diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 986f26a88d..7acb111a94 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -415,7 +415,9 @@ $ cd go/adbc && go-licenses report ./... \
   --ignore github.com/apache/arrow/go/v11 \
   --ignore github.com/apache/arrow/go/v12 \
   --ignore github.com/apache/arrow/go/v13 \
+  --ignore github.com/apache/arrow/go/v14 \
   --ignore github.com/apache/arrow/go/v15 \
+  --ignore github.com/apache/arrow/go/v16 \
   --template ../../license.tpl > ../../LICENSE.txt 2> /dev/null
 ```
 
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
index 49f8560e32..6b1a9f794b 100644
--- a/LICENSE.txt
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -246,6 +246,32 @@ All rights reserved.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+3rdparty dependency {fmt} is statically linked in certain binary
+distributions, like the Python wheels. {fmt} is under the MIT license:
+
+Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich and {fmt} contributors
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 3rdparty dependency Go is statically linked in certain binary distributions,
 like the Python wheels. The Go project is under the BSD 3-clause license +
 PATENTS weak patent termination clause
diff --git a/c/CMakeLists.txt b/c/CMakeLists.txt
index 21d399eee8..06be814267 100644
--- a/c/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/c/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -28,8 +28,11 @@ set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
 
 include(CTest)
 
+add_subdirectory(vendor/fmt EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
+set_target_properties(fmt PROPERTIES POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)
 add_subdirectory(vendor/nanoarrow)
 add_subdirectory(driver/common)
+add_subdirectory(driver/framework)
 
 if(ADBC_BUILD_TESTS)
   add_subdirectory(validation)
diff --git a/c/cmake_modules/AdbcDefines.cmake b/c/cmake_modules/AdbcDefines.cmake
index 8c9c37ee61..4155cd4df4 100644
--- a/c/cmake_modules/AdbcDefines.cmake
+++ b/c/cmake_modules/AdbcDefines.cmake
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ if(MSVC)
 elseif(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "AppleClang"
        OR CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "Clang"
        OR CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "GNU")
+  # maybe-uninitialized is flaky
   set(ADBC_C_CXX_FLAGS_CHECKIN
       -Wall
       -Wextra
@@ -93,6 +94,10 @@ elseif(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "AppleClang"
       -Wno-unused-parameter)
   set(ADBC_C_CXX_FLAGS_PRODUCTION -Wall)
 
+  if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "GNU")
+    list(APPEND ADBC_C_CXX_FLAGS_CHECKIN -Wno-maybe-uninitialized)
+  endif()
+
   if(NOT CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG MATCHES "-O")
     string(APPEND CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG " -Og")
   endif()
diff --git a/c/driver/common/utils.h b/c/driver/common/utils.h
index ff75fa7208..cab5ddbe28 100644
--- a/c/driver/common/utils.h
+++ b/c/driver/common/utils.h
@@ -119,25 +119,6 @@ AdbcStatusCode BatchToArrayStream(struct ArrowArray* values, struct ArrowSchema*
     if (adbc_status_code != ADBC_STATUS_OK) return adbc_status_code; \
   } while (0)
 
-/// \defgroup adbc-connection-utils Connection Utilities
-/// Utilities for implementing connection-related functions for drivers
-///
-/// @{
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcInitConnectionGetInfoSchema(struct ArrowSchema* schema,
-                                               struct ArrowArray* array,
-                                               struct AdbcError* error);
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendString(struct ArrowArray* array,
-                                                 uint32_t info_code,
-                                                 const char* info_value,
-                                                 struct AdbcError* error);
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendInt(struct ArrowArray* array,
-                                              uint32_t info_code, int64_t info_value,
-                                              struct AdbcError* error);
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcInitConnectionObjectsSchema(struct ArrowSchema* schema,
-                                               struct AdbcError* error);
-/// @}
-
 struct AdbcGetObjectsUsage {
   struct ArrowStringView fk_catalog;
   struct ArrowStringView fk_db_schema;
diff --git a/c/driver/framework/CMakeLists.txt b/c/driver/framework/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..50f1dafdda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/driver/framework/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+include(FetchContent)
+
+add_library(adbc_driver_framework STATIC base.cc catalog.cc objects.cc)
+adbc_configure_target(adbc_driver_framework)
+set_target_properties(adbc_driver_framework PROPERTIES POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)
+target_include_directories(adbc_driver_framework
+                           PRIVATE "${REPOSITORY_ROOT}" "${REPOSITORY_ROOT}/c/"
+                                   "${REPOSITORY_ROOT}/c/vendor")
+target_link_libraries(adbc_driver_framework PUBLIC adbc_driver_common fmt::fmt)
+
+# if(ADBC_BUILD_TESTS)
+#   add_test_case(driver_framework_test
+#                 PREFIX
+#                 adbc
+#                 EXTRA_LABELS
+#                 driver-framework
+#                 SOURCES
+#                 utils_test.cc
+#                 driver_test.cc
+#                 EXTRA_LINK_LIBS
+#                 adbc_driver_framework
+#                 nanoarrow)
+#   target_compile_features(adbc-driver-framework-test PRIVATE cxx_std_17)
+#   target_include_directories(adbc-driver-framework-test
+#                              PRIVATE "${REPOSITORY_ROOT}" "${REPOSITORY_ROOT}/c/vendor")
+#   adbc_configure_target(adbc-driver-framework-test)
+# endif()
diff --git a/c/driver/framework/base.cc b/c/driver/framework/base.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ab94caf370
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/driver/framework/base.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+#include "driver/framework/base.h"
+
+namespace adbc::driver {
+Result<bool> Option::AsBool() const {
+  return std::visit(
+      [&](auto&& value) -> Result<bool> {
+        using T = std::decay_t<decltype(value)>;
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, std::string>) {
+          if (value == ADBC_OPTION_VALUE_ENABLED) {
+            return true;
+          } else if (value == ADBC_OPTION_VALUE_DISABLED) {
+            return false;
+          }
+        }
+        return status::InvalidArgument("Invalid boolean value {}", *this);
+      },
+      value_);
+}
+
+Result<int64_t> Option::AsInt() const {
+  return std::visit(
+      [&](auto&& value) -> Result<int64_t> {
+        using T = std::decay_t<decltype(value)>;
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, int64_t>) {
+          return value;
+        } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, std::string>) {
+          int64_t parsed = 0;
+          auto begin = value.data();
+          auto end = value.data() + value.size();
+          auto result = std::from_chars(begin, end, parsed);
+          if (result.ec != std::errc()) {
+            return status::InvalidArgument("Invalid integer value '{}': not an integer",
+                                           value);
+          } else if (result.ptr != end) {
+            return status::InvalidArgument("Invalid integer value '{}': trailing data",
+                                           value);
+          }
+          return parsed;
+        }
+        return status::InvalidArgument("Invalid integer value {}", *this);
+      },
+      value_);
+}
+
+Result<std::string_view> Option::AsString() const {
+  return std::visit(
+      [&](auto&& value) -> Result<std::string_view> {
+        using T = std::decay_t<decltype(value)>;
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, std::string>) {
+          return value;
+        }
+        return status::InvalidArgument("Invalid string value {}", *this);
+      },
+      value_);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode Option::CGet(char* out, size_t* length, AdbcError* error) const {
+  if (!out || !length) {
+    return status::InvalidArgument("Must provide both out and length to GetOption")
+        .ToAdbc(error);
+  }
+  return std::visit(
+      [&](auto&& value) -> AdbcStatusCode {
+        using T = std::decay_t<decltype(value)>;
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, std::string>) {
+          size_t value_size_with_terminator = value.size() + 1;
+          if (*length >= value_size_with_terminator) {
+            std::memcpy(out, value.data(), value.size());
+            out[value.size()] = 0;
+          }
+          *length = value_size_with_terminator;
+          return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+        } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, Unset>) {
+          return status::NotFound("Unknown option").ToAdbc(error);
+        } else {
+          return status::NotFound("Option value is not a string").ToAdbc(error);
+        }
+      },
+      value_);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode Option::CGet(uint8_t* out, size_t* length, AdbcError* error) const {
+  if (!out || !length) {
+    return status::InvalidArgument("Must provide both out and length to GetOption")
+        .ToAdbc(error);
+  }
+  return std::visit(
+      [&](auto&& value) -> AdbcStatusCode {
+        using T = std::decay_t<decltype(value)>;
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, std::string> ||
+                      std::is_same_v<T, std::vector<uint8_t>>) {
+          if (*length >= value.size()) {
+            std::memcpy(out, value.data(), value.size());
+          }
+          *length = value.size();
+          return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+        } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, Unset>) {
+          return status::NotFound("Unknown option").ToAdbc(error);
+        } else {
+          return status::NotFound("Option value is not a bytestring").ToAdbc(error);
+        }
+      },
+      value_);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode Option::CGet(int64_t* out, AdbcError* error) const {
+  if (!out) {
+    return status::InvalidArgument("Must provide out to GetOption").ToAdbc(error);
+  }
+  return std::visit(
+      [&](auto&& value) -> AdbcStatusCode {
+        using T = std::decay_t<decltype(value)>;
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, int64_t>) {
+          *out = value;
+          return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+        } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, Unset>) {
+          return status::NotFound("Unknown option").ToAdbc(error);
+        } else {
+          return status::NotFound("Option value is not an integer").ToAdbc(error);
+        }
+      },
+      value_);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode Option::CGet(double* out, AdbcError* error) const {
+  if (!out) {
+    return status::InvalidArgument("Must provide out to GetOption").ToAdbc(error);
+  }
+  return std::visit(
+      [&](auto&& value) -> AdbcStatusCode {
+        using T = std::decay_t<decltype(value)>;
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, double> || std::is_same_v<T, int64_t>) {
+          *out = value;
+          return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+        } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, Unset>) {
+          return status::NotFound("Unknown option").ToAdbc(error);
+        } else {
+          return status::NotFound("Option value is not a double").ToAdbc(error);
+        }
+      },
+      value_);
+}
+}  // namespace adbc::driver
diff --git a/c/driver/framework/base.h b/c/driver/framework/base.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e416f89d0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/driver/framework/base.h
@@ -0,0 +1,648 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <charconv>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <memory>
+#include <optional>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+#include <variant>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <adbc.h>
+#include <fmt/core.h>
+#include <fmt/format.h>
+
+#include "driver/common/utils.h"
+#include "driver/framework/status.h"
+
+/// \file base.h ADBC Driver Framework
+///
+/// A base implementation of an ADBC driver that allows easier driver
+/// development by overriding functions.  Databases, connections, and
+/// statements can be defined by subclassing the [CRTP][crtp] base classes.
+///
+/// Generally, base classes provide a set of functions that correspond to the
+/// ADBC functions.  These should not be directly overridden, as they provide
+/// the core logic and argument checking/error handling.  Instead, override
+/// the -Impl functions that are also exposed by base classes.
+///
+/// [crtp]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiously_recurring_template_pattern
+namespace adbc::driver {
+
+/// \brief The state of a database/connection/statement.
+enum class LifecycleState {
+  /// \brief New has been called but not Init.
+  kUninitialized,
+  /// \brief Init has been called.
+  kInitialized,
+};
+
+/// \brief A typed option value wrapper. It currently does not attempt
+/// conversion (i.e., getting a double option as a string).
+class Option {
+ public:
+  /// \brief The option is unset.
+  struct Unset {};
+  /// \brief The possible values of an option.
+  using Value = std::variant<Unset, std::string, std::vector<uint8_t>, int64_t, double>;
+
+  Option() : value_(Unset{}) {}
+  /// \brief Construct an option from a C string.
+  /// NULL strings are treated as unset.
+  explicit Option(const char* value)
+      : value_(value ? Value(std::string(value)) : Value{Unset{}}) {}
+  explicit Option(std::string value) : value_(std::move(value)) {}
+  explicit Option(std::vector<uint8_t> value) : value_(std::move(value)) {}
+  explicit Option(double value) : value_(value) {}
+  explicit Option(int64_t value) : value_(value) {}
+
+  const Value& value() const& { return value_; }
+  Value& value() && { return value_; }
+
+  /// \brief Check whether this option is set.
+  bool has_value() const { return !std::holds_alternative<Unset>(value_); }
+
+  /// \brief Try to parse a string value as a boolean.
+  Result<bool> AsBool() const;
+
+  /// \brief Try to parse a string or integer value as an integer.
+  Result<int64_t> AsInt() const;
+
+  /// \brief Get the value if it is a string.
+  Result<std::string_view> AsString() const;
+
+ private:
+  Value value_;
+
+  // Methods used by trampolines to export option values in C below
+  friend class ObjectBase;
+  AdbcStatusCode CGet(char* out, size_t* length, AdbcError* error) const;
+  AdbcStatusCode CGet(uint8_t* out, size_t* length, AdbcError* error) const;
+  AdbcStatusCode CGet(int64_t* out, AdbcError* error) const;
+  AdbcStatusCode CGet(double* out, AdbcError* error) const;
+};
+
+/// \brief Base class for private_data of AdbcDatabase, AdbcConnection, and
+///   AdbcStatement.
+///
+/// This class handles option setting and getting.
+class ObjectBase {
+ public:
+  ObjectBase() = default;
+  virtual ~ObjectBase() = default;
+
+  // Called After zero or more SetOption() calls. The parent is the
+  // private_data of the AdbcDatabase, or AdbcConnection when initializing a
+  // subclass of ConnectionObjectBase, and StatementObjectBase (respectively),
+  // or otherwise nullptr.  For example, if you have defined
+  // Driver<MyDatabase, MyConnection, MyStatement>, you can
+  // reinterpret_cast<MyDatabase>(parent) in MyConnection::Init().
+
+  /// \brief Initialize the object.
+  ///
+  /// Called after 0 or more SetOption calls.  Generally, you won't need to
+  /// override this directly.  Instead, use the typed InitImpl provided by
+  /// DatabaseBase/ConnectionBase/StatementBase.
+  ///
+  /// \param[in] parent A pointer to the AdbcDatabase or AdbcConnection
+  ///   implementation as appropriate, or nullptr.
+  virtual AdbcStatusCode Init(void* parent, AdbcError* error) {
+    lifecycle_state_ = LifecycleState::kInitialized;
+    return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+  }
+
+  /// \brief Finalize the object.
+  ///
+  /// This can be used to return an error if the object is not in a valid
+  /// state (e.g. prevent closing a connection with open statements) or to
+  /// clean up resources when resource cleanup could fail.  Infallible
+  /// resource cleanup (e.g. releasing memory) should generally be handled in
+  /// the destructor.
+  ///
+  /// Generally, you won't need to override this directly. Instead, use the
+  /// typed ReleaseImpl provided by DatabaseBase/ConnectionBase/StatementBase.
+  virtual AdbcStatusCode Release(AdbcError* error) { return ADBC_STATUS_OK; }
+
+  /// \brief Get an option value.
+  virtual Result<Option> GetOption(std::string_view key) {
+    Option option(nullptr);
+    return option;
+  }
+
+  /// \brief Set an option value.
+  virtual AdbcStatusCode SetOption(std::string_view key, Option value, AdbcError* error) {
+    return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  LifecycleState lifecycle_state_;
+
+ private:
+  // Let the Driver use these to expose C callables wrapping option setters/getters
+  template <typename DatabaseT, typename ConnectionT, typename StatementT>
+  friend class Driver;
+
+  template <typename T>
+  AdbcStatusCode CSetOption(const char* key, T value, AdbcError* error) {
+    Option option(value);
+    return SetOption(key, std::move(option), error);
+  }
+
+  AdbcStatusCode CSetOptionBytes(const char* key, const uint8_t* value, size_t length,
+                                 AdbcError* error) {
+    std::vector<uint8_t> cppvalue(value, value + length);
+    Option option(std::move(cppvalue));
+    return SetOption(key, std::move(option), error);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  AdbcStatusCode CGetOptionStringLike(const char* key, T* value, size_t* length,
+                                      AdbcError* error) {
+    RAISE_RESULT(error, auto option, GetOption(key));
+    return option.CGet(value, length, error);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  AdbcStatusCode CGetOptionNumeric(const char* key, T* value, AdbcError* error) {
+    RAISE_RESULT(error, auto option, GetOption(key));
+    return option.CGet(value, error);
+  }
+};
+
+/// Helper for below: given the ADBC type, pick the right driver type.
+template <typename DatabaseT, typename ConnectionT, typename StatementT, typename T>
+struct ResolveObjectTImpl {};
+
+template <typename DatabaseT, typename ConnectionT, typename StatementT>
+struct ResolveObjectTImpl<DatabaseT, ConnectionT, StatementT, struct AdbcDatabase> {
+  using type = DatabaseT;
+};
+template <typename DatabaseT, typename ConnectionT, typename StatementT>
+struct ResolveObjectTImpl<DatabaseT, ConnectionT, StatementT, struct AdbcConnection> {
+  using type = ConnectionT;
+};
+template <typename DatabaseT, typename ConnectionT, typename StatementT>
+struct ResolveObjectTImpl<DatabaseT, ConnectionT, StatementT, struct AdbcStatement> {
+  using type = StatementT;
+};
+
+/// Helper for below: given the ADBC type, pick the right driver type.
+template <typename DatabaseT, typename ConnectionT, typename StatementT, typename T>
+using ResolveObjectT =
+    typename ResolveObjectTImpl<DatabaseT, ConnectionT, StatementT, T>::type;
+
+// Driver authors can declare a template specialization of the Driver class
+// and use it to provide their driver init function. It is possible, but
+// rarely useful, to subclass a driver.
