong>bold</strong> a word use the double asterisk <code>**bold**</code>. (Notice how the back tic <code>`</code> can be used to emphasize words as well.)</p>
<p><br /></p>
</div>
<div id="bullet-points" class="section level1">
<h1>Bullet Points</h1>
<div id="simple-lists" class="section level4">
<h4>Simple Lists</h4>
<div style="float:left;width:300px;">
<p>To achieve the result:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>This is the first item.</p></li>
<li><p>This is the second.</p></li>
<li><p>This is the third.</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="padding-left:350px;">
<p>Use the code:</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="op">*</span><span class="st"> </span>This is the first item.
<span class="op">*</span><span class="st"> </span>This is the second.
<span class="op">*</span><span class="st"> </span>This is the third.</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div style="clear:both;">
</div>
</div>
<div id="numbered-lists" class="section level4">
<h4>Numbered Lists</h4>
<div style="float:left;width:300px;">
<p>To achieve the result:</p>
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
<li><p>This is the first item.</p></li>
<li><p>This is the second.</p></li>
<li><p>This is the third.</p></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div style="padding-left:350px;">
<p>Use the code:</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="dv">1</span>. This is the first item.
<span class="dv">2</span>. This is the second.
<span class="dv">3</span>. This is the third.</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div style="clear:both;">
</div>
</div>
<div id="lettered-lists" class="section level4">
<h4>Lettered Lists</h4>
<div style="float:left;width:300px;">
<p>To achieve the result:</p>
<ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha">
<li><p>This is the first item.</p></li>
<li><p>This is the second.</p></li>
<li><p>This is the third.</p></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div style="padding-left:350px;">
<p>Use the code:</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r">A<span class="er">)</span> This is the first item.
B<span class="er">)</span> This is the second.
C<span class="er">)</span> This is the third.</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div style="clear:both;">
</div>
</div>
<div id="nested-lists" class="section level4">
<h4>Nested Lists</h4>
<div style="float:left;width:300px;">
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
<li><p>What is <span class="math inline">\(2+2\)</span>?</p>
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha">
<li><p><strong>4</strong></p></li>
<li><p>8</p></li>
</ol></li>
<li><p>What is <span class="math inline">\(3\times5\)</span>?</p>
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha">
<li><p>14</p></li>
<li><p><strong>15</strong></p></li>
</ol></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div style="padding-left:350px;">
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="dv">1</span>. What is <span class="op">$</span><span class="dv">2</span><span class="op">+</span><span class="dv">2</span><span class="op">$</span>?
a. <span class="op">**</span><span class="dv">4</span><span class="op">**</span>
<span class="st"> </span>
<span class="st"> </span>b. <span class="dv">8</span>
<span class="dv">2</span>. What is <span class="op">$</span><span class="dv">3</span>\times5<span class="op">$</span>?
a. <span class="dv">14</span>
b. <span class="op">**</span><span class="dv">15</span><span class="op">**</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="math-equations" class="section level1">
<h1>Math Equations</h1>
<p>Use the dollar signs <code>$x=5$</code> to write <span class="math inline">\(x=5\)</span> or <code>$z=\frac{x-\mu}{\sigma}$</code> to write <span class="math inline">\(z=\frac{x-\mu}{\sigma}\)</span>. For a nicely centered equation use the double dollar signs <code>$$ $$</code> on separate lines</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="op">$</span><span class="er">$</span>
<span class="st"> </span>z =<span class="st"> </span>\frac{\bar{x}<span class="op">-</span>\mu}{\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}}
<span class="op">$</span><span class="er">$</span></code></pre></div>
<p>to get <span class="math display">\[
z = \frac{\bar{x}-\mu}{\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}}
\]</span></p>
<p>Or</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="op">$</span><span class="er">$</span>
<span class="st"> </span>H_<span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">:</span><span class="st"> </span>\mu_<span class="dv">1</span> =<span class="st"> </span>\mu_<span class="dv">2</span>
<span class="op">$</span><span class="er">$</span>
<span class="er">$$</span><span class="st"> </span>
<span class="st"> </span>H_a<span class="op">:</span><span class="st"> </span>\mu_<span class="dv">1</span> \neq \mu_<span class="dv">2</span>
<span class="op">$</span><span class="er">$</span></code></pre></div>
<p>to get <span class="math display">\[
H_0: \mu_1 = \mu_2
\]</span> <span class="math display">\[
H_a: \mu_1 \neq \mu_2
\]</span></p>
<p><br /></p>
</div>
<div id="insert-a-picture" class="section level1">
<h1>Insert a Picture</h1>
<p>To add a picture to your document, say some notes you took down on paper from class,</p>
<p><code></code></p>
<div class="figure">
<img src="Images/insertPictureNotes.jpg" />
</div>
<p><br /></p>
</div>
<div id="tables" class="section level1">
<h1>Tables</h1>
<p>There are many ways to <a href="http://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/authoring_pandoc_markdown.html#tables">make tables</a> in R Markdown. Here is a simple way to make a “pipe” table.</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="op">|</span><span class="st"> </span>Name <span class="op">|</span><span class="st"> </span>Age <span class="op">|</span><span class="st"> </span>Gender <span class="op">|</span><span class="st"> </span>
<span class="er">|</span><span class="op">---------------</span><span class="er">|</span><span class="op">---------------</span><span class="er">|</span><span class="op">--------------</span><span class="er">|</span>
<span class="er">|</span><span class="st"> </span>Jill <span class="op">|</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="dv">8</span> <span class="op">|</span><span class="st"> </span>Female <span class="op">|</span>
<span class="er">|</span><span class="st"> </span>Jack <span class="op">|</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="dv">9</span> <span class="op">|</span><span class="st"> </span>Male <span class="op">|</span></code></pre></div>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Name</th>
<th>Age</th>
<th>Gender</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Jill</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>Female</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Jack</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>Male</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><br /></p>
</div>
<div id="themes" class="section level1">
<h1>Themes</h1>
<p>Notice in the YAML (at the top of the RMD file) there is a line that reads:</p>
<p>“theme: cerulean”</p>
<p>Other possible themes are</p>
<ul>
<li>“default”, “cerulean”, “journal”, “flatly”, “readable”, “spacelab”, “united”, and “cosmo”.</li>
</ul>
<p>You can also change the <code>highlighting</code> by adding the line “highlight: tango” to the YAML as follows.</p>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="op">---</span>
title<span class="op">:</span><span class="st"> "Markdown Hints"</span>
output<span class="op">:</span><span class="st"> </span>
<span class="st"> </span>html_document<span class="op">:</span>
<span class="st"> </span>theme<span class="op">:</span><span class="st"> </span>cerulean
highlight<span class="op">:</span><span class="st"> </span>tango
<span class="op">---</span></code></pre></div>
<p>Other highlighting options are</p>
<ul>
<li>“default”, “tango”, “pygments”, “kate”, “monochrome”, “espresso”, “zenburn”, “haddock”, and “textmate”.</li>
</ul>
<p><br /></p>
</div>
<div id="section" class="section level1">
<h1></h1>
</div>
<div id="more-information" class="section level1">
<h1>More Information</h1>
<p>Go to the <a href="http://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/html_document_format.html">rmarkdown.rstudio.com</a> website for more information on how to use R Markdown.</p>
</div>
</div>
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