+template <typename DatabaseT, typename ConnectionT, typename StatementT>
+class Driver {
+ public:
+  static AdbcStatusCode Init(int version, void* raw_driver, AdbcError* error) {
+    if (version != ADBC_VERSION_1_0_0 && version != ADBC_VERSION_1_1_0) {
+      return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
+    }
+
+    auto* driver = reinterpret_cast<AdbcDriver*>(raw_driver);
+    if (version >= ADBC_VERSION_1_1_0) {
+      std::memset(driver, 0, ADBC_DRIVER_1_1_0_SIZE);
+
+      driver->ErrorGetDetailCount = &CErrorGetDetailCount;
+      driver->ErrorGetDetail = &CErrorGetDetail;
+
+      driver->DatabaseGetOption = &CGetOption<AdbcDatabase>;
+      driver->DatabaseGetOptionBytes = &CGetOptionBytes<AdbcDatabase>;
+      driver->DatabaseGetOptionInt = &CGetOptionInt<AdbcDatabase>;
+      driver->DatabaseGetOptionDouble = &CGetOptionDouble<AdbcDatabase>;
+      driver->DatabaseSetOptionBytes = &CSetOptionBytes<AdbcDatabase>;
+      driver->DatabaseSetOptionInt = &CSetOptionInt<AdbcDatabase>;
+      driver->DatabaseSetOptionDouble = &CSetOptionDouble<AdbcDatabase>;
+
+      driver->ConnectionCancel = &CConnectionCancel;
+      driver->ConnectionGetOption = &CGetOption<AdbcConnection>;
+      driver->ConnectionGetOptionBytes = &CGetOptionBytes<AdbcConnection>;
+      driver->ConnectionGetOptionInt = &CGetOptionInt<AdbcConnection>;
+      driver->ConnectionGetOptionDouble = &CGetOptionDouble<AdbcConnection>;
+      driver->ConnectionGetStatistics = &CConnectionGetStatistics;
+      driver->ConnectionGetStatisticNames = &CConnectionGetStatisticNames;
+      driver->ConnectionSetOptionBytes = &CSetOptionBytes<AdbcConnection>;
+      driver->ConnectionSetOptionInt = &CSetOptionInt<AdbcConnection>;
+      driver->ConnectionSetOptionDouble = &CSetOptionDouble<AdbcConnection>;
+
+      driver->StatementCancel = &CStatementCancel;
+      driver->StatementExecuteSchema = &CStatementExecuteSchema;
+      driver->StatementGetOption = &CGetOption<AdbcStatement>;
+      driver->StatementGetOptionBytes = &CGetOptionBytes<AdbcStatement>;
+      driver->StatementGetOptionInt = &CGetOptionInt<AdbcStatement>;
+      driver->StatementGetOptionDouble = &CGetOptionDouble<AdbcStatement>;
+      driver->StatementSetOptionBytes = &CSetOptionBytes<AdbcStatement>;
+      driver->StatementSetOptionInt = &CSetOptionInt<AdbcStatement>;
+      driver->StatementSetOptionDouble = &CSetOptionDouble<AdbcStatement>;
+    } else {
+      std::memset(driver, 0, ADBC_DRIVER_1_0_0_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    driver->private_data = new Driver();
+    driver->release = &CDriverRelease;
+
+    driver->DatabaseInit = &CDatabaseInit;
+    driver->DatabaseNew = &CNew<AdbcDatabase>;
+    driver->DatabaseRelease = &CRelease<AdbcDatabase>;
+    driver->DatabaseSetOption = &CSetOption<AdbcDatabase>;
+
+    driver->ConnectionCommit = &CConnectionCommit;
+    driver->ConnectionGetInfo = &CConnectionGetInfo;
+    driver->ConnectionGetObjects = &CConnectionGetObjects;
+    driver->ConnectionGetTableSchema = &CConnectionGetTableSchema;
+    driver->ConnectionGetTableTypes = &CConnectionGetTableTypes;
+    driver->ConnectionInit = &CConnectionInit;
+    driver->ConnectionNew = &CNew<AdbcConnection>;
+    driver->ConnectionRelease = &CRelease<AdbcConnection>;
+    driver->ConnectionReadPartition = &CConnectionReadPartition;
+    driver->ConnectionRollback = &CConnectionRollback;
+    driver->ConnectionSetOption = &CSetOption<AdbcConnection>;
+
+    driver->StatementBind = &CStatementBind;
+    driver->StatementBindStream = &CStatementBindStream;
+    driver->StatementExecutePartitions = &CStatementExecutePartitions;
+    driver->StatementExecuteQuery = &CStatementExecuteQuery;
+    driver->StatementGetParameterSchema = &CStatementGetParameterSchema;
+    driver->StatementNew = &CStatementNew;
+    driver->StatementPrepare = &CStatementPrepare;
+    driver->StatementRelease = &CRelease<AdbcStatement>;
+    driver->StatementSetOption = &CSetOption<AdbcStatement>;
+    driver->StatementSetSqlQuery = &CStatementSetSqlQuery;
+    driver->StatementSetSubstraitPlan = &CStatementSetSubstraitPlan;
+
+    return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+  }
+
+  // Driver trampolines
+  static AdbcStatusCode CDriverRelease(AdbcDriver* driver, AdbcError* error) {
+    auto driver_private = reinterpret_cast<Driver*>(driver->private_data);
+    delete driver_private;
+    driver->private_data = nullptr;
+    return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+  }
+
+  static int CErrorGetDetailCount(const AdbcError* error) {
+    if (error->vendor_code != ADBC_ERROR_VENDOR_CODE_PRIVATE_DATA) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    auto error_obj = reinterpret_cast<Status*>(error->private_data);
+    return error_obj->CDetailCount();
+  }
+
+  static AdbcErrorDetail CErrorGetDetail(const AdbcError* error, int index) {
+    auto error_obj = reinterpret_cast<Status*>(error->private_data);
+    return error_obj->CDetail(index);
+  }
+
+  // Templatable trampolines
+
+  template <typename T>
+  static AdbcStatusCode CNew(T* obj, AdbcError* error) {
+    using ObjectT = ResolveObjectT<DatabaseT, ConnectionT, StatementT, T>;
+    auto private_data = new ObjectT();
+    obj->private_data = private_data;
+    return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  static AdbcStatusCode CRelease(T* obj, AdbcError* error) {
+    using ObjectT = ResolveObjectT<DatabaseT, ConnectionT, StatementT, T>;
+    if (obj == nullptr) return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<ObjectT*>(obj->private_data);
+    if (private_data == nullptr) return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;
+    AdbcStatusCode result = private_data->Release(error);
+    if (result != ADBC_STATUS_OK) {
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    delete private_data;
+    obj->private_data = nullptr;
+    return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  static AdbcStatusCode CSetOption(T* obj, const char* key, const char* value,
+                                   AdbcError* error) {
+    using ObjectT = ResolveObjectT<DatabaseT, ConnectionT, StatementT, T>;
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<ObjectT*>(obj->private_data);
+    return private_data->template CSetOption<>(key, value, error);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  static AdbcStatusCode CSetOptionBytes(T* obj, const char* key, const uint8_t* value,
+                                        size_t length, AdbcError* error) {
+    using ObjectT = ResolveObjectT<DatabaseT, ConnectionT, StatementT, T>;
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<ObjectT*>(obj->private_data);
+    return private_data->CSetOptionBytes(key, value, length, error);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  static AdbcStatusCode CSetOptionInt(T* obj, const char* key, int64_t value,
+                                      AdbcError* error) {
+    using ObjectT = ResolveObjectT<DatabaseT, ConnectionT, StatementT, T>;
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<ObjectT*>(obj->private_data);
+    return private_data->template CSetOption<>(key, value, error);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  static AdbcStatusCode CSetOptionDouble(T* obj, const char* key, double value,
+                                         AdbcError* error) {
+    using ObjectT = ResolveObjectT<DatabaseT, ConnectionT, StatementT, T>;
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<ObjectT*>(obj->private_data);
+    return private_data->template CSetOption<>(key, value, error);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  static AdbcStatusCode CGetOption(T* obj, const char* key, char* value, size_t* length,
+                                   AdbcError* error) {
+    using ObjectT = ResolveObjectT<DatabaseT, ConnectionT, StatementT, T>;
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<ObjectT*>(obj->private_data);
+    return private_data->template CGetOptionStringLike<>(key, value, length, error);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  static AdbcStatusCode CGetOptionBytes(T* obj, const char* key, uint8_t* value,
+                                        size_t* length, AdbcError* error) {
+    using ObjectT = ResolveObjectT<DatabaseT, ConnectionT, StatementT, T>;
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<ObjectT*>(obj->private_data);
+    return private_data->template CGetOptionStringLike<>(key, value, length, error);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  static AdbcStatusCode CGetOptionInt(T* obj, const char* key, int64_t* value,
+                                      AdbcError* error) {
+    using ObjectT = ResolveObjectT<DatabaseT, ConnectionT, StatementT, T>;
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<ObjectT*>(obj->private_data);
+    return private_data->template CGetOptionNumeric<>(key, value, error);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  static AdbcStatusCode CGetOptionDouble(T* obj, const char* key, double* value,
+                                         AdbcError* error) {
+    using ObjectT = ResolveObjectT<DatabaseT, ConnectionT, StatementT, T>;
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<ObjectT*>(obj->private_data);
+    return private_data->template CGetOptionNumeric<>(key, value, error);
+  }
+
+#define CHECK_INIT(DATABASE, ERROR)                                         \
+  if (!(DATABASE) || !(DATABASE)->private_data) {                           \
+    return status::InvalidState("Database is uninitialized").ToAdbc(ERROR); \
+  }
+
+  // Database trampolines
+  static AdbcStatusCode CDatabaseInit(AdbcDatabase* database, AdbcError* error) {
+    CHECK_INIT(database, error);
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<DatabaseT*>(database->private_data);
+    return private_data->Init(nullptr, error);
+  }
+
+#undef CHECK_INIT
+#define CHECK_INIT(CONNECTION, ERROR)                                         \
+  if (!(CONNECTION) || !(CONNECTION)->private_data) {                         \
+    return status::InvalidState("Connection is uninitialized").ToAdbc(ERROR); \
+  }
+
+  // Connection trampolines
+  static AdbcStatusCode CConnectionInit(AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                        AdbcDatabase* database, AdbcError* error) {
+    CHECK_INIT(connection, error);
+    if (!database || !database->private_data) {
+      return status::InvalidState("Database is uninitialized").ToAdbc(error);
+    }
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<ConnectionT*>(connection->private_data);
+    return private_data->Init(database->private_data, error);
+  }
+
+  static AdbcStatusCode CConnectionCancel(AdbcConnection* connection, AdbcError* error) {
+    CHECK_INIT(connection, error);
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<ConnectionT*>(connection->private_data);
+    return private_data->Cancel(error);
+  }
+
+  static AdbcStatusCode CConnectionGetInfo(AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                           const uint32_t* info_codes,
+                                           size_t info_codes_length,
+                                           ArrowArrayStream* out, AdbcError* error) {
+    CHECK_INIT(connection, error);
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<ConnectionT*>(connection->private_data);
+    return private_data->GetInfo(info_codes, info_codes_length, out, error);
+  }
+
+  static AdbcStatusCode CConnectionGetObjects(AdbcConnection* connection, int depth,
+                                              const char* catalog, const char* db_schema,
+                                              const char* table_name,
+                                              const char** table_type,
+                                              const char* column_name,
+                                              ArrowArrayStream* out, AdbcError* error) {
+    CHECK_INIT(connection, error);
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<ConnectionT*>(connection->private_data);
+    return private_data->GetObjects(depth, catalog, db_schema, table_name, table_type,
+                                    column_name, out, error);
+  }
+
+  static AdbcStatusCode CConnectionGetStatistics(
+      AdbcConnection* connection, const char* catalog, const char* db_schema,
+      const char* table_name, char approximate, ArrowArrayStream* out, AdbcError* error) {
+    CHECK_INIT(connection, error);
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<ConnectionT*>(connection->private_data);
+    return private_data->GetStatistics(catalog, db_schema, table_name, approximate, out,
+                                       error);
+  }
+
+  static AdbcStatusCode CConnectionGetStatisticNames(AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                                     ArrowArrayStream* out,
+                                                     AdbcError* error) {
+    CHECK_INIT(connection, error);
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<ConnectionT*>(connection->private_data);
+    return private_data->GetStatisticNames(out, error);
+  }
+
+  static AdbcStatusCode CConnectionGetTableSchema(AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                                  const char* catalog,
+                                                  const char* db_schema,
+                                                  const char* table_name,
+                                                  ArrowSchema* schema, AdbcError* error) {
+    CHECK_INIT(connection, error);
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<ConnectionT*>(connection->private_data);
+    return private_data->GetTableSchema(catalog, db_schema, table_name, schema, error);
+  }
+
+  static AdbcStatusCode CConnectionGetTableTypes(AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                                 ArrowArrayStream* out,
+                                                 AdbcError* error) {
+    CHECK_INIT(connection, error);
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<ConnectionT*>(connection->private_data);
+    return private_data->GetTableTypes(out, error);
+  }
+
+  static AdbcStatusCode CConnectionReadPartition(AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                                 const uint8_t* serialized_partition,
+                                                 size_t serialized_length,
+                                                 ArrowArrayStream* out,
+                                                 AdbcError* error) {
+    CHECK_INIT(connection, error);
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<ConnectionT*>(connection->private_data);
+    return private_data->ReadPartition(serialized_partition, serialized_length, out,
+                                       error);
+  }
+
+  static AdbcStatusCode CConnectionCommit(AdbcConnection* connection, AdbcError* error) {
+    CHECK_INIT(connection, error);
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<ConnectionT*>(connection->private_data);
+    return private_data->Commit(error);
+  }
+
+  static AdbcStatusCode CConnectionRollback(AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                            AdbcError* error) {
+    CHECK_INIT(connection, error);
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<ConnectionT*>(connection->private_data);
+    return private_data->Rollback(error);
+  }
+
+#undef CHECK_INIT
+#define CHECK_INIT(STATEMENT, ERROR)                                         \
+  if (!(STATEMENT) || !(STATEMENT)->private_data) {                          \
+    return status::InvalidState("Statement is uninitialized").ToAdbc(ERROR); \
+  }
+
+  // Statement trampolines
+  static AdbcStatusCode CStatementNew(AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                      AdbcStatement* statement, AdbcError* error) {
+    if (!connection || !connection->private_data) {
+      return status::InvalidState("Connection is uninitialized").ToAdbc(error);
+    }
+    auto private_data = new StatementT();
+    AdbcStatusCode status = private_data->Init(connection->private_data, error);
+    if (status != ADBC_STATUS_OK) {
+      delete private_data;
+    }
+
+    statement->private_data = private_data;
+    return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+  }
+
+  static AdbcStatusCode CStatementBind(AdbcStatement* statement, ArrowArray* values,
+                                       ArrowSchema* schema, AdbcError* error) {
+    CHECK_INIT(statement, error);
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<StatementT*>(statement->private_data);
+    return private_data->Bind(values, schema, error);
+  }
+
+  static AdbcStatusCode CStatementBindStream(AdbcStatement* statement,
+                                             ArrowArrayStream* stream, AdbcError* error) {
+    CHECK_INIT(statement, error);
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<StatementT*>(statement->private_data);
+    return private_data->BindStream(stream, error);
+  }
+
+  static AdbcStatusCode CStatementCancel(AdbcStatement* statement, AdbcError* error) {
+    CHECK_INIT(statement, error);
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<StatementT*>(statement->private_data);
+    return private_data->Cancel(error);
+  }
+
+  static AdbcStatusCode CStatementExecutePartitions(AdbcStatement* statement,
+                                                    struct ArrowSchema* schema,
+                                                    struct AdbcPartitions* partitions,
+                                                    int64_t* rows_affected,
+                                                    AdbcError* error) {
+    CHECK_INIT(statement, error);
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<StatementT*>(statement->private_data);
+    return private_data->ExecutePartitions(schema, partitions, rows_affected, error);
+  }
+
+  static AdbcStatusCode CStatementExecuteQuery(AdbcStatement* statement,
+                                               ArrowArrayStream* stream,
+                                               int64_t* rows_affected, AdbcError* error) {
+    CHECK_INIT(statement, error);
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<StatementT*>(statement->private_data);
+    return private_data->ExecuteQuery(stream, rows_affected, error);
+  }
+
+  static AdbcStatusCode CStatementExecuteSchema(AdbcStatement* statement,
+                                                ArrowSchema* schema, AdbcError* error) {
+    CHECK_INIT(statement, error);
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<StatementT*>(statement->private_data);
+    return private_data->ExecuteSchema(schema, error);
+  }
+
+  static AdbcStatusCode CStatementGetParameterSchema(AdbcStatement* statement,
+                                                     ArrowSchema* schema,
+                                                     AdbcError* error) {
+    CHECK_INIT(statement, error);
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<StatementT*>(statement->private_data);
+    return private_data->GetParameterSchema(schema, error);
+  }
+
+  static AdbcStatusCode CStatementPrepare(AdbcStatement* statement, AdbcError* error) {
+    CHECK_INIT(statement, error);
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<StatementT*>(statement->private_data);
+    return private_data->Prepare(error);
+  }
+
+  static AdbcStatusCode CStatementSetSqlQuery(AdbcStatement* statement, const char* query,
+                                              AdbcError* error) {
+    CHECK_INIT(statement, error);
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<StatementT*>(statement->private_data);
+    return private_data->SetSqlQuery(query, error);
+  }
+
+  static AdbcStatusCode CStatementSetSubstraitPlan(AdbcStatement* statement,
+                                                   const uint8_t* plan, size_t length,
+                                                   AdbcError* error) {
+    CHECK_INIT(statement, error);
+    auto private_data = reinterpret_cast<StatementT*>(statement->private_data);
+    return private_data->SetSubstraitPlan(plan, length, error);
+  }
+
+#undef CHECK_INIT
+};
+
+}  // namespace adbc::driver
+
+/// \brief Formatter for Option values.
+template <>
+struct fmt::formatter<adbc::driver::Option> : fmt::nested_formatter<std::string_view> {
+  auto format(const adbc::driver::Option& option, fmt::format_context& ctx) {
+    return write_padded(ctx, [=](auto out) {
+      return std::visit(
+          [&](auto&& value) {
+            using T = std::decay_t<decltype(value)>;
+            if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, adbc::driver::Option::Unset>) {
+              return fmt::format_to(out, "(NULL)");
+            } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, std::string>) {
+              return fmt::format_to(out, "'{}'", value);
+            } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, std::vector<uint8_t>>) {
+              return fmt::format_to(out, "({} bytes)", value.size());
+            } else {
+              return fmt::format_to(out, "{}", value);
+            }
+          },
+          option.value());
+    });
+  }
+};
diff --git a/c/driver/framework/base_connection.h b/c/driver/framework/base_connection.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..33d30b3ecf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/driver/framework/base_connection.h
@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <adbc.h>
+#include <nanoarrow/nanoarrow.h>
+#include <nanoarrow/nanoarrow.hpp>
+
+#include "driver/common/options.h"
+#include "driver/common/utils.h"
+#include "driver/framework/base.h"
+#include "driver/framework/catalog.h"
+#include "driver/framework/objects.h"
+
+namespace adbc::driver {
+/// \brief The CRTP base implementation of an AdbcConnection.
+///
+/// Derived should override and implement the Impl methods, but not others.
+/// Overridden methods should defer to the superclass version at the end.
+/// (The Base typedef is provided to make this easier.)  Derived should also
+/// define a constexpr static symbol called kErrorPrefix that is used to
+/// construct error messages.
+template <typename Derived>
+class ConnectionBase : public ObjectBase {
+ public:
+  using Base = ConnectionBase<Derived>;
+
+  /// \brief Whether autocommit is enabled or not (by default: enabled).
+  enum class AutocommitState {
+    kAutocommit,
+    kTransaction,
+  };
+
+  ConnectionBase() : ObjectBase() {}
+  ~ConnectionBase() = default;
+
+  /// \internal
+  AdbcStatusCode Init(void* parent, AdbcError* error) override {
+    if (auto status = impl().InitImpl(parent); !status.ok()) {
+      return status.ToAdbc(error);
+    }
+    return ObjectBase::Init(parent, error);
+  }
+
+  /// \internal
+  AdbcStatusCode Cancel(AdbcError* error) { return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED; }
+
+  /// \internal
+  AdbcStatusCode Commit(AdbcError* error) {
+    switch (autocommit_) {
+      case AutocommitState::kAutocommit:
+        return status::InvalidState("{} No active transaction, cannot commit",
+                                    Derived::kErrorPrefix)
+            .ToAdbc(error);
+      case AutocommitState::kTransaction:
+        return impl().CommitImpl().ToAdbc(error);
+    }
+    assert(false);
+    return ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
+  }
+
+  /// \internal
+  AdbcStatusCode GetInfo(const uint32_t* info_codes, size_t info_codes_length,
+                         ArrowArrayStream* out, AdbcError* error) {
+    std::vector<uint32_t> codes(info_codes, info_codes + info_codes_length);
+    RAISE_RESULT(error, auto infos, impl().InfoImpl(codes));
+
+    nanoarrow::UniqueSchema schema;
+    nanoarrow::UniqueArray array;
+    RAISE_STATUS(error, AdbcInitConnectionGetInfoSchema(schema.get(), array.get()));
+
+    for (const auto& info : infos) {
+      RAISE_STATUS(
+          error,
+          std::visit(
+              [&](auto&& value) -> Status {
+                using T = std::decay_t<decltype(value)>;
+                if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, std::string>) {
+                  return AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendString(array.get(), info.code, value);
+                } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, int64_t>) {
+                  return AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendInt(array.get(), info.code, value);
+                } else {
+                  static_assert(!sizeof(T), "info value type not implemented");
+                }
+                return status::Ok();
+              },
+              info.value));
+      CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(array.get()), error);
+    }
+
+    struct ArrowError na_error = {0};
+    CHECK_NA_DETAIL(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishBuildingDefault(array.get(), &na_error),
+                    &na_error, error);
+    return BatchToArrayStream(array.get(), schema.get(), out, error);
+  }
+
+  /// \internal
+  AdbcStatusCode GetObjects(int c_depth, const char* catalog, const char* db_schema,
+                            const char* table_name, const char** table_type,
+                            const char* column_name, ArrowArrayStream* out,
+                            AdbcError* error) {
+    const auto catalog_filter =
+        catalog ? std::make_optional(std::string_view(catalog)) : std::nullopt;
+    const auto schema_filter =
+        db_schema ? std::make_optional(std::string_view(db_schema)) : std::nullopt;
+    const auto table_filter =
+        table_name ? std::make_optional(std::string_view(table_name)) : std::nullopt;
+    const auto column_filter =
+        column_name ? std::make_optional(std::string_view(column_name)) : std::nullopt;
+    std::vector<std::string_view> table_type_filter;
+    while (table_type && *table_type) {
+      if (*table_type) {
+        table_type_filter.push_back(std::string_view(*table_type));
+      }
+      table_type++;
+    }
+
+    GetObjectsDepth depth = GetObjectsDepth::kColumns;
+    switch (c_depth) {
+      case ADBC_OBJECT_DEPTH_CATALOGS:
+        depth = GetObjectsDepth::kCatalogs;
+        break;
+      case ADBC_OBJECT_DEPTH_COLUMNS:
+        depth = GetObjectsDepth::kColumns;
+        break;
+      case ADBC_OBJECT_DEPTH_DB_SCHEMAS:
+        depth = GetObjectsDepth::kSchemas;
+        break;
+      case ADBC_OBJECT_DEPTH_TABLES:
+        depth = GetObjectsDepth::kTables;
+        break;
+      default:
+        return status::InvalidArgument("{} GetObjects: invalid depth {}",
+                                       Derived::kErrorPrefix, c_depth)
+            .ToAdbc(error);
+    }
+
+    RAISE_RESULT(error, auto helper, impl().GetObjectsImpl());
+    nanoarrow::UniqueSchema schema;
+    nanoarrow::UniqueArray array;
+    auto status =
+        BuildGetObjects(helper.get(), depth, catalog_filter, schema_filter, table_filter,
+                        column_filter, table_type_filter, schema.get(), array.get());
+    RAISE_STATUS(error, helper->Close());
+    RAISE_STATUS(error, status);
+    return BatchToArrayStream(array.get(), schema.get(), out, error);
+  }
+
+  /// \internal
+  Result<Option> GetOption(std::string_view key) override {
+    if (key == ADBC_CONNECTION_OPTION_AUTOCOMMIT) {
+      switch (autocommit_) {
+        case AutocommitState::kAutocommit:
+          return driver::Option(ADBC_OPTION_VALUE_ENABLED);
+        case AutocommitState::kTransaction:
+          return driver::Option(ADBC_OPTION_VALUE_DISABLED);
+      }
+    } else if (key == ADBC_CONNECTION_OPTION_CURRENT_CATALOG) {
+      UNWRAP_RESULT(auto catalog, impl().GetCurrentCatalogImpl());
+      if (catalog) {
+        return driver::Option(std::move(*catalog));
+      }
+      return driver::Option();
+    } else if (key == ADBC_CONNECTION_OPTION_CURRENT_DB_SCHEMA) {
+      UNWRAP_RESULT(auto schema, impl().GetCurrentSchemaImpl());
+      if (schema) {
+        return driver::Option(std::move(*schema));
+      }
+      return driver::Option();
+    }
+    return Base::GetOption(key);
+  }
+
+  /// \internal
+  AdbcStatusCode GetStatistics(const char* catalog, const char* db_schema,
+                               const char* table_name, char approximate,
+                               ArrowArrayStream* out, AdbcError* error) {
+    return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
+  }
+
+  /// \internal
+  AdbcStatusCode GetStatisticNames(ArrowArrayStream* out, AdbcError* error) {
+    return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
+  }
+
+  /// \internal
+  AdbcStatusCode GetTableSchema(const char* catalog, const char* db_schema,
+                                const char* table_name, ArrowSchema* schema,
+                                AdbcError* error) {
+    if (!table_name) {
+      return status::InvalidArgument("{} GetTableSchema: must provide table_name",
+                                     Derived::kErrorPrefix)
+          .ToAdbc(error);
+    }
+    std::memset(schema, 0, sizeof(*schema));
+    std::optional<std::string_view> catalog_param =
+        catalog ? std::make_optional(std::string_view(catalog)) : std::nullopt;
+    std::optional<std::string_view> db_schema_param =
+        db_schema ? std::make_optional(std::string_view(db_schema)) : std::nullopt;
+    std::string_view table_name_param = table_name;
+
+    return impl()
+        .GetTableSchemaImpl(catalog_param, db_schema_param, table_name_param, schema)
+        .ToAdbc(error);
+  }
+
+  /// \internal
+  AdbcStatusCode GetTableTypes(ArrowArrayStream* out, AdbcError* error) {
+    RAISE_RESULT(error, std::vector<std::string> table_types, impl().GetTableTypesImpl());
+
+    nanoarrow::UniqueArray array;
+    nanoarrow::UniqueSchema schema;
+    ArrowSchemaInit(schema.get());
+
+    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowSchemaSetType(schema.get(), NANOARROW_TYPE_STRUCT), error);
+    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowSchemaAllocateChildren(schema.get(), /*num_columns=*/1),
+             error);
+    ArrowSchemaInit(schema.get()->children[0]);
+    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL,
+             ArrowSchemaSetType(schema.get()->children[0], NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING), error);
+    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowSchemaSetName(schema.get()->children[0], "table_type"),
+             error);
+    schema.get()->children[0]->flags &= ~ARROW_FLAG_NULLABLE;
+
+    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayInitFromSchema(array.get(), schema.get(), NULL), error);
+    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayStartAppending(array.get()), error);
+
+    for (std::string const& table_type : table_types) {
+      CHECK_NA(
+          INTERNAL,
+          ArrowArrayAppendString(array->children[0], ArrowCharView(table_type.c_str())),
+          error);
+      CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(array.get()), error);
+    }
+
+    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishBuildingDefault(array.get(), NULL), error);
+
+    return BatchToArrayStream(array.get(), schema.get(), out, error);
+  }
+
+  /// \internal
+  AdbcStatusCode ReadPartition(const uint8_t* serialized_partition,
+                               size_t serialized_length, ArrowArrayStream* out,
+                               AdbcError* error) {
+    return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
+  }
+
+  /// \internal
+  AdbcStatusCode Release(AdbcError* error) override {
+    return impl().ReleaseImpl().ToAdbc(error);
+  }
+
+  /// \internal
+  AdbcStatusCode Rollback(AdbcError* error) {
+    switch (autocommit_) {
+      case AutocommitState::kAutocommit:
+        return status::InvalidState("{} No active transaction, cannot rollback",
+                                    Derived::kErrorPrefix)
+            .ToAdbc(error);
+      case AutocommitState::kTransaction:
+        return impl().RollbackImpl().ToAdbc(error);
+    }
+    assert(false);
+    return ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
+  }
+
+  /// \internal
+  AdbcStatusCode SetOption(std::string_view key, Option value,
+                           AdbcError* error) override {
+    return impl().SetOptionImpl(key, value).ToAdbc(error);
+  }
+
+  /// \brief Commit the current transaction and begin a new transaction.
+  ///
+  /// Only called when autocommit is disabled.
+  Status CommitImpl() { return status::NotImplemented("Commit"); }
+
+  Result<std::optional<std::string>> GetCurrentCatalogImpl() { return std::nullopt; }
+
+  Result<std::optional<std::string>> GetCurrentSchemaImpl() { return std::nullopt; }
+
+  /// \brief Query the database catalog.
+  ///
+  /// The default implementation assumes the underlying database allows
+  /// querying the catalog in a certain manner, embodied in the helper class
+  /// returned here.  If the database can directly implement GetObjects, then
+  /// directly override GetObjects instead of using this helper.
+  Result<std::unique_ptr<GetObjectsHelper>> GetObjectsImpl() {
+    return std::make_unique<GetObjectsHelper>();
+  }
+
+  Status GetTableSchemaImpl(std::optional<std::string_view> catalog,
+                            std::optional<std::string_view> db_schema,
+                            std::string_view table_name, ArrowSchema* schema) {
+    return status::NotImplemented("GetTableSchema");
+  }
+
+  Result<std::vector<std::string>> GetTableTypesImpl() {
+    return std::vector<std::string>();
+  }
+
+  Result<std::vector<InfoValue>> InfoImpl(const std::vector<uint32_t>& codes) {
+    return std::vector<InfoValue>{};
+  }
+
+  Status InitImpl(void* parent) { return status::Ok(); }
+
+  Status ReleaseImpl() { return status::Ok(); }
+
+  Status RollbackImpl() { return status::NotImplemented("Rollback"); }
+
+  Status SetOptionImpl(std::string_view key, Option value) {
+    if (key == ADBC_CONNECTION_OPTION_AUTOCOMMIT) {
+      UNWRAP_RESULT(auto enabled, value.AsBool());
+      switch (autocommit_) {
+        case AutocommitState::kAutocommit: {
+          if (!enabled) {
+            UNWRAP_STATUS(impl().ToggleAutocommitImpl(false));
+            autocommit_ = AutocommitState::kTransaction;
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+        case AutocommitState::kTransaction: {
+          if (enabled) {
+            UNWRAP_STATUS(impl().ToggleAutocommitImpl(true));
+            autocommit_ = AutocommitState::kAutocommit;
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      return status::Ok();
+    }
+    return status::NotImplemented("{} Unknown connection option {}={}",
+                                  Derived::kErrorPrefix, key, value);
+  }
+
+  Status ToggleAutocommitImpl(bool enable_autocommit) {
+    return status::NotImplemented("{} Cannot change autocommit", Derived::kErrorPrefix);
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  AutocommitState autocommit_ = AutocommitState::kAutocommit;
+
+ private:
+  Derived& impl() { return static_cast<Derived&>(*this); }
+};
+
+}  // namespace adbc::driver
diff --git a/c/driver/framework/base_database.h b/c/driver/framework/base_database.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c840fa876f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/driver/framework/base_database.h
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string_view>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include <adbc.h>
+
+#include "driver/framework/base.h"
+#include "driver/framework/status.h"
+
+namespace adbc::driver {
+/// \brief The CRTP base implementation of an AdbcDatabase.
+///
+/// Derived should override and implement the Impl methods, but not others.
+/// Overridden methods should defer to the superclass version at the end.
+/// (The Base typedef is provided to make this easier.)  Derived should also
+/// define a constexpr static symbol called kErrorPrefix that is used to
+/// construct error messages.
+template <typename Derived>
+class DatabaseBase : public ObjectBase {
+ public:
+  using Base = DatabaseBase<Derived>;
+
+  DatabaseBase() : ObjectBase() {}
+  ~DatabaseBase() = default;
+
+  /// \internal
+  AdbcStatusCode Init(void* parent, AdbcError* error) override {
+    if (auto status = impl().InitImpl(); !status.ok()) {
+      return status.ToAdbc(error);
+    }
+    return ObjectBase::Init(parent, error);
+  }
+
+  /// \internal
+  AdbcStatusCode Release(AdbcError* error) override {
+    return impl().ReleaseImpl().ToAdbc(error);
+  }
+
+  /// \internal
+  AdbcStatusCode SetOption(std::string_view key, Option value,
+                           AdbcError* error) override {
+    return impl().SetOptionImpl(key, std::move(value)).ToAdbc(error);
+  }
+
+  /// \brief Initialize the database.
+  virtual Status InitImpl() { return status::Ok(); }
+
+  /// \brief Release the database.
+  virtual Status ReleaseImpl() { return status::Ok(); }
+
+  /// \brief Set an option.  May be called prior to InitImpl.
+  virtual Status SetOptionImpl(std::string_view key, Option value) {
+    return status::NotImplemented("{} Unknown database option {}={}",
+                                  Derived::kErrorPrefix, key, value);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  Derived& impl() { return static_cast<Derived&>(*this); }
+};
+}  // namespace adbc::driver
diff --git a/c/driver/framework/base_statement.h b/c/driver/framework/base_statement.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3ea7bc5e78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/driver/framework/base_statement.h
@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <memory>
+#include <optional>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <variant>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "driver/common/options.h"
+#include "driver/framework/base.h"
+#include "driver/framework/status.h"
+
+namespace adbc::driver {
+
+/// One-value ArrowArrayStream used to unify the implementations of Bind
+struct OneValueStream {
+  struct ArrowSchema schema;
+  struct ArrowArray array;
+
+  static int GetSchema(struct ArrowArrayStream* self, struct ArrowSchema* out) {
+    OneValueStream* stream = static_cast<OneValueStream*>(self->private_data);
+    return ArrowSchemaDeepCopy(&stream->schema, out);
+  }
+  static int GetNext(struct ArrowArrayStream* self, struct ArrowArray* out) {
+    OneValueStream* stream = static_cast<OneValueStream*>(self->private_data);
+    *out = stream->array;
+    stream->array.release = nullptr;
+    return 0;
+  }
+  static const char* GetLastError(struct ArrowArrayStream* self) { return NULL; }
+  static void Release(struct ArrowArrayStream* self) {
+    OneValueStream* stream = static_cast<OneValueStream*>(self->private_data);
+    if (stream->schema.release) {
+      stream->schema.release(&stream->schema);
+      stream->schema.release = nullptr;
+    }
+    if (stream->array.release) {
+      stream->array.release(&stream->array);
+      stream->array.release = nullptr;
+    }
+    delete stream;
+    self->release = nullptr;
+  }
+};
+
+/// \brief A base implementation of a statement.
+template <typename Derived>
+class StatementBase : public ObjectBase {
+ public:
+  using Base = StatementBase<Derived>;
+
+  /// \brief What to do in ingestion when the table does not exist.
+  enum class TableDoesNotExist {
+    kCreate,
+    kFail,
+  };
+
+  /// \brief What to do in ingestion when the table already exists.
+  enum class TableExists {
+    kAppend,
+    kFail,
+    kReplace,
+  };
+
+  /// \brief Statement state: initialized with no set query.
+  struct EmptyState {};
+  /// \brief Statement state: bulk ingestion.
+  struct IngestState {
+    std::optional<std::string> target_catalog;
+    std::optional<std::string> target_schema;
+    std::optional<std::string> target_table;
+    bool temporary = false;
+    TableDoesNotExist table_does_not_exist_ = TableDoesNotExist::kCreate;
+    TableExists table_exists_ = TableExists::kFail;
+  };
+  /// \brief Statement state: prepared statement.
+  struct PreparedState {
+    std::string query;
+  };
+  /// \brief Statement state: ad-hoc query.
+  struct QueryState {
+    std::string query;
+  };
+  /// \brief Statement state: one of the above.
+  using State = std::variant<EmptyState, IngestState, PreparedState, QueryState>;
+
+  StatementBase() : ObjectBase() {
+    std::memset(&bind_parameters_, 0, sizeof(bind_parameters_));
+  }
+  ~StatementBase() = default;
+
+  AdbcStatusCode Bind(ArrowArray* values, ArrowSchema* schema, AdbcError* error) {
+    if (!values || !values->release) {
+      return status::InvalidArgument("{} Bind: must provide non-NULL array",
+                                     Derived::kErrorPrefix)
+          .ToAdbc(error);
+    } else if (!schema || !schema->release) {
+      return status::InvalidArgument("{} Bind: must provide non-NULL stream",
+                                     Derived::kErrorPrefix)
+          .ToAdbc(error);
+    }
+    if (bind_parameters_.release) bind_parameters_.release(&bind_parameters_);
+    // Make a one-value stream
+    bind_parameters_.private_data = new OneValueStream{*schema, *values};
+    bind_parameters_.get_schema = &OneValueStream::GetSchema;
+    bind_parameters_.get_next = &OneValueStream::GetNext;
+    bind_parameters_.get_last_error = &OneValueStream::GetLastError;
+    bind_parameters_.release = &OneValueStream::Release;
+    std::memset(values, 0, sizeof(*values));
+    std::memset(schema, 0, sizeof(*schema));
+    return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+  }
+
+  AdbcStatusCode BindStream(ArrowArrayStream* stream, AdbcError* error) {
+    if (!stream || !stream->release) {
+      return status::InvalidArgument("{} BindStream: must provide non-NULL stream",
+                                     Derived::kErrorPrefix)
+          .ToAdbc(error);
+    }
+    if (bind_parameters_.release) bind_parameters_.release(&bind_parameters_);
+    // Move stream
+    bind_parameters_ = *stream;
+    std::memset(stream, 0, sizeof(*stream));
+    return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+  }
+
+  AdbcStatusCode Cancel(AdbcError* error) { return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED; }
+
+  AdbcStatusCode ExecutePartitions(struct ArrowSchema* schema,
+                                   struct AdbcPartitions* partitions,
+                                   int64_t* rows_affected, AdbcError* error) {
+    return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
+  }
+
+  AdbcStatusCode ExecuteQuery(ArrowArrayStream* stream, int64_t* rows_affected,
+                              AdbcError* error) {
+    return std::visit(
+        [&](auto&& state) -> AdbcStatusCode {
+          using T = std::decay_t<decltype(state)>;
+          if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, EmptyState>) {
+            return status::InvalidState(
+                       "{} Cannot ExecuteQuery without setting the query",
+                       Derived::kErrorPrefix)
+                .ToAdbc(error);
+          } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, IngestState>) {
+            if (stream) {
+              return status::InvalidState("{} Cannot ingest with result set",
+                                          Derived::kErrorPrefix)
+                  .ToAdbc(error);
+            }
+            RAISE_RESULT(error, int64_t rows, impl().ExecuteIngestImpl(state));
+            if (rows_affected) {
+              *rows_affected = rows;
+            }
+            return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+          } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, PreparedState> ||
+                               std::is_same_v<T, QueryState>) {
+            int64_t rows = 0;
+            if (stream) {
+              RAISE_RESULT(error, rows, impl().ExecuteQueryImpl(state, stream));
+            } else {
+              RAISE_RESULT(error, rows, impl().ExecuteUpdateImpl(state));
+            }
+            if (rows_affected) {
+              *rows_affected = rows;
+            }
+            return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+          } else {
+            static_assert(!sizeof(T), "case not implemented");
+          }
+        },
+        state_);
+  }
+
+  AdbcStatusCode ExecuteSchema(ArrowSchema* schema, AdbcError* error) {
+    return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
+  }
+
+  AdbcStatusCode GetParameterSchema(struct ArrowSchema* schema, struct AdbcError* error) {
+    return std::visit(
+        [&](auto&& state) -> AdbcStatusCode {
+          using T = std::decay_t<decltype(state)>;
+          if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, EmptyState>) {
+            return status::InvalidState(
+                       "{} Cannot GetParameterSchema without setting the query",
+                       Derived::kErrorPrefix)
+                .ToAdbc(error);
+          } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, IngestState>) {
+            return status::InvalidState("{} Cannot GetParameterSchema in bulk ingestion",
+                                        Derived::kErrorPrefix)
+                .ToAdbc(error);
+          } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, PreparedState>) {
+            return impl().GetParameterSchemaImpl(state, schema).ToAdbc(error);
+          } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, QueryState>) {
+            return status::InvalidState(
+                       "{} Cannot GetParameterSchema without calling Prepare",
+                       Derived::kErrorPrefix)
+                .ToAdbc(error);
+          } else {
+            static_assert(!sizeof(T), "case not implemented");
+          }
+        },
+        state_);
+  }
+
+  AdbcStatusCode Init(void* parent, AdbcError* error) {
+    lifecycle_state_ = LifecycleState::kInitialized;
+    if (auto status = impl().InitImpl(parent); !status.ok()) {
+      return status.ToAdbc(error);
+    }
+    return ObjectBase::Init(parent, error);
+  }
+
+  AdbcStatusCode Prepare(AdbcError* error) {
+    RAISE_STATUS(error, std::visit(
+                            [&](auto&& state) -> Status {
+                              using T = std::decay_t<decltype(state)>;
+                              if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, EmptyState>) {
+                                return status::InvalidState(
+                                    "{} Cannot Prepare without setting the query",
+                                    Derived::kErrorPrefix);
+                              } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, IngestState>) {
+                                return status::InvalidState(
+                                    "{} Cannot Prepare without setting the query",
+                                    Derived::kErrorPrefix);
+                              } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, PreparedState>) {
+                                // No-op
+                                return status::Ok();
+                              } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, QueryState>) {
+                                UNWRAP_STATUS(impl().PrepareImpl(state));
+                                state_ = PreparedState{std::move(state.query)};
+                                return status::Ok();
+                              } else {
+                                static_assert(!sizeof(T), "case not implemented");
+                              }
+                            },
+                            state_));
+    return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+  }
+
+  AdbcStatusCode Release(AdbcError* error) {
+    if (bind_parameters_.release) {
+      bind_parameters_.release(&bind_parameters_);
+      bind_parameters_.release = nullptr;
+    }
+    return impl().ReleaseImpl().ToAdbc(error);
+  }
+
+  AdbcStatusCode SetOption(std::string_view key, Option value, AdbcError* error) {
+    auto ensure_ingest = [&]() -> IngestState& {
+      if (!std::holds_alternative<IngestState>(state_)) {
+        state_ = IngestState{};
+      }
+      return std::get<IngestState>(state_);
+    };
+    if (key == ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_MODE) {
+      RAISE_RESULT(error, auto mode, value.AsString());
+      if (mode == ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_MODE_APPEND) {
+        auto& state = ensure_ingest();
+        state.table_does_not_exist_ = TableDoesNotExist::kFail;
+        state.table_exists_ = TableExists::kAppend;
+      } else if (mode == ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_MODE_CREATE) {
+        auto& state = ensure_ingest();
+        state.table_does_not_exist_ = TableDoesNotExist::kCreate;
+        state.table_exists_ = TableExists::kFail;
+      } else if (mode == ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_MODE_CREATE_APPEND) {
+        auto& state = ensure_ingest();
+        state.table_does_not_exist_ = TableDoesNotExist::kCreate;
+        state.table_exists_ = TableExists::kAppend;
+      } else if (mode == ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_MODE_REPLACE) {
+        auto& state = ensure_ingest();
+        state.table_does_not_exist_ = TableDoesNotExist::kCreate;
+        state.table_exists_ = TableExists::kReplace;
+      } else {
+        return status::InvalidArgument("{} Invalid ingest mode '{}'",
+                                       Derived::kErrorPrefix, key, value)
+            .ToAdbc(error);
+      }
+      return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+    } else if (key == ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_TARGET_CATALOG) {
+      if (value.has_value()) {
+        RAISE_RESULT(error, auto catalog, value.AsString());
+        ensure_ingest().target_catalog = catalog;
+      } else {
+        ensure_ingest().target_catalog = std::nullopt;
+      }
+      return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+    } else if (key == ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_TARGET_DB_SCHEMA) {
+      if (value.has_value()) {
+        RAISE_RESULT(error, auto schema, value.AsString());
+        ensure_ingest().target_schema = schema;
+      } else {
+        ensure_ingest().target_schema = std::nullopt;
+      }
+      return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+    } else if (key == ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_TARGET_TABLE) {
+      RAISE_RESULT(error, auto table, value.AsString());
+      ensure_ingest().target_table = table;
+      return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+    } else if (key == ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_TEMPORARY) {
+      RAISE_RESULT(error, auto temporary, value.AsBool());
+      ensure_ingest().temporary = temporary;
+      return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+    }
+    return impl().SetOptionImpl(key, value).ToAdbc(error);
+  }
+
+  AdbcStatusCode SetSqlQuery(const char* query, AdbcError* error) {
+    RAISE_STATUS(error, std::visit(
+                            [&](auto&& state) -> Status {
+                              using T = std::decay_t<decltype(state)>;
+                              if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, EmptyState>) {
+                                state_ = QueryState{
+                                    std::string(query),
+                                };
+                                return status::Ok();
+                              } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, IngestState>) {
+                                state_ = QueryState{
+                                    std::string(query),
+                                };
+                                return status::Ok();
+                              } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, PreparedState>) {
+                                state_ = QueryState{
+                                    std::string(query),
+                                };
+                                return status::Ok();
+                              } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, QueryState>) {
+                                state.query = std::string(query);
+                                return status::Ok();
+                              } else {
+                                static_assert(!sizeof(T),
+                                              "info value type not implemented");
+                              }
+                            },
+                            state_));
+    return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+  }
+
+  AdbcStatusCode SetSubstraitPlan(const uint8_t* plan, size_t length, AdbcError* error) {
+    return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
+  }
+
+  Result<int64_t> ExecuteIngestImpl(IngestState& state) {
+    return status::NotImplemented("{} Bulk ingest is not implemented",
+                                  Derived::kErrorPrefix);
+  }
+
+  Result<int64_t> ExecuteQueryImpl(PreparedState& state, ArrowArrayStream* stream) {
+    return status::NotImplemented("{} ExecuteQuery is not implemented",
+                                  Derived::kErrorPrefix);
+  }
+
+  Result<int64_t> ExecuteQueryImpl(QueryState& state, ArrowArrayStream* stream) {
+    return status::NotImplemented("{} ExecuteQuery is not implemented",
+                                  Derived::kErrorPrefix);
+  }
+
+  Result<int64_t> ExecuteUpdateImpl(PreparedState& state) {
+    return status::NotImplemented("{} ExecuteQuery (update) is not implemented",
+                                  Derived::kErrorPrefix);
+  }
+
+  Result<int64_t> ExecuteUpdateImpl(QueryState& state) {
+    return status::NotImplemented("{} ExecuteQuery (update) is not implemented",
+                                  Derived::kErrorPrefix);
+  }
+
+  Status GetParameterSchemaImpl(PreparedState& state, ArrowSchema* schema) {
+    return status::NotImplemented("{} GetParameterSchema is not implemented",
+                                  Derived::kErrorPrefix);
+  }
+
+  Status InitImpl(void* parent) { return status::Ok(); }
+
+  Status PrepareImpl(QueryState& state) {
+    return status::NotImplemented("{} Prepare is not implemented", Derived::kErrorPrefix);
+  }
+
+  Status ReleaseImpl() { return status::Ok(); }
+
+  Status SetOptionImpl(std::string_view key, Option value) {
+    return status::NotImplemented("{} Unknown statement option {}={}",
+                                  Derived::kErrorPrefix, key, value);
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  ArrowArrayStream bind_parameters_;
+
+ private:
+  State state_ = State(EmptyState{});
+  Derived& impl() { return static_cast<Derived&>(*this); }
+};
+
+}  // namespace adbc::driver
diff --git a/c/driver/framework/catalog.cc b/c/driver/framework/catalog.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3860ebb9e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/driver/framework/catalog.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+#include "driver/framework/catalog.h"
+
+#include <nanoarrow/nanoarrow.h>
+
+namespace adbc::driver {
+Status AdbcInitConnectionGetInfoSchema(struct ArrowSchema* schema,
+                                       struct ArrowArray* array) {
+  ArrowSchemaInit(schema);
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetTypeStruct(schema, /*num_columns=*/2));
+
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetType(schema->children[0], NANOARROW_TYPE_UINT32));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(schema->children[0], "info_name"));
+  schema->children[0]->flags &= ~ARROW_FLAG_NULLABLE;
+
+  struct ArrowSchema* info_value = schema->children[1];
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetTypeUnion(info_value, NANOARROW_TYPE_DENSE_UNION, 6));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(info_value, "info_value"));
+
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(info_value->children[0], NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(info_value->children[0], "string_value"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(info_value->children[1], NANOARROW_TYPE_BOOL));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(info_value->children[1], "bool_value"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(info_value->children[2], NANOARROW_TYPE_INT64));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(info_value->children[2], "int64_value"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(info_value->children[3], NANOARROW_TYPE_INT32));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(info_value->children[3], "int32_bitmask"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(info_value->children[4], NANOARROW_TYPE_LIST));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(info_value->children[4], "string_list"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetType(info_value->children[5], NANOARROW_TYPE_MAP));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetName(info_value->children[5], "int32_to_int32_list_map"));
+
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetType(info_value->children[4]->children[0],
+                                            NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING));
+
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(info_value->children[5]->children[0]->children[0],
+                                  NANOARROW_TYPE_INT32));
+  info_value->children[5]->children[0]->children[0]->flags &= ~ARROW_FLAG_NULLABLE;
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(info_value->children[5]->children[0]->children[1],
+                                  NANOARROW_TYPE_LIST));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(
+      Internal,
+      ArrowSchemaSetType(info_value->children[5]->children[0]->children[1]->children[0],
+                         NANOARROW_TYPE_INT32));
+
+  struct ArrowError na_error = {0};
+  UNWRAP_NANOARROW(na_error, Internal,
+                   ArrowArrayInitFromSchema(array, schema, &na_error));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayStartAppending(array));
+
+  return status::Ok();
+}
+
+Status AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendString(struct ArrowArray* array, uint32_t info_code,
+                                         std::string_view info_value) {
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendUInt(array->children[0], info_code));
+  // Append to type variant
+  struct ArrowStringView value;
+  value.data = info_value.data();
+  value.size_bytes = static_cast<int64_t>(info_value.size());
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendString(array->children[1]->children[0], value));
+  // Append type code/offset
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayFinishUnionElement(array->children[1], /*type_id=*/0));
+  return status::Ok();
+}
+
+Status AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendInt(struct ArrowArray* array, uint32_t info_code,
+                                      int64_t info_value) {
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendUInt(array->children[0], info_code));
+  // Append to type variant
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowArrayAppendInt(array->children[1]->children[2], info_value));
+  // Append type code/offset
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayFinishUnionElement(array->children[1], /*type_id=*/2));
+  return status::Ok();
+}
+
+Status AdbcInitConnectionObjectsSchema(struct ArrowSchema* schema) {
+  ArrowSchemaInit(schema);
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetTypeStruct(schema, /*num_columns=*/2));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetType(schema->children[0], NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(schema->children[0], "catalog_name"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetType(schema->children[1], NANOARROW_TYPE_LIST));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(schema->children[1], "catalog_db_schemas"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetTypeStruct(schema->children[1]->children[0], 2));
+
+  struct ArrowSchema* db_schema_schema = schema->children[1]->children[0];
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(db_schema_schema->children[0], NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetName(db_schema_schema->children[0], "db_schema_name"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(db_schema_schema->children[1], NANOARROW_TYPE_LIST));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetName(db_schema_schema->children[1], "db_schema_tables"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetTypeStruct(db_schema_schema->children[1]->children[0], 4));
+
+  struct ArrowSchema* table_schema = db_schema_schema->children[1]->children[0];
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(table_schema->children[0], NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(table_schema->children[0], "table_name"));
+  table_schema->children[0]->flags &= ~ARROW_FLAG_NULLABLE;
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(table_schema->children[1], NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(table_schema->children[1], "table_type"));
+  table_schema->children[1]->flags &= ~ARROW_FLAG_NULLABLE;
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(table_schema->children[2], NANOARROW_TYPE_LIST));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(table_schema->children[2], "table_columns"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetTypeStruct(table_schema->children[2]->children[0], 19));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(table_schema->children[3], NANOARROW_TYPE_LIST));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetName(table_schema->children[3], "table_constraints"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetTypeStruct(table_schema->children[3]->children[0], 4));
+
+  struct ArrowSchema* column_schema = table_schema->children[2]->children[0];
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(column_schema->children[0], NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(column_schema->children[0], "column_name"));
+  column_schema->children[0]->flags &= ~ARROW_FLAG_NULLABLE;
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(column_schema->children[1], NANOARROW_TYPE_INT32));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetName(column_schema->children[1], "ordinal_position"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(column_schema->children[2], NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(column_schema->children[2], "remarks"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(column_schema->children[3], NANOARROW_TYPE_INT16));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetName(column_schema->children[3], "xdbc_data_type"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(column_schema->children[4], NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetName(column_schema->children[4], "xdbc_type_name"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(column_schema->children[5], NANOARROW_TYPE_INT32));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetName(column_schema->children[5], "xdbc_column_size"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(column_schema->children[6], NANOARROW_TYPE_INT16));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetName(column_schema->children[6], "xdbc_decimal_digits"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(column_schema->children[7], NANOARROW_TYPE_INT16));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetName(column_schema->children[7], "xdbc_num_prec_radix"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(column_schema->children[8], NANOARROW_TYPE_INT16));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(column_schema->children[8], "xdbc_nullable"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(column_schema->children[9], NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetName(column_schema->children[9], "xdbc_column_def"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(column_schema->children[10], NANOARROW_TYPE_INT16));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetName(column_schema->children[10], "xdbc_sql_data_type"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(column_schema->children[11], NANOARROW_TYPE_INT16));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetName(column_schema->children[11], "xdbc_datetime_sub"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(column_schema->children[12], NANOARROW_TYPE_INT32));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetName(column_schema->children[12], "xdbc_char_octet_length"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(column_schema->children[13], NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetName(column_schema->children[13], "xdbc_is_nullable"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(column_schema->children[14], NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetName(column_schema->children[14], "xdbc_scope_catalog"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(column_schema->children[15], NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetName(column_schema->children[15], "xdbc_scope_schema"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(column_schema->children[16], NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetName(column_schema->children[16], "xdbc_scope_table"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(column_schema->children[17], NANOARROW_TYPE_BOOL));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetName(column_schema->children[17], "xdbc_is_autoincrement"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(column_schema->children[18], NANOARROW_TYPE_BOOL));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(column_schema->children[18],
+                                            "xdbc_is_generatedcolumn"));
+
+  struct ArrowSchema* constraint_schema = table_schema->children[3]->children[0];
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(constraint_schema->children[0], NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetName(constraint_schema->children[0], "constraint_name"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(constraint_schema->children[1], NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetName(constraint_schema->children[1], "constraint_type"));
+  constraint_schema->children[1]->flags &= ~ARROW_FLAG_NULLABLE;
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(constraint_schema->children[2], NANOARROW_TYPE_LIST));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(constraint_schema->children[2],
+                                            "constraint_column_names"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetType(constraint_schema->children[2]->children[0],
+                                            NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING));
+  constraint_schema->children[2]->flags &= ~ARROW_FLAG_NULLABLE;
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(constraint_schema->children[3], NANOARROW_TYPE_LIST));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(constraint_schema->children[3],
+                                            "constraint_column_usage"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetTypeStruct(constraint_schema->children[3]->children[0], 4));
+
+  struct ArrowSchema* usage_schema = constraint_schema->children[3]->children[0];
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(usage_schema->children[0], NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(usage_schema->children[0], "fk_catalog"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(usage_schema->children[1], NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(usage_schema->children[1], "fk_db_schema"));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(usage_schema->children[2], NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(usage_schema->children[2], "fk_table"));
+  usage_schema->children[2]->flags &= ~ARROW_FLAG_NULLABLE;
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+               ArrowSchemaSetType(usage_schema->children[3], NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING));
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(usage_schema->children[3], "fk_column_name"));
+  usage_schema->children[3]->flags &= ~ARROW_FLAG_NULLABLE;
+
+  return status::Ok();
+}
+}  // namespace adbc::driver
diff --git a/c/driver/framework/catalog.h b/c/driver/framework/catalog.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a415765cac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/driver/framework/catalog.h
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <optional>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <utility>
+#include <variant>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <adbc.h>
+
+#include "driver/framework/status.h"
+
+namespace adbc::driver {
+
+/// \defgroup adbc-framework-catalog Catalog Utilities
+/// Utilities for implementing catalog/metadata-related functions.
+///
+/// @{
+
+/// \brief The GetObjects level.
+enum class GetObjectsDepth {
+  kCatalogs,
+  kSchemas,
+  kTables,
+  kColumns,
+};
+
+/// \brief Helper to implement GetObjects.
+struct GetObjectsHelper {
+  virtual ~GetObjectsHelper() = default;
+
+  struct Table {
+    std::string_view name;
+    std::string_view type;
+  };
+
+  struct ColumnXdbc {
+    std::optional<int16_t> xdbc_data_type;
+    std::optional<std::string_view> xdbc_type_name;
+    std::optional<int32_t> xdbc_column_size;
+    std::optional<int16_t> xdbc_decimal_digits;
+    std::optional<int16_t> xdbc_num_prec_radix;
+    std::optional<int16_t> xdbc_nullable;
+    std::optional<std::string_view> xdbc_column_def;
+    std::optional<int16_t> xdbc_sql_data_type;
+    std::optional<int16_t> xdbc_datetime_sub;
+    std::optional<int32_t> xdbc_char_octet_length;
+    std::optional<std::string_view> xdbc_is_nullable;
+    std::optional<std::string_view> xdbc_scope_catalog;
+    std::optional<std::string_view> xdbc_scope_schema;
+    std::optional<std::string_view> xdbc_scope_table;
+    std::optional<bool> xdbc_is_autoincrement;
+    std::optional<bool> xdbc_is_generatedcolumn;
+  };
+
+  struct Column {
+    std::string_view column_name;
+    int32_t ordinal_position;
+    std::optional<std::string_view> remarks;
+    std::optional<ColumnXdbc> xdbc;
+  };
+
+  struct ConstraintUsage {
+    std::optional<std::string_view> catalog;
+    std::optional<std::string_view> schema;
+    std::string_view table;
+    std::string_view column;
+  };
+
+  struct Constraint {
+    std::optional<std::string_view> name;
+    std::string_view type;
+    std::vector<std::string_view> column_names;
+    std::optional<std::vector<ConstraintUsage>> usage;
+  };
+
+  Status Close() { return status::Ok(); }
+
+  /// \brief Fetch all metadata needed.  The driver is free to delay loading
+  /// but this gives it a chance to load data up front.
+  virtual Status Load(GetObjectsDepth depth,
+                      std::optional<std::string_view> catalog_filter,
+                      std::optional<std::string_view> schema_filter,
+                      std::optional<std::string_view> table_filter,
+                      std::optional<std::string_view> column_filter,
+                      const std::vector<std::string_view>& table_types) {
+    return status::NotImplemented("GetObjects");
+  }
+
+  virtual Status LoadCatalogs() {
+    return status::NotImplemented("GetObjects at depth = catalog");
+  };
+
+  virtual Result<std::optional<std::string_view>> NextCatalog() { return std::nullopt; }
+
+  virtual Status LoadSchemas(std::string_view catalog) {
+    return status::NotImplemented("GetObjects at depth = schema");
+  };
+
+  virtual Result<std::optional<std::string_view>> NextSchema() { return std::nullopt; }
+
+  virtual Status LoadTables(std::string_view catalog, std::string_view schema) {
+    return status::NotImplemented("GetObjects at depth = table");
+  };
+
+  virtual Result<std::optional<Table>> NextTable() { return std::nullopt; }
+
+  virtual Status LoadColumns(std::string_view catalog, std::string_view schema,
+                             std::string_view table) {
+    return status::NotImplemented("GetObjects at depth = column");
+  };
+
+  virtual Result<std::optional<Column>> NextColumn() { return std::nullopt; }
+
+  virtual Result<std::optional<Constraint>> NextConstraint() { return std::nullopt; }
+};
+
+struct InfoValue {
+  uint32_t code;
+  std::variant<std::string, int64_t> value;
+
+  explicit InfoValue(uint32_t code, std::variant<std::string, int64_t> value)
+      : code(code), value(std::move(value)) {}
+};
+
+Status AdbcInitConnectionGetInfoSchema(struct ArrowSchema* schema,
+                                       struct ArrowArray* array);
+Status AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendString(struct ArrowArray* array, uint32_t info_code,
+                                         std::string_view info_value);
+Status AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendInt(struct ArrowArray* array, uint32_t info_code,
+                                      int64_t info_value);
+Status AdbcInitConnectionObjectsSchema(struct ArrowSchema* schema);
+/// @}
+
+}  // namespace adbc::driver
diff --git a/c/driver/framework/objects.cc b/c/driver/framework/objects.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..28e33c0c16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/driver/framework/objects.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,364 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+#include "driver/framework/objects.h"
+
+#include <string_view>
+
+#include "driver/framework/catalog.h"
+#include "driver/framework/status.h"
+
+namespace adbc::driver {
+
+namespace {
+/// \brief A helper to convert std::string_view to Nanoarrow's ArrowStringView.
+ArrowStringView ToStringView(std::string_view s) {
+  return {
+      s.data(),
+      static_cast<int64_t>(s.size()),
+  };
+}
+
+/// \brief A helper to append an optional value to an ArrowArray.
+template <typename T>
+Status AppendOptional(ArrowArray* array, std::optional<T> value) {
+  if (!value) {
+    UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendNull(array, 1));
+  } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, bool>) {
+    UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendInt(array, *value));
+  } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, int16_t>) {
+    UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendInt(array, *value));
+  } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, int32_t>) {
+    UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendInt(array, *value));
+  } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, std::string_view>) {
+    UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendString(array, ToStringView(*value)));
+  } else {
+    static_assert(!sizeof(T), "unimplemented type");
+  }
+  return status::Ok();
+}
+
+struct GetObjectsBuilder {
+  GetObjectsBuilder(GetObjectsHelper* helper, GetObjectsDepth depth,
+                    std::optional<std::string_view> catalog_filter,
+                    std::optional<std::string_view> schema_filter,
+                    std::optional<std::string_view> table_filter,
+                    std::optional<std::string_view> column_filter,
+                    const std::vector<std::string_view>& table_types,
+                    struct ArrowSchema* schema, struct ArrowArray* array)
+      : helper(helper),
+        depth(depth),
+        catalog_filter(catalog_filter),
+        schema_filter(schema_filter),
+        table_filter(table_filter),
+        column_filter(column_filter),
+        table_types(table_types),
+        schema(schema),
+        array(array) {
+    na_error = {0};
+  }
+
+  Status Build() {
+    UNWRAP_STATUS(InitArrowArray());
+    UNWRAP_STATUS(helper->Load(depth, catalog_filter, schema_filter, table_filter,
+                               column_filter, table_types));
+
+    catalog_name_col = array->children[0];
+    catalog_db_schemas_col = array->children[1];
+    catalog_db_schemas_items = catalog_db_schemas_col->children[0];
+    db_schema_name_col = catalog_db_schemas_items->children[0];
+    db_schema_tables_col = catalog_db_schemas_items->children[1];
+    schema_table_items = db_schema_tables_col->children[0];
+    table_name_col = schema_table_items->children[0];
+    table_type_col = schema_table_items->children[1];
+
+    table_columns_col = schema_table_items->children[2];
+    table_columns_items = table_columns_col->children[0];
+    column_name_col = table_columns_items->children[0];
+    column_position_col = table_columns_items->children[1];
+    column_remarks_col = table_columns_items->children[2];
+
+    table_constraints_col = schema_table_items->children[3];
+    table_constraints_items = table_constraints_col->children[0];
+    constraint_name_col = table_constraints_items->children[0];
+    constraint_type_col = table_constraints_items->children[1];
+
+    constraint_column_names_col = table_constraints_items->children[2];
+    constraint_column_name_col = constraint_column_names_col->children[0];
+
+    constraint_column_usages_col = table_constraints_items->children[3];
+    constraint_column_usage_items = constraint_column_usages_col->children[0];
+    fk_catalog_col = constraint_column_usage_items->children[0];
+    fk_db_schema_col = constraint_column_usage_items->children[1];
+    fk_table_col = constraint_column_usage_items->children[2];
+    fk_column_name_col = constraint_column_usage_items->children[3];
+
+    UNWRAP_STATUS(AppendCatalogs());
+    return FinishArrowArray();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  Status InitArrowArray() {
+    UNWRAP_STATUS(AdbcInitConnectionObjectsSchema(schema));
+    UNWRAP_NANOARROW(na_error, Internal,
+                     ArrowArrayInitFromSchema(array, schema, &na_error));
+    UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayStartAppending(array));
+    return status::Ok();
+  }
+
+  Status AppendCatalogs() {
+    UNWRAP_STATUS(helper->LoadCatalogs());
+    while (true) {
+      UNWRAP_RESULT(auto maybe_catalog, helper->NextCatalog());
+      if (!maybe_catalog.has_value()) break;
+
+      UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendString(catalog_name_col,
+                                                    ToStringView(*maybe_catalog)));
+      if (depth == GetObjectsDepth::kCatalogs) {
+        UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendNull(catalog_db_schemas_col, 1));
+      } else {
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(AppendSchemas(*maybe_catalog));
+      }
+      UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayFinishElement(array));
+    }
+    return status::Ok();
+  }
+
+  Status AppendSchemas(std::string_view catalog) {
+    UNWRAP_STATUS(helper->LoadSchemas(catalog));
+    while (true) {
+      UNWRAP_RESULT(auto maybe_schema, helper->NextSchema());
+      if (!maybe_schema.has_value()) break;
+
+      UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendString(db_schema_name_col,
+                                                    ToStringView(*maybe_schema)));
+
+      if (depth == GetObjectsDepth::kSchemas) {
+        UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendNull(db_schema_tables_col, 1));
+      } else {
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(AppendTables(catalog, *maybe_schema));
+      }
+      UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayFinishElement(catalog_db_schemas_items));
+    }
+
+    UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayFinishElement(catalog_db_schemas_col));
+    return status::Ok();
+  }
+
+  Status AppendTables(std::string_view catalog, std::string_view schema) {
+    UNWRAP_STATUS(helper->LoadTables(catalog, schema));
+    while (true) {
+      UNWRAP_RESULT(auto maybe_table, helper->NextTable());
+      if (!maybe_table.has_value()) break;
+
+      UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendString(table_name_col,
+                                                    ToStringView(maybe_table->name)));
+      UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendString(table_type_col,
+                                                    ToStringView(maybe_table->type)));
+      if (depth == GetObjectsDepth::kTables) {
+        UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendNull(table_columns_col, 1));
+        UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendNull(table_constraints_col, 1));
+      } else {
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(AppendColumns(catalog, schema, maybe_table->name));
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(AppendConstraints(catalog, schema, maybe_table->name));
+      }
+      UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayFinishElement(schema_table_items));
+    }
+
+    UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayFinishElement(db_schema_tables_col));
+    return status::Ok();
+  }
+
+  Status AppendColumns(std::string_view catalog, std::string_view schema,
+                       std::string_view table) {
+    UNWRAP_STATUS(helper->LoadColumns(catalog, schema, table));
+    while (true) {
+      UNWRAP_RESULT(auto maybe_column, helper->NextColumn());
+      if (!maybe_column.has_value()) break;
+      const auto& column = *maybe_column;
+
+      UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendString(column_name_col,
+                                                    ToStringView(column.column_name)));
+      UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+                   ArrowArrayAppendInt(column_position_col, column.ordinal_position));
+      if (column.remarks) {
+        UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendString(column_remarks_col,
+                                                      ToStringView(*column.remarks)));
+      } else {
+        UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendNull(column_remarks_col, 1));
+      }
+
+      if (column.xdbc) {
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(AppendOptional(table_columns_items->children[3],
+                                     column.xdbc->xdbc_data_type));
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(AppendOptional(table_columns_items->children[4],
+                                     column.xdbc->xdbc_type_name));
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(AppendOptional(table_columns_items->children[5],
+                                     column.xdbc->xdbc_column_size));
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(AppendOptional(table_columns_items->children[6],
+                                     column.xdbc->xdbc_decimal_digits));
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(AppendOptional(table_columns_items->children[7],
+                                     column.xdbc->xdbc_num_prec_radix));
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(
+            AppendOptional(table_columns_items->children[8], column.xdbc->xdbc_nullable));
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(AppendOptional(table_columns_items->children[9],
+                                     column.xdbc->xdbc_column_def));
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(AppendOptional(table_columns_items->children[10],
+                                     column.xdbc->xdbc_sql_data_type));
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(AppendOptional(table_columns_items->children[11],
+                                     column.xdbc->xdbc_datetime_sub));
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(AppendOptional(table_columns_items->children[12],
+                                     column.xdbc->xdbc_char_octet_length));
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(AppendOptional(table_columns_items->children[13],
+                                     column.xdbc->xdbc_is_nullable));
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(AppendOptional(table_columns_items->children[14],
+                                     column.xdbc->xdbc_scope_catalog));
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(AppendOptional(table_columns_items->children[15],
+                                     column.xdbc->xdbc_scope_schema));
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(AppendOptional(table_columns_items->children[16],
+                                     column.xdbc->xdbc_scope_table));
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(AppendOptional(table_columns_items->children[17],
+                                     column.xdbc->xdbc_is_autoincrement));
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(AppendOptional(table_columns_items->children[18],
+                                     column.xdbc->xdbc_is_generatedcolumn));
+      } else {
+        for (auto i = 3; i < 19; i++) {
+          UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+                       ArrowArrayAppendNull(table_columns_items->children[i], 1));
+        }
+      }
+      UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayFinishElement(table_columns_items));
+    }
+
+    UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayFinishElement(table_columns_col));
+    return status::Ok();
+  }
+
+  Status AppendConstraints(std::string_view catalog, std::string_view schema,
+                           std::string_view table) {
+    while (true) {
+      UNWRAP_RESULT(auto maybe_constraint, helper->NextConstraint());
+      if (!maybe_constraint.has_value()) break;
+      // XXX: copy to make gcc 12.2's -Wmaybe-uninitialized happy (only
+      // happens with optimizations enabled)
+      const auto constraint = *maybe_constraint;
+
+      if (constraint.name) {
+        UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendString(constraint_name_col,
+                                                      ToStringView(*constraint.name)));
+      } else {
+        UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendNull(constraint_name_col, 1));
+      }
+
+      UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendString(constraint_type_col,
+                                                    ToStringView(constraint.type)));
+
+      for (const auto& constraint_column_name : constraint.column_names) {
+        UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+                     ArrowArrayAppendString(constraint_column_name_col,
+                                            ToStringView(constraint_column_name)));
+      }
+      UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayFinishElement(constraint_column_names_col));
+
+      if (constraint.usage) {
+        for (const auto& usage : constraint.usage.value()) {
+          if (usage.catalog) {
+            UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendString(fk_catalog_col,
+                                                          ToStringView(*usage.catalog)));
+          } else {
+            UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendNull(fk_catalog_col, 1));
+          }
+          if (usage.schema) {
+            UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendString(fk_db_schema_col,
+                                                          ToStringView(*usage.schema)));
+          } else {
+            UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendNull(fk_db_schema_col, 1));
+          }
+          UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal,
+                       ArrowArrayAppendString(fk_table_col, ToStringView(usage.table)));
+          UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendString(fk_column_name_col,
+                                                        ToStringView(usage.column)));
+
+          UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayFinishElement(constraint_column_usage_items));
+        }
+        UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayFinishElement(constraint_column_usages_col));
+      } else {
+        UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayAppendNull(constraint_column_usages_col, 1));
+      }
+      UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayFinishElement(table_constraints_items));
+    }
+
+    UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowArrayFinishElement(table_constraints_col));
+    return status::Ok();
+  }
+
+  Status FinishArrowArray() {
+    UNWRAP_NANOARROW(na_error, Internal,
+                     ArrowArrayFinishBuildingDefault(array, &na_error));
+    return status::Ok();
+  }
+
+  GetObjectsHelper* helper;
+  GetObjectsDepth depth;
+  std::optional<std::string_view> catalog_filter;
+  std::optional<std::string_view> schema_filter;
+  std::optional<std::string_view> table_filter;
+  std::optional<std::string_view> column_filter;
+  const std::vector<std::string_view>& table_types;
+  struct ArrowSchema* schema;
+  struct ArrowArray* array;
+  struct ArrowError na_error;
+  struct ArrowArray* catalog_name_col;
+  struct ArrowArray* catalog_db_schemas_col;
+  struct ArrowArray* catalog_db_schemas_items;
+  struct ArrowArray* db_schema_name_col;
+  struct ArrowArray* db_schema_tables_col;
+  struct ArrowArray* schema_table_items;
+  struct ArrowArray* table_name_col;
+  struct ArrowArray* table_type_col;
+  struct ArrowArray* table_columns_col;
+  struct ArrowArray* table_columns_items;
+  struct ArrowArray* column_name_col;
+  struct ArrowArray* column_position_col;
+  struct ArrowArray* column_remarks_col;
+  struct ArrowArray* table_constraints_col;
+  struct ArrowArray* table_constraints_items;
+  struct ArrowArray* constraint_name_col;
+  struct ArrowArray* constraint_type_col;
+  struct ArrowArray* constraint_column_names_col;
+  struct ArrowArray* constraint_column_name_col;
+  struct ArrowArray* constraint_column_usages_col;
+  struct ArrowArray* constraint_column_usage_items;
+  struct ArrowArray* fk_catalog_col;
+  struct ArrowArray* fk_db_schema_col;
+  struct ArrowArray* fk_table_col;
+  struct ArrowArray* fk_column_name_col;
+};
+}  // namespace
+
+Status BuildGetObjects(GetObjectsHelper* helper, GetObjectsDepth depth,
+                       std::optional<std::string_view> catalog_filter,
+                       std::optional<std::string_view> schema_filter,
+                       std::optional<std::string_view> table_filter,
+                       std::optional<std::string_view> column_filter,
+                       const std::vector<std::string_view>& table_types,
+                       struct ArrowSchema* schema, struct ArrowArray* array) {
+  return GetObjectsBuilder(helper, depth, catalog_filter, schema_filter, table_filter,
+                           column_filter, table_types, schema, array)
+      .Build();
+}
+}  // namespace adbc::driver
diff --git a/c/driver/framework/objects.h b/c/driver/framework/objects.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d14c5c6b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/driver/framework/objects.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <optional>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <nanoarrow/nanoarrow.h>
+
+#include "driver/framework/catalog.h"
+#include "driver/framework/status.h"
+#include "driver/framework/type_fwd.h"
+
+namespace adbc::driver {
+/// \brief A helper that implements GetObjects.
+/// The schema/array/helper lifetime are caller-managed.
+Status BuildGetObjects(GetObjectsHelper* helper, GetObjectsDepth depth,
+                       std::optional<std::string_view> catalog_filter,
+                       std::optional<std::string_view> schema_filter,
+                       std::optional<std::string_view> table_filter,
+                       std::optional<std::string_view> column_filter,
+                       const std::vector<std::string_view>& table_types,
+                       struct ArrowSchema* schema, struct ArrowArray* array);
+}  // namespace adbc::driver
diff --git a/c/driver/framework/status.h b/c/driver/framework/status.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..482a9cea30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/driver/framework/status.h
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <variant>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <adbc.h>
+#include <fmt/core.h>
+
+/// \file status.h
+
+namespace adbc::driver {
+
+/// \brief A wrapper around AdbcStatusCode + AdbcError.
+///
+/// Drivers should prefer to use Status, and convert at the boundaries with
+/// ToAdbc.
+class Status {
+ public:
+  /// \brief Construct an OK status.
+  Status() : impl_(nullptr) {}
+
+  /// \brief Construct a non-OK status with a message.
+  explicit Status(AdbcStatusCode code, std::string message)
+      : Status(code, std::move(message), {}) {}
+
+  /// \brief Construct a non-OK status with a message.
+  explicit Status(AdbcStatusCode code, const char* message)
+      : Status(code, std::string(message), {}) {}
+
+  /// \brief Construct a non-OK status with a message and details.
+  explicit Status(AdbcStatusCode code, std::string message,
+                  std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> details)
+      : impl_(std::make_unique<Impl>(code, std::move(message), std::move(details))) {
+    assert(code != ADBC_STATUS_OK);
+  }
+
+  /// \brief Check if this is an error or not.
+  bool ok() const { return impl_ == nullptr; }
+
+  /// \brief Add another error detail.
+  void AddDetail(std::string key, std::string value) {
+    assert(impl_ != nullptr);
+    impl_->details.push_back({std::move(key), std::move(value)});
+  }
+
+  /// \brief Export this status to an AdbcError.
+  AdbcStatusCode ToAdbc(AdbcError* adbc_error) const {
+    if (impl_ == nullptr) return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+    if (adbc_error == nullptr) return impl_->code;
+
+    if (adbc_error->release) {
+      adbc_error->release(adbc_error);
+    }
+
+    if (adbc_error->vendor_code == ADBC_ERROR_VENDOR_CODE_PRIVATE_DATA) {
+      auto error_owned_by_adbc_error =
+          new Status(impl_->code, std::move(impl_->message), std::move(impl_->details));
+      adbc_error->message =
+          const_cast<char*>(error_owned_by_adbc_error->impl_->message.c_str());
+      adbc_error->private_data = error_owned_by_adbc_error;
+    } else {
+      adbc_error->message = new char[impl_->message.size() + 1];
+      if (adbc_error->message != nullptr) {
+        std::memcpy(adbc_error->message, impl_->message.c_str(),
+                    impl_->message.size() + 1);
+      }
+    }
+
+    std::memcpy(adbc_error->sqlstate, impl_->sql_state, sizeof(impl_->sql_state));
+    adbc_error->release = &CRelease;
+    return impl_->code;
+  }
+
+  static Status FromAdbc(AdbcStatusCode code, AdbcError& error) {
+    // not really meant to be used, just something we have for now while porting
+    if (code == ADBC_STATUS_OK) {
+      if (error.release) {
+        error.release(&error);
+      }
+      return Status();
+    }
+    auto status = Status(code, error.message ? error.message : "(unknown error)");
+    if (error.release) {
+      error.release(&error);
+    }
+    return status;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  struct Impl {
+    // invariant: code is never OK
+    AdbcStatusCode code;
+    std::string message;
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> details;
+    char sql_state[5];
+
+    explicit Impl(AdbcStatusCode code, std::string message,
+                  std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> details)
+        : code(code), message(std::move(message)), details(std::move(details)) {
+      std::memset(sql_state, 0, sizeof(sql_state));
+    }
+  };
+  // invariant: code is OK iff impl_ is nullptr
+  std::unique_ptr<Impl> impl_;
+
+  // Let the Driver use these to expose C callables wrapping option setters/getters
+  template <typename DatabaseT, typename ConnectionT, typename StatementT>
+  friend class Driver;
+
+  int CDetailCount() const { return impl_ ? impl_->details.size() : 0; }
+
+  AdbcErrorDetail CDetail(int index) const {
+    if (!impl_ || index < 0 || static_cast<size_t>(index) >= impl_->details.size()) {
+      return {nullptr, nullptr, 0};
+    }
+    const auto& detail = impl_->details[index];
+    return {detail.first.c_str(), reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(detail.second.data()),
+            detail.second.size()};
+  }
+
+  static void CRelease(AdbcError* error) {
+    if (error->vendor_code == ADBC_ERROR_VENDOR_CODE_PRIVATE_DATA) {
+      auto* error_obj = reinterpret_cast<Status*>(error->private_data);
+      delete error_obj;
+      std::memset(error, 0, ADBC_ERROR_1_1_0_SIZE);
+    } else {
+      delete[] error->message;
+      std::memset(error, 0, ADBC_ERROR_1_0_0_SIZE);
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+/// \brief A wrapper around a value, or an error.
+///
+/// We could probably do better by using a library like std::expected, but
+/// this will suffice for now.  There doesn't seem to be a reasonably
+/// maintained std::expected backport.
+template <typename T>
+class Result {
+ public:
+  /// \brief Implicit constructor to allow returning a status in functions.
+  Result(Status s)  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+      : value_(std::move(s)) {
+    assert(!std::get<Status>(value_).ok());
+  }
+  /// \brief Implicit constructor to allow returning a value in functions.
+  template <typename U,
+            // Allow things that can construct T, not just T itself, but
+            // disallow T from being Status so which constructor to use is not
+            // ambiguous.
+            typename E = typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_constructible<T, U>::value && std::is_convertible<U, T>::value &&
+                !std::is_same<typename std::remove_reference<
+                                  typename std::remove_cv<U>::type>::type,
+                              Status>::value>::type>
+  Result(U&& t) : value_(std::forward<U>(t)) {}  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+
+  /// \brief Check if this has a value or not.
+  bool has_value() const { return !std::holds_alternative<Status>(value_); }
+
+  /// \brief Get the status (if present).
+  const Status& status() const& {
+    assert(std::holds_alternative<Status>(value_));
+    return std::get<Status>(value_);
+  }
+
+  /// \brief Move the status (if present).
+  Status&& status() && {
+    assert(std::holds_alternative<Status>(value_));
+    return std::move(std::get<Status>(value_));
+  }
+
+  /// \brief Get the value (if present).
+  T& value() {
+    assert(!std::holds_alternative<Status>(value_));
+    return std::get<T>(value_);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  std::variant<Status, T> value_;
+};
+
+#define RAISE_RESULT_IMPL(NAME, ERROR, LHS, RHS) \
+  auto&& NAME = (RHS);                           \
+  if (!(NAME).has_value()) {                     \
+    return (NAME).status().ToAdbc(ERROR);        \
+  }                                              \
+  LHS = std::move((NAME).value());
+
+#define RAISE_STATUS_IMPL(NAME, ERROR, RHS) \
+  auto&& NAME = (RHS);                      \
+  if (!(NAME).ok()) {                       \
+    return (NAME).ToAdbc(ERROR);            \
+  }
+
+#define UNWRAP_RESULT_IMPL(name, lhs, rhs) \
+  auto&& name = (rhs);                     \
+  if (!(name).has_value()) {               \
+    return std::move(name).status();       \
+  }                                        \
+  lhs = std::move((name).value());
+
+#define UNWRAP_STATUS_IMPL(name, rhs) \
+  auto&& name = (rhs);                \
+  if (!(name).ok()) {                 \
+    return std::move(name);           \
+  }
+
+#define DRIVER_CONCAT(x, y) x##y
+#define UNWRAP_RESULT_NAME(x, y) DRIVER_CONCAT(x, y)
+
+/// \brief A helper to unwrap a Result in functions returning AdbcStatusCode.
+#define RAISE_RESULT(ERROR, LHS, RHS) \
+  RAISE_RESULT_IMPL(UNWRAP_RESULT_NAME(driver_raise_result, __COUNTER__), ERROR, LHS, RHS)
+/// \brief A helper to unwrap a Status in functions returning AdbcStatusCode.
+#define RAISE_STATUS(ERROR, RHS) \
+  RAISE_STATUS_IMPL(UNWRAP_RESULT_NAME(driver_raise_status, __COUNTER__), ERROR, RHS)
+/// \brief A helper to unwrap a Result in functions returning Result/Status.
+#define UNWRAP_RESULT(lhs, rhs) \
+  UNWRAP_RESULT_IMPL(UNWRAP_RESULT_NAME(driver_unwrap_result, __COUNTER__), lhs, rhs)
+/// \brief A helper to unwrap a Status in functions returning Result/Status.
+#define UNWRAP_STATUS(rhs) \
+  UNWRAP_STATUS_IMPL(UNWRAP_RESULT_NAME(driver_unwrap_status, __COUNTER__), rhs)
+
+}  // namespace adbc::driver
+
+namespace adbc::driver::status {
+
+#define STATUS_CTOR(NAME, CODE)                                                 \
+  template <typename... Args>                                                   \
+  static Status NAME(std::string_view format_string, Args&&... args) {          \
+    auto message = fmt::vformat(format_string, fmt::make_format_args(args...)); \
+    return Status(ADBC_STATUS_##CODE, std::move(message));                      \
+  }
+
+// TODO: unit tests for internal utilities
+STATUS_CTOR(Internal, INTERNAL)
+STATUS_CTOR(InvalidArgument, INVALID_ARGUMENT)
+STATUS_CTOR(InvalidState, INVALID_STATE)
+STATUS_CTOR(IO, IO)
+STATUS_CTOR(NotFound, NOT_FOUND)
+STATUS_CTOR(NotImplemented, NOT_IMPLEMENTED)
+STATUS_CTOR(Unknown, UNKNOWN)
+
+#undef STATUS_CTOR
+
+inline driver::Status Ok() { return driver::Status(); }
+
+#define UNWRAP_ERRNO_IMPL(NAME, CODE, RHS)                                               \
+  auto&& NAME = (RHS);                                                                   \
+  if (NAME != 0) {                                                                       \
+    return adbc::driver::status::CODE("Nanoarrow call failed: {} = ({}) {}", #RHS, NAME, \
+                                      std::strerror(NAME));                              \
+  }
+
+#define UNWRAP_ERRNO(CODE, RHS) \
+  UNWRAP_ERRNO_IMPL(UNWRAP_RESULT_NAME(driver_errno, __COUNTER__), CODE, RHS)
+
+#define UNWRAP_NANOARROW_IMPL(NAME, ERROR, CODE, RHS)                                  \
+  auto&& NAME = (RHS);                                                                 \
+  if (NAME != 0) {                                                                     \
+    return adbc::driver::status::CODE("Nanoarrow call failed: {} = ({}) {}. {}", #RHS, \
+                                      NAME, std::strerror(NAME), (ERROR).message);     \
+  }
+
+#define UNWRAP_NANOARROW(ERROR, CODE, RHS)                                             \
+  UNWRAP_NANOARROW_IMPL(UNWRAP_RESULT_NAME(driver_errno_na, __COUNTER__), ERROR, CODE, \
+                        RHS)
+
+}  // namespace adbc::driver::status
diff --git a/c/driver/framework/type_fwd.h b/c/driver/framework/type_fwd.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7428bd285
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/driver/framework/type_fwd.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "driver/framework/status.h"
+
+namespace adbc::driver {
+struct GetObjectsHelper;
+}
diff --git a/c/driver/postgresql/CMakeLists.txt b/c/driver/postgresql/CMakeLists.txt
index 18eb773d6f..e8bbeac9e9 100644
--- a/c/driver/postgresql/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/c/driver/postgresql/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -44,11 +44,13 @@ add_arrow_lib(adbc_driver_postgresql
               ${ADBC_LINK_FLAGS}
               SHARED_LINK_LIBS
               adbc_driver_common
+              adbc_driver_framework
               nanoarrow
               ${LIBPQ_LINK_LIBRARIES}
               STATIC_LINK_LIBS
               ${LIBPQ_LINK_LIBRARIES}
               adbc_driver_common
+              adbc_driver_framework
               nanoarrow
               ${LIBPQ_STATIC_LIBRARIES})
 
diff --git a/c/driver/postgresql/connection.cc b/c/driver/postgresql/connection.cc
index 63d23fb296..5a6cdf2412 100644
--- a/c/driver/postgresql/connection.cc
+++ b/c/driver/postgresql/connection.cc
@@ -31,8 +31,9 @@
 #include <adbc.h>
 #include <libpq-fe.h>
 
-#include "common/utils.h"
 #include "database.h"
+#include "driver/common/utils.h"
+#include "driver/framework/catalog.h"
 #include "error.h"
 #include "result_helper.h"
 
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ class PqGetObjectsHelper {
 
  private:
   AdbcStatusCode InitArrowArray() {
-    RAISE_ADBC(AdbcInitConnectionObjectsSchema(schema_, error_));
+    RAISE_ADBC(adbc::driver::AdbcInitConnectionObjectsSchema(schema_).ToAdbc(error_));
 
     CHECK_NA_DETAIL(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayInitFromSchema(array_, schema_, &na_error_),
                     &na_error_, error_);
@@ -643,13 +644,14 @@ AdbcStatusCode PostgresConnection::Commit(struct AdbcError* error) {
 AdbcStatusCode PostgresConnection::PostgresConnectionGetInfoImpl(
     const uint32_t* info_codes, size_t info_codes_length, struct ArrowSchema* schema,
     struct ArrowArray* array, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  RAISE_ADBC(AdbcInitConnectionGetInfoSchema(schema, array, error));
+  RAISE_ADBC(adbc::driver::AdbcInitConnectionGetInfoSchema(schema, array).ToAdbc(error));
 
   for (size_t i = 0; i < info_codes_length; i++) {
     switch (info_codes[i]) {
       case ADBC_INFO_VENDOR_NAME:
-        RAISE_ADBC(
-            AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendString(array, info_codes[i], "PostgreSQL", error));
+        RAISE_ADBC(adbc::driver::AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendString(array, info_codes[i],
+                                                                   "PostgreSQL")
+                       .ToAdbc(error));
         break;
       case ADBC_INFO_VENDOR_VERSION: {
         const char* stmt = "SHOW server_version_num";
@@ -663,26 +665,31 @@ AdbcStatusCode PostgresConnection::PostgresConnectionGetInfoImpl(
         }
         const char* server_version_num = (*it)[0].data;
 
-        RAISE_ADBC(AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendString(array, info_codes[i],
-                                                     server_version_num, error));
+        RAISE_ADBC(adbc::driver::AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendString(array, info_codes[i],
+                                                                   server_version_num)
+                       .ToAdbc(error));
         break;
       }
       case ADBC_INFO_DRIVER_NAME:
-        RAISE_ADBC(AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendString(array, info_codes[i],
-                                                     "ADBC PostgreSQL Driver", error));
+        RAISE_ADBC(adbc::driver::AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendString(
+                       array, info_codes[i], "ADBC PostgreSQL Driver")
+                       .ToAdbc(error));
         break;
       case ADBC_INFO_DRIVER_VERSION:
         // TODO(lidavidm): fill in driver version
-        RAISE_ADBC(
-            AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendString(array, info_codes[i], "(unknown)", error));
+        RAISE_ADBC(adbc::driver::AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendString(array, info_codes[i],
+                                                                   "(unknown)")
+                       .ToAdbc(error));
         break;
       case ADBC_INFO_DRIVER_ARROW_VERSION:
-        RAISE_ADBC(AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendString(array, info_codes[i],
-                                                     NANOARROW_VERSION, error));
+        RAISE_ADBC(adbc::driver::AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendString(array, info_codes[i],
+                                                                   NANOARROW_VERSION)
+                       .ToAdbc(error));
         break;
       case ADBC_INFO_DRIVER_ADBC_VERSION:
-        RAISE_ADBC(AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendInt(array, info_codes[i],
-                                                  ADBC_VERSION_1_1_0, error));
+        RAISE_ADBC(adbc::driver::AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendInt(array, info_codes[i],
+                                                                ADBC_VERSION_1_1_0)
+                       .ToAdbc(error));
         break;
       default:
         // Ignore
diff --git a/c/driver/postgresql/copy/copy_common.h b/c/driver/postgresql/copy/copy_common.h
index 04205907da..835a4f4943 100644
--- a/c/driver/postgresql/copy/copy_common.h
+++ b/c/driver/postgresql/copy/copy_common.h
@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@
 #pragma once
 
 // Windows
+#if !defined(NOMINMAX)
 #define NOMINMAX
+#endif
 
 #include <cstdint>
 
diff --git a/c/driver/postgresql/database.cc b/c/driver/postgresql/database.cc
index 5de8628095..2837e82338 100644
--- a/c/driver/postgresql/database.cc
+++ b/c/driver/postgresql/database.cc
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 #include <libpq-fe.h>
 #include <nanoarrow/nanoarrow.h>
 
-#include "common/utils.h"
+#include "driver/common/utils.h"
 
 namespace adbcpq {
 
diff --git a/c/driver/postgresql/error.cc b/c/driver/postgresql/error.cc
index ed93d17446..276aadc1ce 100644
--- a/c/driver/postgresql/error.cc
+++ b/c/driver/postgresql/error.cc
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 
 #include <libpq-fe.h>
 
-#include "common/utils.h"
+#include "driver/common/utils.h"
 
 namespace adbcpq {
 
diff --git a/c/driver/postgresql/postgresql.cc b/c/driver/postgresql/postgresql.cc
index 2e25c4bedf..e1ffd543b1 100644
--- a/c/driver/postgresql/postgresql.cc
+++ b/c/driver/postgresql/postgresql.cc
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@
 
 #include <adbc.h>
 
-#include "common/utils.h"
 #include "connection.h"
 #include "database.h"
+#include "driver/common/utils.h"
 #include "statement.h"
 
 using adbcpq::PostgresConnection;
diff --git a/c/driver/postgresql/result_helper.cc b/c/driver/postgresql/result_helper.cc
index 3a2a0d01db..ad5a54e00d 100644
--- a/c/driver/postgresql/result_helper.cc
+++ b/c/driver/postgresql/result_helper.cc
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 #include "result_helper.h"
 
-#include "common/utils.h"
+#include "driver/common/utils.h"
 #include "error.h"
 
 namespace adbcpq {
diff --git a/c/driver/postgresql/statement.cc b/c/driver/postgresql/statement.cc
index 82e48929cf..93e88ee82c 100644
--- a/c/driver/postgresql/statement.cc
+++ b/c/driver/postgresql/statement.cc
@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@
 #include <libpq-fe.h>
 #include <nanoarrow/nanoarrow.hpp>
 
-#include "common/options.h"
-#include "common/utils.h"
 #include "connection.h"
 #include "copy/writer.h"
+#include "driver/common/options.h"
+#include "driver/common/utils.h"
 #include "error.h"
 #include "postgres_type.h"
 #include "postgres_util.h"
diff --git a/c/driver/postgresql/statement.h b/c/driver/postgresql/statement.h
index d469ca112a..33be8f0c3d 100644
--- a/c/driver/postgresql/statement.h
+++ b/c/driver/postgresql/statement.h
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@
 #include <libpq-fe.h>
 #include <nanoarrow/nanoarrow.h>
 
-#include "common/utils.h"
 #include "copy/reader.h"
+#include "driver/common/utils.h"
 #include "postgres_type.h"
 
 #define ADBC_POSTGRESQL_OPTION_BATCH_SIZE_HINT_BYTES \
diff --git a/c/driver/sqlite/CMakeLists.txt b/c/driver/sqlite/CMakeLists.txt
index 1f2c9f6d17..941329c2f0 100644
--- a/c/driver/sqlite/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/c/driver/sqlite/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ endif()
 
 add_arrow_lib(adbc_driver_sqlite
               SOURCES
-              sqlite.c
+              sqlite.cc
               statement_reader.c
               OUTPUTS
               ADBC_LIBRARIES
@@ -40,10 +40,12 @@ add_arrow_lib(adbc_driver_sqlite
               SHARED_LINK_LIBS
               ${SQLite3_LINK_LIBRARIES}
               adbc_driver_common
+              adbc_driver_framework
               nanoarrow
               STATIC_LINK_LIBS
               ${SQLite3_LINK_LIBRARIES}
               adbc_driver_common
+              adbc_driver_framework
               nanoarrow
               ${LIBPQ_STATIC_LIBRARIES})
 
diff --git a/c/driver/sqlite/sqlite.c b/c/driver/sqlite/sqlite.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 83d2d61106..0000000000
--- a/c/driver/sqlite/sqlite.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2064 +0,0 @@
-// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
-// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
-// distributed with this work for additional information
-// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
-// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
-// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
-// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
-// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
-// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
-// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
-// specific language governing permissions and limitations
-// under the License.
-
-#include "adbc.h"
-
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <inttypes.h>
-#include <stdarg.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-#include <nanoarrow/nanoarrow.h>
-#include <sqlite3.h>
-
-#include "common/options.h"
-#include "common/utils.h"
-#include "statement_reader.h"
-#include "types.h"
-
-static const char kDefaultUri[] = "file:adbc_driver_sqlite?mode=memory&cache=shared";
-static const char kConnectionOptionEnableLoadExtension[] =
-    "adbc.sqlite.load_extension.enabled";
-static const char kConnectionOptionLoadExtensionPath[] =
-    "adbc.sqlite.load_extension.path";
-static const char kConnectionOptionLoadExtensionEntrypoint[] =
-    "adbc.sqlite.load_extension.entrypoint";
-// The batch size for query results (and for initial type inference)
-static const char kStatementOptionBatchRows[] = "adbc.sqlite.query.batch_rows";
-static const uint32_t kSupportedInfoCodes[] = {
-    ADBC_INFO_VENDOR_NAME,    ADBC_INFO_VENDOR_VERSION,       ADBC_INFO_DRIVER_NAME,
-    ADBC_INFO_DRIVER_VERSION, ADBC_INFO_DRIVER_ARROW_VERSION,
-};
-
-// Private names (to avoid conflicts when using the driver manager)
-
-#define CHECK_DB_INIT(NAME, ERROR)                                      \
-  if (!NAME->private_data) {                                            \
-    SetError(ERROR, "[SQLite] %s: database not initialized", __func__); \
-    return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;                                   \
-  }
-#define CHECK_CONN_INIT(NAME, ERROR)                                      \
-  if (!NAME->private_data) {                                              \
-    SetError(ERROR, "[SQLite] %s: connection not initialized", __func__); \
-    return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;                                     \
-  }
-#define CHECK_STMT_INIT(NAME, ERROR)                                     \
-  if (!NAME->private_data) {                                             \
-    SetError(ERROR, "[SQLite] %s: statement not initialized", __func__); \
-    return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;                                    \
-  }
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteDatabaseNew(struct AdbcDatabase* database, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  if (database->private_data) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] AdbcDatabaseNew: database already allocated");
-    return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;
-  }
-
-  database->private_data = malloc(sizeof(struct SqliteDatabase));
-  memset(database->private_data, 0, sizeof(struct SqliteDatabase));
-  return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteDatabaseSetOption(struct AdbcDatabase* database, const char* key,
-                                       const char* value, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(database, error);
-  struct SqliteDatabase* db = (struct SqliteDatabase*)database->private_data;
-
-  if (strcmp(key, "uri") == 0) {
-    if (db->uri) free(db->uri);
-    size_t len = strlen(value) + 1;
-    db->uri = malloc(len);
-    strncpy(db->uri, value, len);
-    return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-  }
-  SetError(error, "[SQLite] Unknown database option %s=%s", key,
-           value ? value : "(NULL)");
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteDatabaseSetOptionBytes(struct AdbcDatabase* database,
-                                            const char* key, const uint8_t* value,
-                                            size_t length, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(database, error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteDatabaseSetOptionDouble(struct AdbcDatabase* database,
-                                             const char* key, double value,
-                                             struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(database, error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteDatabaseSetOptionInt(struct AdbcDatabase* database, const char* key,
-                                          int64_t value, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(database, error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
-}
-
-int OpenDatabase(const struct SqliteDatabase* database, sqlite3** db,
-                 struct AdbcError* error) {
-  const char* uri = database->uri ? database->uri : kDefaultUri;
-  int rc = sqlite3_open_v2(uri, db,
-                           SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE | SQLITE_OPEN_URI,
-                           /*zVfs=*/NULL);
-  if (rc != SQLITE_OK) {
-    if (*db) {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to open %s: %s", uri, sqlite3_errmsg(*db));
-    } else {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to open %s: failed to allocate memory", uri);
-    }
-    (void)sqlite3_close(*db);
-    *db = NULL;
-    return ADBC_STATUS_IO;
-  }
-  return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode ExecuteQuery(struct SqliteConnection* conn, const char* query,
-                            struct AdbcError* error) {
-  sqlite3_stmt* stmt = NULL;
-  int rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(conn->conn, query, strlen(query), &stmt, /*pzTail=*/NULL);
-  while (rc != SQLITE_DONE && rc != SQLITE_ERROR) {
-    rc = sqlite3_step(stmt);
-  }
-  rc = sqlite3_finalize(stmt);
-  if (rc != SQLITE_OK && rc != SQLITE_DONE) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to execute query \"%s\": %s", query,
-             sqlite3_errmsg(conn->conn));
-    return ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-  }
-  return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteDatabaseGetOption(struct AdbcDatabase* database, const char* key,
-                                       char* value, size_t* length,
-                                       struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(database, error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_FOUND;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteDatabaseGetOptionBytes(struct AdbcDatabase* database,
-                                            const char* key, uint8_t* value,
-                                            size_t* length, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(database, error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_FOUND;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteDatabaseGetOptionDouble(struct AdbcDatabase* database,
-                                             const char* key, double* value,
-                                             struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(database, error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_FOUND;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteDatabaseGetOptionInt(struct AdbcDatabase* database, const char* key,
-                                          int64_t* value, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(database, error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_FOUND;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteDatabaseInit(struct AdbcDatabase* database,
-                                  struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(database, error);
-  struct SqliteDatabase* db = (struct SqliteDatabase*)database->private_data;
-
-  if (db->db) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] AdbcDatabaseInit: database already initialized");
-    return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;
-  }
-
-  return OpenDatabase(db, &db->db, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteDatabaseRelease(struct AdbcDatabase* database,
-                                     struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(database, error);
-  struct SqliteDatabase* db = (struct SqliteDatabase*)database->private_data;
-
-  size_t connection_count = db->connection_count;
-  if (db->uri) free(db->uri);
-  if (db->db) {
-    if (sqlite3_close(db->db) == SQLITE_BUSY) {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] AdbcDatabaseRelease: connection is busy");
-      return ADBC_STATUS_IO;
-    }
-  }
-  free(database->private_data);
-  database->private_data = NULL;
-
-  if (connection_count > 0) {
-    // -Wpedantic gives a warning if we use size_t in a printf() context
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] AdbcDatabaseRelease: %ld open connections when released",
-             (long)connection_count);  // NOLINT(runtime/int)
-    return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;
-  }
-  return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionNew(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                   struct AdbcError* error) {
-  if (connection->private_data) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] AdbcConnectionNew: connection already allocated");
-    return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;
-  }
-
-  connection->private_data = malloc(sizeof(struct SqliteConnection));
-  memset(connection->private_data, 0, sizeof(struct SqliteConnection));
-  return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionSetOption(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                         const char* key, const char* value,
-                                         struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_CONN_INIT(connection, error);
-  struct SqliteConnection* conn = (struct SqliteConnection*)connection->private_data;
-  if (strcmp(key, ADBC_CONNECTION_OPTION_AUTOCOMMIT) == 0) {
-    if (!conn->conn) {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] %s can only be set after AdbcConnectionInit", key);
-      return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;
-    }
-
-    if (strcmp(value, ADBC_OPTION_VALUE_ENABLED) == 0) {
-      if (conn->active_transaction) {
-        AdbcStatusCode status = ExecuteQuery(conn, "COMMIT", error);
-        if (status != ADBC_STATUS_OK) return status;
-        conn->active_transaction = 0;
-      } else {
-        // no-op
-      }
-    } else if (strcmp(value, ADBC_OPTION_VALUE_DISABLED) == 0) {
-      if (conn->active_transaction) {
-        // no-op
-      } else {
-        // begin
-        AdbcStatusCode status = ExecuteQuery(conn, "BEGIN", error);
-        if (status != ADBC_STATUS_OK) return status;
-        conn->active_transaction = 1;
-      }
-    } else {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] Invalid connection option value %s=%s", key, value);
-      return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
-    }
-    return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-  } else if (strcmp(key, kConnectionOptionEnableLoadExtension) == 0) {
-    if (!conn->conn) {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] %s can only be set after AdbcConnectionInit", key);
-      return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;
-    }
-
-    int rc = 0;
-    if (strcmp(value, ADBC_OPTION_VALUE_ENABLED) == 0) {
-      rc = sqlite3_db_config(conn->conn, SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSION, 1, NULL);
-    } else if (strcmp(value, ADBC_OPTION_VALUE_DISABLED) == 0) {
-      rc = sqlite3_db_config(conn->conn, SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSION, 0, NULL);
-    } else {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] Invalid connection option %s=%s", key,
-               value ? value : "(NULL)");
-      return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
-    }
-    if (rc != SQLITE_OK) {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to configure extension loading: %s",
-               sqlite3_errmsg(conn->conn));
-      return ADBC_STATUS_IO;
-    }
-    return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-  } else if (strcmp(key, kConnectionOptionLoadExtensionPath) == 0) {
-    if (!conn->conn) {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] %s can only be set after AdbcConnectionInit", key);
-      return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;
-    }
-    if (conn->extension_path) {
-      free(conn->extension_path);
-      conn->extension_path = NULL;
-    }
-    if (!value) {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] Must provide non-NULL %s", key);
-      return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
-    }
-    conn->extension_path = strdup(value);
-    return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-  } else if (strcmp(key, kConnectionOptionLoadExtensionEntrypoint) == 0) {
-#if !defined(ADBC_SQLITE_WITH_NO_LOAD_EXTENSION)
-    if (!conn->conn) {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] %s can only be set after AdbcConnectionInit", key);
-      return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;
-    }
-    if (!conn->extension_path) {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] %s can only be set after setting %s", key,
-               kConnectionOptionLoadExtensionPath);
-      return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;
-    }
-
-    char* message = NULL;
-    int rc = sqlite3_load_extension(conn->conn, conn->extension_path, value, &message);
-    if (rc != SQLITE_OK) {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to load extension %s (entrypoint %s): %s",
-               conn->extension_path, value ? value : "(NULL)",
-               message ? message : "(unknown error)");
-      if (message) sqlite3_free(message);
-      return ADBC_STATUS_UNKNOWN;
-    }
-
-    free(conn->extension_path);
-    conn->extension_path = NULL;
-    return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-#else
-    SetError(error,
-             "[SQLite] This build of the ADBC SQLite driver does not support extension "
-             "loading");
-    return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
-#endif
-  }
-  SetError(error, "[SQLite] Unknown connection option %s=%s", key,
-           value ? value : "(NULL)");
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionSetOptionBytes(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                              const char* key, const uint8_t* value,
-                                              size_t length, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(connection, error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionSetOptionDouble(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                               const char* key, double value,
-                                               struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(connection, error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionSetOptionInt(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                            const char* key, int64_t value,
-                                            struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(connection, error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionInit(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                    struct AdbcDatabase* database,
-                                    struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_CONN_INIT(connection, error);
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(database, error);
-  struct SqliteConnection* conn = (struct SqliteConnection*)connection->private_data;
-  struct SqliteDatabase* db = (struct SqliteDatabase*)database->private_data;
-
-  if (conn->conn) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] AdbcConnectionInit: connection already initialized");
-    return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;
-  }
-  return OpenDatabase(db, &conn->conn, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionRelease(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                       struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_CONN_INIT(connection, error);
-  struct SqliteConnection* conn = (struct SqliteConnection*)connection->private_data;
-
-  if (conn->conn) {
-    int rc = sqlite3_close(conn->conn);
-    if (rc == SQLITE_BUSY) {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] AdbcConnectionRelease: connection is busy");
-      return ADBC_STATUS_IO;
-    }
-    conn->conn = NULL;
-  }
-  if (conn->extension_path) {
-    free(conn->extension_path);
-    conn->extension_path = NULL;
-  }
-  free(connection->private_data);
-  connection->private_data = NULL;
-
-  return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionGetInfoImpl(const uint32_t* info_codes,
-                                           size_t info_codes_length,
-                                           struct ArrowSchema* schema,
-                                           struct ArrowArray* array,
-                                           struct AdbcError* error) {
-  RAISE_ADBC(AdbcInitConnectionGetInfoSchema(schema, array, error));
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < info_codes_length; i++) {
-    switch (info_codes[i]) {
-      case ADBC_INFO_VENDOR_NAME:
-        RAISE_ADBC(
-            AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendString(array, info_codes[i], "SQLite", error));
-        break;
-      case ADBC_INFO_VENDOR_VERSION:
-        RAISE_ADBC(AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendString(array, info_codes[i],
-                                                     sqlite3_libversion(), error));
-        break;
-      case ADBC_INFO_DRIVER_NAME:
-        RAISE_ADBC(AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendString(array, info_codes[i],
-                                                     "ADBC SQLite Driver", error));
-        break;
-      case ADBC_INFO_DRIVER_VERSION:
-        // TODO(lidavidm): fill in driver version
-        RAISE_ADBC(
-            AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendString(array, info_codes[i], "(unknown)", error));
-        break;
-      case ADBC_INFO_DRIVER_ARROW_VERSION:
-        RAISE_ADBC(AdbcConnectionGetInfoAppendString(array, info_codes[i],
-                                                     NANOARROW_VERSION, error));
-        break;
-      default:
-        // Ignore
-        continue;
-    }
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(array), error);
-  }
-
-  struct ArrowError na_error = {0};
-  CHECK_NA_DETAIL(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishBuildingDefault(array, &na_error), &na_error,
-                  error);
-
-  return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-}  // NOLINT(whitespace/indent)
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionGetInfo(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                       const uint32_t* info_codes,
-                                       size_t info_codes_length,
-                                       struct ArrowArrayStream* out,
-                                       struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_CONN_INIT(connection, error);
-
-  // XXX: mistake in adbc.h (should have been const pointer)
-  const uint32_t* codes = info_codes;
-  if (!info_codes) {
-    codes = kSupportedInfoCodes;
-    info_codes_length = sizeof(kSupportedInfoCodes) / sizeof(kSupportedInfoCodes[0]);
-  }
-
-  struct ArrowSchema schema = {0};
-  struct ArrowArray array = {0};
-
-  AdbcStatusCode status =
-      SqliteConnectionGetInfoImpl(codes, info_codes_length, &schema, &array, error);
-  if (status != ADBC_STATUS_OK) {
-    if (schema.release) schema.release(&schema);
-    if (array.release) array.release(&array);
-    return status;
-  }
-
-  return BatchToArrayStream(&array, &schema, out, error);
-}
-
-static const char kTableQuery[] =
-    "SELECT name, type "
-    "FROM sqlite_master "
-    "WHERE name LIKE ? AND type <> 'index'"
-    "ORDER BY name ASC";
-static const char kColumnQuery[] =
-    "SELECT cid, name, type, \"notnull\", dflt_value "
-    "FROM pragma_table_info(?) "
-    "WHERE name LIKE ? "
-    "ORDER BY cid ASC";
-static const char kPrimaryKeyQuery[] =
-    "SELECT name "
-    "FROM pragma_table_info(?) "
-    "WHERE pk > 0 "
-    "ORDER BY pk ASC";
-static const char kForeignKeyQuery[] =
-    "SELECT id, seq, \"table\", \"from\", \"to\" "
-    "FROM pragma_foreign_key_list(?) "
-    "ORDER BY id, seq ASC";
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionGetColumnsImpl(
-    struct SqliteConnection* conn, const char* table_name, const char* column_name,
-    struct ArrowArray* table_columns_col, sqlite3_stmt* stmt, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  struct ArrowArray* table_columns_items = table_columns_col->children[0];
-  struct ArrowArray* column_name_col = table_columns_items->children[0];
-  struct ArrowArray* ordinal_position_col = table_columns_items->children[1];
-  struct ArrowArray* remarks_col = table_columns_items->children[2];
-  struct ArrowArray* xdbc_data_type_col = table_columns_items->children[3];
-  struct ArrowArray* xdbc_type_name_col = table_columns_items->children[4];
-  struct ArrowArray* xdbc_column_size_col = table_columns_items->children[5];
-  struct ArrowArray* xdbc_decimal_digits_col = table_columns_items->children[6];
-  struct ArrowArray* xdbc_num_prec_radix_col = table_columns_items->children[7];
-  struct ArrowArray* xdbc_nullable_col = table_columns_items->children[8];
-  struct ArrowArray* xdbc_column_def_col = table_columns_items->children[9];
-  struct ArrowArray* xdbc_sql_data_type_col = table_columns_items->children[10];
-  struct ArrowArray* xdbc_datetime_sub_col = table_columns_items->children[11];
-  struct ArrowArray* xdbc_char_octet_length_col = table_columns_items->children[12];
-  struct ArrowArray* xdbc_is_nullable_col = table_columns_items->children[13];
-  struct ArrowArray* xdbc_scope_catalog_col = table_columns_items->children[14];
-  struct ArrowArray* xdbc_scope_schema_col = table_columns_items->children[15];
-  struct ArrowArray* xdbc_scope_table_col = table_columns_items->children[16];
-  struct ArrowArray* xdbc_is_autoincrement_col = table_columns_items->children[17];
-  struct ArrowArray* xdbc_is_generatedcolumn_col = table_columns_items->children[18];
-
-  int rc = sqlite3_reset(stmt);
-  RAISE(INTERNAL, rc == SQLITE_OK, sqlite3_errmsg(conn->conn), error);
-
-  rc = sqlite3_bind_text64(stmt, 1, table_name, strlen(table_name), SQLITE_STATIC,
-                           SQLITE_UTF8);
-  RAISE(INTERNAL, rc == SQLITE_OK, sqlite3_errmsg(conn->conn), error);
-
-  if (column_name) {
-    rc = sqlite3_bind_text64(stmt, 2, column_name, strlen(column_name), SQLITE_STATIC,
-                             SQLITE_UTF8);
-  } else {
-    rc = sqlite3_bind_text64(stmt, 2, "%", 1, SQLITE_STATIC, SQLITE_UTF8);
-  }
-  RAISE(INTERNAL, rc == SQLITE_OK, sqlite3_errmsg(conn->conn), error);
-
-  while ((rc = sqlite3_step(stmt)) == SQLITE_ROW) {
-    const char* col_name = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(stmt, 1);
-    struct ArrowStringView str = {.data = col_name,
-                                  .size_bytes = sqlite3_column_bytes(stmt, 1)};
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendString(column_name_col, str), error);
-
-    const int32_t col_cid = sqlite3_column_int(stmt, 0);
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendInt(ordinal_position_col, col_cid + 1), error);
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(remarks_col, 1), error);
-
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(xdbc_data_type_col, 1), error);
-
-    const char* col_type = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(stmt, 2);
-    if (col_type) {
-      str.data = col_type;
-      str.size_bytes = sqlite3_column_bytes(stmt, 2);
-      CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendString(xdbc_type_name_col, str), error);
-    } else {
-      CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(xdbc_type_name_col, 1), error);
-    }
-
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(xdbc_column_size_col, 1), error);
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(xdbc_decimal_digits_col, 1), error);
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(xdbc_num_prec_radix_col, 1), error);
-
-    const int32_t col_notnull = sqlite3_column_int(stmt, 3);
-    if (col_notnull == 0) {
-      // JDBC columnNullable == 1
-      CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendInt(xdbc_nullable_col, 1), error);
-    } else {
-      // JDBC columnNoNulls == 0
-      CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendInt(xdbc_nullable_col, 0), error);
-    }
-
-    const char* col_def = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(stmt, 4);
-    if (col_def) {
-      str.data = col_def;
-      str.size_bytes = sqlite3_column_bytes(stmt, 4);
-      CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendString(xdbc_column_def_col, str), error);
-    } else {
-      CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(xdbc_column_def_col, 1), error);
-    }
-
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(xdbc_sql_data_type_col, 1), error);
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(xdbc_datetime_sub_col, 1), error);
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(xdbc_char_octet_length_col, 1), error);
-
-    if (col_notnull == 0) {
-      str.data = "YES";
-      str.size_bytes = 3;
-    } else {
-      str.data = "NO";
-      str.size_bytes = 2;
-    }
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendString(xdbc_is_nullable_col, str), error);
-
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(xdbc_scope_catalog_col, 1), error);
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(xdbc_scope_schema_col, 1), error);
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(xdbc_scope_table_col, 1), error);
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(xdbc_is_autoincrement_col, 1), error);
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(xdbc_is_generatedcolumn_col, 1), error);
-
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(table_columns_items), error);
-  }
-  RAISE(INTERNAL, rc == SQLITE_DONE, sqlite3_errmsg(conn->conn), error);
-
-  return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionGetConstraintsImpl(
-    struct SqliteConnection* conn, const char* table_name, const char* column_name,
-    struct ArrowArray* table_constraints_col, sqlite3_stmt* pk_stmt,
-    sqlite3_stmt* fk_stmt, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  struct ArrowArray* table_constraints_items = table_constraints_col->children[0];
-  struct ArrowArray* constraint_name_col = table_constraints_items->children[0];
-  struct ArrowArray* constraint_type_col = table_constraints_items->children[1];
-  struct ArrowArray* constraint_column_names_col = table_constraints_items->children[2];
-  struct ArrowArray* constraint_column_names_items =
-      constraint_column_names_col->children[0];
-  struct ArrowArray* constraint_column_usage_col = table_constraints_items->children[3];
-  struct ArrowArray* constraint_column_usage_items =
-      constraint_column_usage_col->children[0];
-  struct ArrowArray* fk_catalog_col = constraint_column_usage_items->children[0];
-  struct ArrowArray* fk_db_schema_col = constraint_column_usage_items->children[1];
-  struct ArrowArray* fk_table_col = constraint_column_usage_items->children[2];
-  struct ArrowArray* fk_column_name_col = constraint_column_usage_items->children[3];
-
-  // We can get primary keys and foreign keys, but not unique
-  // constraints (unless we parse the SQL table definition)
-
-  int rc = sqlite3_reset(pk_stmt);
-  RAISE(INTERNAL, rc == SQLITE_OK, sqlite3_errmsg(conn->conn), error);
-
-  rc = sqlite3_bind_text64(pk_stmt, 1, table_name, strlen(table_name), SQLITE_STATIC,
-                           SQLITE_UTF8);
-  RAISE(INTERNAL, rc == SQLITE_OK, sqlite3_errmsg(conn->conn), error);
-
-  char has_primary_key = 0;
-  while ((rc = sqlite3_step(pk_stmt)) == SQLITE_ROW) {
-    if (!has_primary_key) {
-      has_primary_key = 1;
-      CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(constraint_name_col, 1), error);
-      CHECK_NA(INTERNAL,
-               ArrowArrayAppendString(constraint_type_col, ArrowCharView("PRIMARY KEY")),
-               error);
-    }
-    CHECK_NA(
-        INTERNAL,
-        ArrowArrayAppendString(
-            constraint_column_names_items,
-            (struct ArrowStringView){.data = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pk_stmt, 0),
-                                     .size_bytes = sqlite3_column_bytes(pk_stmt, 0)}),
-        error);
-  }
-  RAISE(INTERNAL, rc == SQLITE_DONE, sqlite3_errmsg(conn->conn), error);
-  if (has_primary_key) {
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(constraint_column_names_col), error);
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(constraint_column_usage_col, 1), error);
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(table_constraints_items), error);
-  }
-
-  rc = sqlite3_reset(fk_stmt);
-  RAISE(INTERNAL, rc == SQLITE_OK, sqlite3_errmsg(conn->conn), error);
-
-  rc = sqlite3_bind_text64(fk_stmt, 1, table_name, strlen(table_name), SQLITE_STATIC,
-                           SQLITE_UTF8);
-  RAISE(INTERNAL, rc == SQLITE_OK, sqlite3_errmsg(conn->conn), error);
-
-  int prev_fk_id = -1;
-  while ((rc = sqlite3_step(fk_stmt)) == SQLITE_ROW) {
-    const int fk_id = sqlite3_column_int(fk_stmt, 0);
-    // Foreign key seq is sqlite3_column_int(fk_stmt, 1);
-    const char* to_table = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(fk_stmt, 2);
-    const char* from_col = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(fk_stmt, 3);
-    const char* to_col = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(fk_stmt, 4);
-
-    // New foreign key constraint or -constraint sets
-    if (fk_id != prev_fk_id) {
-      // Not first constraint of the table
-      if (prev_fk_id != -1) {
-        CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(constraint_column_names_col), error);
-        CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(constraint_column_usage_col), error);
-        CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(table_constraints_items), error);
-      }
-      prev_fk_id = fk_id;
-
-      CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(constraint_name_col, 1), error);
-      CHECK_NA(INTERNAL,
-               ArrowArrayAppendString(constraint_type_col, ArrowCharView("FOREIGN KEY")),
-               error);
-    }
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL,
-             ArrowArrayAppendString(
-                 constraint_column_names_items,
-                 (struct ArrowStringView){
-                     .data = from_col, .size_bytes = sqlite3_column_bytes(fk_stmt, 3)}),
-             error);
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendString(fk_catalog_col, ArrowCharView("main")),
-             error);
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(fk_db_schema_col, 1), error);
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL,
-             ArrowArrayAppendString(
-                 fk_table_col,
-                 (struct ArrowStringView){
-                     .data = to_table, .size_bytes = sqlite3_column_bytes(fk_stmt, 2)}),
-             error);
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL,
-             ArrowArrayAppendString(
-                 fk_column_name_col,
-                 (struct ArrowStringView){
-                     .data = to_col, .size_bytes = sqlite3_column_bytes(fk_stmt, 4)}),
-             error);
-
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(constraint_column_usage_items), error);
-  }
-  RAISE(INTERNAL, rc == SQLITE_DONE, sqlite3_errmsg(conn->conn), error);
-  if (prev_fk_id != -1) {
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(constraint_column_names_col), error);
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(constraint_column_usage_col), error);
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(table_constraints_items), error);
-  }
-
-  return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-}  // NOLINT(whitespace/indent)
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionGetTablesInner(
-    struct SqliteConnection* conn, sqlite3_stmt* tables_stmt, sqlite3_stmt* columns_stmt,
-    sqlite3_stmt* pk_stmt, sqlite3_stmt* fk_stmt, const char** table_type,
-    const char* column_name, struct ArrowArray* db_schema_tables_col,
-    struct AdbcError* error) {
-  struct ArrowArray* db_schema_tables_items = db_schema_tables_col->children[0];
-  struct ArrowArray* table_name_col = db_schema_tables_items->children[0];
-  struct ArrowArray* table_type_col = db_schema_tables_items->children[1];
-  struct ArrowArray* table_columns_col = db_schema_tables_items->children[2];
-  struct ArrowArray* table_constraints_col = db_schema_tables_items->children[3];
-
-  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  while ((rc = sqlite3_step(tables_stmt)) == SQLITE_ROW) {
-    const char* cur_table_type = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(tables_stmt, 1);
-
-    if (table_type) {
-      const char** current = table_type;
-      char found = 0;
-      while (*current) {
-        if (strcmp(*current, cur_table_type) == 0) {
-          found = 1;
-          break;
-        }
-        current++;
-      }
-      if (!found) continue;
-    }
-
-    struct ArrowStringView str = {.data = cur_table_type,
-                                  .size_bytes = sqlite3_column_bytes(tables_stmt, 1)};
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendString(table_type_col, str), error);
-
-    const char* cur_table = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(tables_stmt, 0);
-    str.data = cur_table;
-    str.size_bytes = sqlite3_column_bytes(tables_stmt, 0);
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendString(table_name_col, str), error);
-
-    if (columns_stmt == NULL) {
-      CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(table_columns_col, 1), error);
-      CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(table_constraints_col, 1), error);
-    } else {
-      // XXX: n + 1 query pattern. You can join on a pragma so we
-      // could avoid this in principle but it complicates the
-      // unpacking code here quite a bit, so ignore for now.
-      RAISE_ADBC(SqliteConnectionGetColumnsImpl(conn, cur_table, column_name,
-                                                table_columns_col, columns_stmt, error));
-      // Not strictly necessary, but we passed SQLITE_STATIC when
-      // binding so don't let the reference leak
-      (void)sqlite3_clear_bindings(columns_stmt);
-      CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(table_columns_col), error);
-
-      RAISE_ADBC(SqliteConnectionGetConstraintsImpl(
-          conn, cur_table, column_name, table_constraints_col, pk_stmt, fk_stmt, error));
-      (void)sqlite3_clear_bindings(pk_stmt);
-      (void)sqlite3_clear_bindings(fk_stmt);
-      CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(table_constraints_col), error);
-    }
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(db_schema_tables_items), error);
-  }
-
-  if (rc != SQLITE_DONE) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to query for tables: %s",
-             sqlite3_errmsg(conn->conn));
-    return ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-  }
-  CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(db_schema_tables_col), error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionGetTablesImpl(struct SqliteConnection* conn, int depth,
-                                             const char* table_name,
-                                             const char** table_type,
-                                             const char* column_name,
-                                             struct ArrowArray* db_schema_tables_col,
-                                             struct AdbcError* error) {
-  sqlite3_stmt* tables_stmt = NULL;
-  sqlite3_stmt* columns_stmt = NULL;
-  sqlite3_stmt* pk_stmt = NULL;
-  sqlite3_stmt* fk_stmt = NULL;
-  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
-
-  if (rc == SQLITE_OK) {
-    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(conn->conn, kTableQuery, sizeof(kTableQuery), &tables_stmt,
-                            /*pzTail=*/NULL);
-  }
-  if (rc == SQLITE_OK && depth == ADBC_OBJECT_DEPTH_COLUMNS) {
-    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(conn->conn, kColumnQuery, sizeof(kColumnQuery), &columns_stmt,
-                            /*pzTail=*/NULL);
-  }
-  if (rc == SQLITE_OK && depth == ADBC_OBJECT_DEPTH_COLUMNS) {
-    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(conn->conn, kPrimaryKeyQuery, sizeof(kPrimaryKeyQuery),
-                            &pk_stmt, /*pzTail=*/NULL);
-  }
-  if (rc == SQLITE_OK && depth == ADBC_OBJECT_DEPTH_COLUMNS) {
-    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(conn->conn, kForeignKeyQuery, sizeof(kForeignKeyQuery),
-                            &fk_stmt, /*pzTail=*/NULL);
-  }
-  if (rc == SQLITE_OK) {
-    if (table_name) {
-      rc = sqlite3_bind_text64(tables_stmt, 1, table_name, strlen(table_name),
-                               SQLITE_STATIC, SQLITE_UTF8);
-    } else {
-      rc = sqlite3_bind_text64(tables_stmt, 1, "%", 1, SQLITE_STATIC, SQLITE_UTF8);
-    }
-  }
-
-  AdbcStatusCode status = ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-  if (rc == SQLITE_OK) {
-    status = SqliteConnectionGetTablesInner(conn, tables_stmt, columns_stmt, pk_stmt,
-                                            fk_stmt, table_type, column_name,
-                                            db_schema_tables_col, error);
-  } else {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to query for tables: %s",
-             sqlite3_errmsg(conn->conn));
-    status = ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-  }
-
-  sqlite3_finalize(tables_stmt);
-  sqlite3_finalize(columns_stmt);
-  sqlite3_finalize(pk_stmt);
-  sqlite3_finalize(fk_stmt);
-  return status;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionGetObjectsImpl(
-    struct SqliteConnection* conn, int depth, const char* catalog, const char* db_schema,
-    const char* table_name, const char** table_type, const char* column_name,
-    struct ArrowSchema* schema, struct ArrowArray* array, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  RAISE_ADBC(AdbcInitConnectionObjectsSchema(schema, error));
-
-  struct ArrowError na_error = {0};
-  CHECK_NA_DETAIL(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayInitFromSchema(array, schema, &na_error), &na_error,
-                  error);
-  CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayStartAppending(array), error);
-
-  struct ArrowArray* catalog_name_col = array->children[0];
-  struct ArrowArray* catalog_db_schemas_col = array->children[1];
-
-  struct ArrowArray* catalog_db_schemas_items = catalog_db_schemas_col->children[0];
-  struct ArrowArray* db_schema_name_col = catalog_db_schemas_items->children[0];
-  struct ArrowArray* db_schema_tables_col = catalog_db_schemas_items->children[1];
-
-  // TODO: support proper filters
-  if (!catalog || strcmp(catalog, "main") == 0) {
-    // Default the primary catalog to "main"
-    // https://www.sqlite.org/cli.html
-    // > The ".databases" command shows a list of all databases open
-    // > in the current connection. There will always be at least
-    // > 2. The first one is "main", the original database opened.
-
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendString(catalog_name_col, ArrowCharView("main")),
-             error);
-
-    if (depth == ADBC_OBJECT_DEPTH_CATALOGS) {
-      CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(catalog_db_schemas_col, 1), error);
-    } else if (!db_schema || db_schema == NULL) {
-      // For our purposes, we'll consider SQLite to always have a
-      // single, unnamed schema within each catalog.
-      CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(db_schema_name_col, 1), error);
-      if (depth == ADBC_OBJECT_DEPTH_DB_SCHEMAS) {
-        CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendNull(db_schema_tables_col, 1), error);
-      } else {
-        RAISE_ADBC(SqliteConnectionGetTablesImpl(conn, depth, table_name, table_type,
-                                                 column_name, db_schema_tables_col,
-                                                 error));
-      }
-      CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(catalog_db_schemas_items), error);
-      CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(catalog_db_schemas_col), error);
-    } else {
-      CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(catalog_db_schemas_col), error);
-    }
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(array), error);
-
-    // TODO: implement "temp", other attached databases as catalogs
-  }
-
-  CHECK_NA_DETAIL(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishBuildingDefault(array, &na_error), &na_error,
-                  error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionGetObjects(struct AdbcConnection* connection, int depth,
-                                          const char* catalog, const char* db_schema,
-                                          const char* table_name, const char** table_type,
-                                          const char* column_name,
-                                          struct ArrowArrayStream* out,
-                                          struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_CONN_INIT(connection, error);
-  struct SqliteConnection* conn = (struct SqliteConnection*)connection->private_data;
-
-  struct ArrowSchema schema = {0};
-  struct ArrowArray array = {0};
-
-  AdbcStatusCode status =
-      SqliteConnectionGetObjectsImpl(conn, depth, catalog, db_schema, table_name,
-                                     table_type, column_name, &schema, &array, error);
-  if (status != ADBC_STATUS_OK) {
-    if (schema.release) schema.release(&schema);
-    if (array.release) array.release(&array);
-    return status;
-  }
-
-  return BatchToArrayStream(&array, &schema, out, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionGetOption(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                         const char* key, char* value, size_t* length,
-                                         struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(connection, error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_FOUND;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionGetOptionBytes(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                              const char* key, uint8_t* value,
-                                              size_t* length, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(connection, error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_FOUND;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionGetOptionDouble(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                               const char* key, double* value,
-                                               struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(connection, error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_FOUND;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionGetOptionInt(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                            const char* key, int64_t* value,
-                                            struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(connection, error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_FOUND;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionGetTableSchema(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                              const char* catalog, const char* db_schema,
-                                              const char* table_name,
-                                              struct ArrowSchema* schema,
-                                              struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_CONN_INIT(connection, error);
-  struct SqliteConnection* conn = (struct SqliteConnection*)connection->private_data;
-  if (catalog != NULL && strlen(catalog) > 0) {
-    // TODO: map 'catalog' to SQLite attached database
-    memset(schema, 0, sizeof(*schema));
-    return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-  } else if (db_schema != NULL && strlen(db_schema) > 0) {
-    // SQLite does not support schemas
-    memset(schema, 0, sizeof(*schema));
-    return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-  } else if (table_name == NULL) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] AdbcConnectionGetTableSchema: must provide table_name");
-    return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
-  }
-
-  sqlite3_str* query = sqlite3_str_new(NULL);
-  if (sqlite3_str_errcode(query)) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] %s", sqlite3_errmsg(conn->conn));
-    return ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-  }
-
-  sqlite3_str_appendf(query, "%s%Q", "SELECT * FROM ", table_name);
-  if (sqlite3_str_errcode(query)) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] %s", sqlite3_errmsg(conn->conn));
-    sqlite3_free(sqlite3_str_finish(query));
-    return ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-  }
-
-  sqlite3_stmt* stmt = NULL;
-  int rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(conn->conn, sqlite3_str_value(query),
-                              sqlite3_str_length(query), &stmt, /*pzTail=*/NULL);
-  sqlite3_free(sqlite3_str_finish(query));
-  if (rc != SQLITE_OK) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] GetTableSchema: %s", sqlite3_errmsg(conn->conn));
-    return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_FOUND;
-  }
-
-  struct ArrowArrayStream stream = {0};
-  AdbcStatusCode status = AdbcSqliteExportReader(conn->conn, stmt, /*binder=*/NULL,
-                                                 /*batch_size=*/64, &stream, error);
-  if (status == ADBC_STATUS_OK) {
-    int code = stream.get_schema(&stream, schema);
-    if (code != 0) {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to get schema: (%d) %s", code, strerror(code));
-      status = ADBC_STATUS_IO;
-    }
-  }
-  if (stream.release) {
-    stream.release(&stream);
-  }
-  (void)sqlite3_finalize(stmt);
-  return status;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionGetTableTypesImpl(struct ArrowSchema* schema,
-                                                 struct ArrowArray* array,
-                                                 struct AdbcError* error) {
-  ArrowSchemaInit(schema);
-  CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowSchemaSetType(schema, NANOARROW_TYPE_STRUCT), error);
-  CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowSchemaAllocateChildren(schema, /*num_columns=*/1), error);
-  ArrowSchemaInit(schema->children[0]);
-  CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowSchemaSetType(schema->children[0], NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING),
-           error);
-  CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowSchemaSetName(schema->children[0], "table_type"), error);
-  schema->children[0]->flags &= ~ARROW_FLAG_NULLABLE;
-
-  CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayInitFromSchema(array, schema, NULL), error);
-  CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayStartAppending(array), error);
-
-  CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendString(array->children[0], ArrowCharView("table")),
-           error);
-  CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(array), error);
-  CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayAppendString(array->children[0], ArrowCharView("view")),
-           error);
-  CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishElement(array), error);
-
-  CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowArrayFinishBuildingDefault(array, NULL), error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionGetTableTypes(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                             struct ArrowArrayStream* out,
-                                             struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_CONN_INIT(connection, error);
-
-  struct ArrowSchema schema = {0};
-  struct ArrowArray array = {0};
-
-  AdbcStatusCode status = SqliteConnectionGetTableTypesImpl(&schema, &array, error);
-  if (status != ADBC_STATUS_OK) {
-    if (schema.release) schema.release(&schema);
-    if (array.release) array.release(&array);
-    return status;
-  }
-  return BatchToArrayStream(&array, &schema, out, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionReadPartition(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                             const uint8_t* serialized_partition,
-                                             size_t serialized_length,
-                                             struct ArrowArrayStream* out,
-                                             struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_CONN_INIT(connection, error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionCommit(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                      struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_CONN_INIT(connection, error);
-  struct SqliteConnection* conn = (struct SqliteConnection*)connection->private_data;
-  if (!conn->active_transaction) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] No active transaction, cannot commit");
-    return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;
-  }
-
-  AdbcStatusCode status = ExecuteQuery(conn, "COMMIT", error);
-  if (status != ADBC_STATUS_OK) return status;
-  return ExecuteQuery(conn, "BEGIN", error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteConnectionRollback(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                        struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_CONN_INIT(connection, error);
-  struct SqliteConnection* conn = (struct SqliteConnection*)connection->private_data;
-  if (!conn->active_transaction) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] No active transaction, cannot rollback");
-    return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;
-  }
-
-  AdbcStatusCode status = ExecuteQuery(conn, "ROLLBACK", error);
-  if (status != ADBC_STATUS_OK) return status;
-  return ExecuteQuery(conn, "BEGIN", error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteStatementNew(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                  struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                  struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_CONN_INIT(connection, error);
-  struct SqliteConnection* conn = (struct SqliteConnection*)connection->private_data;
-  if (statement->private_data) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] AdbcStatementNew: statement already allocated");
-    return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;
-  } else if (!conn->conn) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] AdbcStatementNew: connection is not initialized");
-    return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;
-  }
-
-  statement->private_data = malloc(sizeof(struct SqliteStatement));
-  memset(statement->private_data, 0, sizeof(struct SqliteStatement));
-  struct SqliteStatement* stmt = (struct SqliteStatement*)statement->private_data;
-  stmt->conn = conn->conn;
-
-  // Default options
-  stmt->batch_size = 1024;
-
-  return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteStatementRelease(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                      struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_STMT_INIT(statement, error);
-  struct SqliteStatement* stmt = (struct SqliteStatement*)statement->private_data;
-
-  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  if (stmt->stmt) {
-    rc = sqlite3_finalize(stmt->stmt);
-  }
-  if (stmt->query) free(stmt->query);
-  AdbcSqliteBinderRelease(&stmt->binder);
-  if (stmt->target_catalog) free(stmt->target_catalog);
-  if (stmt->target_table) free(stmt->target_table);
-  if (rc != SQLITE_OK) {
-    SetError(error,
-             "[SQLite] AdbcStatementRelease: statement failed to finalize: (%d) %s", rc,
-             sqlite3_errmsg(stmt->conn));
-  }
-  free(statement->private_data);
-  statement->private_data = NULL;
-
-  return rc == SQLITE_OK ? ADBC_STATUS_OK : ADBC_STATUS_IO;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteStatementPrepare(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                      struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_STMT_INIT(statement, error);
-  struct SqliteStatement* stmt = (struct SqliteStatement*)statement->private_data;
-
-  if (!stmt->query) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] Must SetSqlQuery before ExecuteQuery or Prepare");
-    return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;
-  }
-  if (stmt->prepared == 0) {
-    if (stmt->stmt) {
-      int rc = sqlite3_finalize(stmt->stmt);
-      stmt->stmt = NULL;
-      if (rc != SQLITE_OK) {
-        SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to finalize previous statement: (%d) %s", rc,
-                 sqlite3_errmsg(stmt->conn));
-        return ADBC_STATUS_IO;
-      }
-    }
-
-    int rc =
-        sqlite3_prepare_v2(stmt->conn, stmt->query, (int)stmt->query_len, &stmt->stmt,
-                           /*pzTail=*/NULL);
-    if (rc != SQLITE_OK) {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to prepare query: %s\nQuery:%s",
-               sqlite3_errmsg(stmt->conn), stmt->query);
-      (void)sqlite3_finalize(stmt->stmt);
-      stmt->stmt = NULL;
-      return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
-    }
-    stmt->prepared = 1;
-  }
-
-  return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteStatementInitIngest(struct SqliteStatement* stmt,
-                                         sqlite3_stmt** insert_statement,
-                                         struct AdbcError* error) {
-  AdbcStatusCode code = ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-
-  // Create statements for CREATE TABLE / INSERT
-  sqlite3_str* create_query = NULL;
-  sqlite3_str* insert_query = NULL;
-  char* table = NULL;
-
-  create_query = sqlite3_str_new(NULL);
-  if (sqlite3_str_errcode(create_query)) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] %s", sqlite3_errmsg(stmt->conn));
-    code = ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-    goto cleanup;
-  }
-
-  insert_query = sqlite3_str_new(NULL);
-  if (sqlite3_str_errcode(insert_query)) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] %s", sqlite3_errmsg(stmt->conn));
-    code = ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-    goto cleanup;
-  }
-
-  if (stmt->target_catalog != NULL && stmt->temporary != 0) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] Cannot specify both %s and %s",
-             ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_TARGET_CATALOG, ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_TEMPORARY);
-    code = ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;
-    goto cleanup;
-  }
-
-  if (stmt->target_catalog != NULL) {
-    table = sqlite3_mprintf("\"%w\" . \"%w\"", stmt->target_catalog, stmt->target_table);
-  } else if (stmt->temporary == 0) {
-    // If not temporary, explicitly target the main database
-    table = sqlite3_mprintf("main . \"%w\"", stmt->target_table);
-  } else {
-    // OK to be redundant (CREATE TEMP TABLE temp.foo)
-    table = sqlite3_mprintf("temp . \"%w\"", stmt->target_table);
-  }
-
-  if (table == NULL) {
-    // Allocation failure
-    code = ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-    goto cleanup;
-  }
-
-  if (stmt->temporary != 0) {
-    sqlite3_str_appendf(create_query, "CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE %s (", table);
-  } else {
-    sqlite3_str_appendf(create_query, "CREATE TABLE %s (", table);
-  }
-  if (sqlite3_str_errcode(create_query)) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to build CREATE: %s", sqlite3_errmsg(stmt->conn));
-    code = ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-    goto cleanup;
-  }
-
-  sqlite3_str_appendf(insert_query, "INSERT INTO %s (", table);
-  if (sqlite3_str_errcode(insert_query)) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to build INSERT: %s", sqlite3_errmsg(stmt->conn));
-    code = ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-    goto cleanup;
-  }
-
-  struct ArrowError arrow_error = {0};
-  struct ArrowSchemaView view = {0};
-  for (int i = 0; i < stmt->binder.schema.n_children; i++) {
-    if (i > 0) {
-      sqlite3_str_appendf(create_query, "%s", ", ");
-      if (sqlite3_str_errcode(create_query)) {
-        SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to build CREATE: %s",
-                 sqlite3_errmsg(stmt->conn));
-        code = ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-        goto cleanup;
-      }
-
-      sqlite3_str_appendf(insert_query, "%s", ", ");
-      if (sqlite3_str_errcode(insert_query)) {
-        SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to build INSERT: %s",
-                 sqlite3_errmsg(stmt->conn));
-        code = ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-        goto cleanup;
-      }
-    }
-
-    sqlite3_str_appendf(create_query, "\"%w\"", stmt->binder.schema.children[i]->name);
-    if (sqlite3_str_errcode(create_query)) {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to build CREATE: %s", sqlite3_errmsg(stmt->conn));
-      code = ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-      goto cleanup;
-    }
-
-    sqlite3_str_appendf(insert_query, "\"%w\"", stmt->binder.schema.children[i]->name);
-    if (sqlite3_str_errcode(insert_query)) {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to build INSERT: %s", sqlite3_errmsg(stmt->conn));
-      code = ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-      goto cleanup;
-    }
-
-    int status =
-        ArrowSchemaViewInit(&view, stmt->binder.schema.children[i], &arrow_error);
-    if (status != 0) {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to parse schema for column %d: %s (%d): %s", i,
-               strerror(status), status, arrow_error.message);
-      code = ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-      goto cleanup;
-    }
-
-    switch (view.type) {
-      case NANOARROW_TYPE_BOOL:
-      case NANOARROW_TYPE_UINT8:
-      case NANOARROW_TYPE_UINT16:
-      case NANOARROW_TYPE_UINT32:
-      case NANOARROW_TYPE_UINT64:
-      case NANOARROW_TYPE_INT8:
-      case NANOARROW_TYPE_INT16:
-      case NANOARROW_TYPE_INT32:
-      case NANOARROW_TYPE_INT64:
-        sqlite3_str_appendf(create_query, " INTEGER");
-        break;
-      case NANOARROW_TYPE_FLOAT:
-      case NANOARROW_TYPE_DOUBLE:
-        sqlite3_str_appendf(create_query, " REAL");
-        break;
-      case NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING:
-      case NANOARROW_TYPE_LARGE_STRING:
-      case NANOARROW_TYPE_DATE32:
-        sqlite3_str_appendf(create_query, " TEXT");
-        break;
-      case NANOARROW_TYPE_BINARY:
-        sqlite3_str_appendf(create_query, " BLOB");
-        break;
-      default:
-        break;
-    }
-  }
-
-  sqlite3_str_appendchar(create_query, 1, ')');
-  if (sqlite3_str_errcode(create_query)) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to build CREATE: %s", sqlite3_errmsg(stmt->conn));
-    code = ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-    goto cleanup;
-  }
-
-  sqlite3_str_appendall(insert_query, ") VALUES (");
-  if (sqlite3_str_errcode(insert_query)) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to build INSERT: %s", sqlite3_errmsg(stmt->conn));
-    code = ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-    goto cleanup;
-  }
-
-  for (int i = 0; i < stmt->binder.schema.n_children; i++) {
-    sqlite3_str_appendf(insert_query, "%s?", (i > 0 ? ", " : ""));
-    if (sqlite3_str_errcode(insert_query)) {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to build INSERT: %s", sqlite3_errmsg(stmt->conn));
-      code = ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-      goto cleanup;
-    }
-  }
-
-  sqlite3_str_appendchar(insert_query, 1, ')');
-  if (sqlite3_str_errcode(insert_query)) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to build INSERT: %s", sqlite3_errmsg(stmt->conn));
-    code = ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-    goto cleanup;
-  }
-
-  sqlite3_stmt* create = NULL;
-  if (!stmt->append) {
-    // Create table
-    int rc =
-        sqlite3_prepare_v2(stmt->conn, sqlite3_str_value(create_query),
-                           sqlite3_str_length(create_query), &create, /*pzTail=*/NULL);
-    if (rc == SQLITE_OK) {
-      rc = sqlite3_step(create);
-    }
-
-    if (rc != SQLITE_OK && rc != SQLITE_DONE) {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to create table: %s (executed '%.*s')",
-               sqlite3_errmsg(stmt->conn), sqlite3_str_length(create_query),
-               sqlite3_str_value(create_query));
-      code = ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (code == ADBC_STATUS_OK) {
-    int rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(stmt->conn, sqlite3_str_value(insert_query),
-                                sqlite3_str_length(insert_query), insert_statement,
-                                /*pzTail=*/NULL);
-    if (rc != SQLITE_OK) {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to prepare statement: %s (executed '%.*s')",
-               sqlite3_errmsg(stmt->conn), sqlite3_str_length(insert_query),
-               sqlite3_str_value(insert_query));
-      code = ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-    }
-  }
-
-  sqlite3_finalize(create);
-
-cleanup:
-  sqlite3_free(sqlite3_str_finish(create_query));
-  sqlite3_free(sqlite3_str_finish(insert_query));
-  if (table != NULL) sqlite3_free(table);
-  return code;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteStatementExecuteIngest(struct SqliteStatement* stmt,
-                                            int64_t* rows_affected,
-                                            struct AdbcError* error) {
-  if (!stmt->binder.schema.release) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] Must Bind() before bulk ingestion");
-    return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;
-  }
-
-  sqlite3_stmt* insert = NULL;
-  AdbcStatusCode status = SqliteStatementInitIngest(stmt, &insert, error);
-
-  int64_t row_count = 0;
-  int is_autocommit = sqlite3_get_autocommit(stmt->conn);
-  if (status == ADBC_STATUS_OK) {
-    if (is_autocommit) sqlite3_exec(stmt->conn, "BEGIN TRANSACTION", 0, 0, 0);
-
-    while (1) {
-      char finished = 0;
-      status =
-          AdbcSqliteBinderBindNext(&stmt->binder, stmt->conn, insert, &finished, error);
-      if (status != ADBC_STATUS_OK || finished) break;
-
-      int rc = 0;
-      do {
-        rc = sqlite3_step(insert);
-      } while (rc == SQLITE_ROW);
-      if (rc != SQLITE_DONE) {
-        SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to execute statement: %s",
-                 sqlite3_errmsg(stmt->conn));
-        status = ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-        break;
-      }
-      row_count++;
-    }
-
-    if (is_autocommit) sqlite3_exec(stmt->conn, "COMMIT", 0, 0, 0);
-  }
-
-  if (rows_affected) *rows_affected = row_count;
-  if (insert) sqlite3_finalize(insert);
-  AdbcSqliteBinderRelease(&stmt->binder);
-  return status;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteStatementExecuteQuery(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                           struct ArrowArrayStream* out,
-                                           int64_t* rows_affected,
-                                           struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_STMT_INIT(statement, error);
-  struct SqliteStatement* stmt = (struct SqliteStatement*)statement->private_data;
-
-  if (stmt->target_table) {
-    return SqliteStatementExecuteIngest(stmt, rows_affected, error);
-  }
-
-  AdbcStatusCode status = SqliteStatementPrepare(statement, error);
-  if (status != ADBC_STATUS_OK) return status;
-
-  if (stmt->binder.schema.release) {
-    int64_t expected = sqlite3_bind_parameter_count(stmt->stmt);
-    int64_t actual = stmt->binder.schema.n_children;
-    if (actual != expected) {
-      SetError(error,
-               "[SQLite] Parameter count mismatch: expected %" PRId64
-               " but found %" PRId64,
-               expected, actual);
-      return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (!out) {
-    // Update
-    sqlite3_mutex_enter(sqlite3_db_mutex(stmt->conn));
-
-    AdbcStatusCode status = ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-    int64_t rows = 0;
-
-    while (1) {
-      if (stmt->binder.schema.release) {
-        char finished = 0;
-        status = AdbcSqliteBinderBindNext(&stmt->binder, stmt->conn, stmt->stmt,
-                                          &finished, error);
-        if (status != ADBC_STATUS_OK || finished) {
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-
-      while (sqlite3_step(stmt->stmt) == SQLITE_ROW) {
-        rows++;
-      }
-      if (!stmt->binder.schema.release) break;
-    }
-
-    if (sqlite3_reset(stmt->stmt) != SQLITE_OK) {
-      status = ADBC_STATUS_IO;
-      const char* msg = sqlite3_errmsg(stmt->conn);
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] Failed to execute query: %s",
-               (msg == NULL) ? "(unknown error)" : msg);
-    }
-
-    sqlite3_mutex_leave(sqlite3_db_mutex(stmt->conn));
-
-    AdbcSqliteBinderRelease(&stmt->binder);
-    if (rows_affected) {
-      if (sqlite3_column_count(stmt->stmt) == 0) {
-        *rows_affected = sqlite3_changes(stmt->conn);
-      } else {
-        *rows_affected = rows;
-      }
-    }
-    return status;
-  }
-
-  // Query
-  if (rows_affected) *rows_affected = -1;
-  struct AdbcSqliteBinder* binder = stmt->binder.schema.release ? &stmt->binder : NULL;
-  return AdbcSqliteExportReader(stmt->conn, stmt->stmt, binder, stmt->batch_size, out,
-                                error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteStatementSetSqlQuery(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                          const char* query, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_STMT_INIT(statement, error);
-  struct SqliteStatement* stmt = (struct SqliteStatement*)statement->private_data;
-
-  if (stmt->query) {
-    free(stmt->query);
-    stmt->query = NULL;
-  }
-  if (stmt->target_catalog) {
-    free(stmt->target_catalog);
-    stmt->target_catalog = NULL;
-  }
-  if (stmt->target_table) {
-    free(stmt->target_table);
-    stmt->target_table = NULL;
-  }
-  size_t len = strlen(query) + 1;
-  stmt->query = malloc(len);
-  stmt->query_len = len;
-  stmt->prepared = 0;
-  strncpy(stmt->query, query, len);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteStatementSetSubstraitPlan(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                               const uint8_t* plan, size_t length,
-                                               struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_STMT_INIT(statement, error);
-  SetError(error, "[SQLite] Substrait is not supported");
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteStatementBind(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                   struct ArrowArray* values, struct ArrowSchema* schema,
-                                   struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_STMT_INIT(statement, error);
-  struct SqliteStatement* stmt = (struct SqliteStatement*)statement->private_data;
-  return AdbcSqliteBinderSetArray(&stmt->binder, values, schema, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteStatementBindStream(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                         struct ArrowArrayStream* stream,
-                                         struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_STMT_INIT(statement, error);
-  struct SqliteStatement* stmt = (struct SqliteStatement*)statement->private_data;
-  return AdbcSqliteBinderSetArrayStream(&stmt->binder, stream, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteStatementGetOption(struct AdbcStatement* statement, const char* key,
-                                        char* value, size_t* length,
-                                        struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(statement, error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_FOUND;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteStatementGetOptionBytes(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                             const char* key, uint8_t* value,
-                                             size_t* length, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(statement, error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_FOUND;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteStatementGetOptionDouble(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                              const char* key, double* value,
-                                              struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(statement, error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_FOUND;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteStatementGetOptionInt(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                           const char* key, int64_t* value,
-                                           struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(statement, error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_FOUND;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteStatementGetParameterSchema(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                                 struct ArrowSchema* schema,
-                                                 struct AdbcError* error) {
-  AdbcStatusCode status = SqliteStatementPrepare(statement, error);
-  if (status != ADBC_STATUS_OK) return status;
-
-  struct SqliteStatement* stmt = (struct SqliteStatement*)statement->private_data;
-  int num_params = sqlite3_bind_parameter_count(stmt->stmt);
-  if (num_params < 0) {
-    // Should not happen
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] SQLite returned negative parameter count");
-    return ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
-  }
-
-  ArrowSchemaInit(schema);
-  CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowSchemaSetType(schema, NANOARROW_TYPE_STRUCT), error);
-  CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowSchemaAllocateChildren(schema, num_params), error);
-  char buffer[12];
-  for (int i = 0; i < num_params; i++) {
-    const char* name = sqlite3_bind_parameter_name(stmt->stmt, i + 1);
-    if (name == NULL) {
-      snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "%d", i);
-      name = buffer;
-    }
-    ArrowSchemaInit(schema->children[i]);
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowSchemaSetType(schema->children[i], NANOARROW_TYPE_NA), error);
-    CHECK_NA(INTERNAL, ArrowSchemaSetName(schema->children[i], name), error);
-  }
-
-  return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteStatementSetOption(struct AdbcStatement* statement, const char* key,
-                                        const char* value, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_STMT_INIT(statement, error);
-  struct SqliteStatement* stmt = (struct SqliteStatement*)statement->private_data;
-
-  if (strcmp(key, ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_TARGET_TABLE) == 0) {
-    if (stmt->query) {
-      free(stmt->query);
-      stmt->query = NULL;
-    }
-    if (stmt->target_table) {
-      free(stmt->target_table);
-      stmt->target_table = NULL;
-    }
-
-    size_t len = strlen(value) + 1;
-    stmt->target_table = (char*)malloc(len);
-    strncpy(stmt->target_table, value, len);
-    return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-  } else if (strcmp(key, ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_TARGET_CATALOG) == 0) {
-    if (stmt->query) {
-      free(stmt->query);
-      stmt->query = NULL;
-    }
-    if (stmt->target_catalog) {
-      free(stmt->target_catalog);
-      stmt->target_catalog = NULL;
-    }
-
-    size_t len = strlen(value) + 1;
-    stmt->target_catalog = (char*)malloc(len);
-    strncpy(stmt->target_catalog, value, len);
-    return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-  } else if (strcmp(key, ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_MODE) == 0) {
-    if (strcmp(value, ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_MODE_APPEND) == 0) {
-      stmt->append = 1;
-    } else if (strcmp(value, ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_MODE_CREATE) == 0) {
-      stmt->append = 0;
-    } else {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] Invalid statement option value %s=%s", key, value);
-      return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
-    }
-    return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-  } else if (strcmp(key, ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_TEMPORARY) == 0) {
-    if (strcmp(value, ADBC_OPTION_VALUE_ENABLED) == 0) {
-      stmt->temporary = 1;
-    } else if (strcmp(value, ADBC_OPTION_VALUE_DISABLED) == 0) {
-      stmt->temporary = 0;
-    } else {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] Invalid statement option value %s=%s", key, value);
-      return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
-    }
-    return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-  } else if (strcmp(key, kStatementOptionBatchRows) == 0) {
-    char* end = NULL;
-    long batch_size = strtol(value, &end, /*base=*/10);  // NOLINT(runtime/int)
-    if (errno == ERANGE) {
-      SetError(error, "[SQLite] Invalid statement option value %s=%s (out of range)", key,
-               value);
-      return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
-    } else if (batch_size <= 0) {
-      SetError(error,
-               "[SQLite] Invalid statement option value %s=%s (value is non-positive or "
-               "invalid)",
-               key, value);
-      return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
-    } else if (batch_size > (long)INT_MAX) {  // NOLINT(runtime/int)
-      SetError(
-          error,
-          "[SQLite] Invalid statement option value %s=%s (value is out of range of int)",
-          key, value);
-      return ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
-    }
-    stmt->batch_size = (int)batch_size;
-    return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-  }
-  SetError(error, "[SQLite] Unknown statement option %s=%s", key,
-           value ? value : "(NULL)");
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteStatementSetOptionBytes(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                             const char* key, const uint8_t* value,
-                                             size_t length, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(statement, error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteStatementSetOptionDouble(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                              const char* key, double value,
-                                              struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(statement, error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteStatementSetOptionInt(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                           const char* key, int64_t value,
-                                           struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_DB_INIT(statement, error);
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteStatementExecutePartitions(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                                struct ArrowSchema* schema,
-                                                struct AdbcPartitions* partitions,
-                                                int64_t* rows_affected,
-                                                struct AdbcError* error) {
-  CHECK_STMT_INIT(statement, error);
-  SetError(error, "[SQLite] Partitioned result sets are not supported");
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
-}  // NOLINT(whitespace/indent)
-
-AdbcStatusCode SqliteDriverInit(int version, void* raw_driver, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  if (version != ADBC_VERSION_1_0_0) {
-    SetError(error, "[SQLite] Only version %d supported, got %d", ADBC_VERSION_1_0_0,
-             version);
-    return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
-  }
-
-  struct AdbcDriver* driver = (struct AdbcDriver*)raw_driver;
-  memset(driver, 0, ADBC_DRIVER_1_0_0_SIZE);
-  driver->DatabaseInit = SqliteDatabaseInit;
-  driver->DatabaseNew = SqliteDatabaseNew;
-  driver->DatabaseRelease = SqliteDatabaseRelease;
-  driver->DatabaseSetOption = SqliteDatabaseSetOption;
-
-  driver->ConnectionCommit = SqliteConnectionCommit;
-  driver->ConnectionGetInfo = SqliteConnectionGetInfo;
-  driver->ConnectionGetObjects = SqliteConnectionGetObjects;
-  driver->ConnectionGetTableSchema = SqliteConnectionGetTableSchema;
-  driver->ConnectionGetTableTypes = SqliteConnectionGetTableTypes;
-  driver->ConnectionInit = SqliteConnectionInit;
-  driver->ConnectionNew = SqliteConnectionNew;
-  driver->ConnectionReadPartition = SqliteConnectionReadPartition;
-  driver->ConnectionRelease = SqliteConnectionRelease;
-  driver->ConnectionRollback = SqliteConnectionRollback;
-  driver->ConnectionSetOption = SqliteConnectionSetOption;
-
-  driver->StatementBind = SqliteStatementBind;
-  driver->StatementBindStream = SqliteStatementBindStream;
-  driver->StatementExecuteQuery = SqliteStatementExecuteQuery;
-  driver->StatementGetParameterSchema = SqliteStatementGetParameterSchema;
-  driver->StatementNew = SqliteStatementNew;
-  driver->StatementPrepare = SqliteStatementPrepare;
-  driver->StatementRelease = SqliteStatementRelease;
-  driver->StatementSetOption = SqliteStatementSetOption;
-  driver->StatementSetSqlQuery = SqliteStatementSetSqlQuery;
-  return ADBC_STATUS_OK;
-}
-
-// Public names
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcDatabaseGetOption(struct AdbcDatabase* database, const char* key,
-                                     char* value, size_t* length,
-                                     struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteDatabaseGetOption(database, key, value, length, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcDatabaseGetOptionBytes(struct AdbcDatabase* database, const char* key,
-                                          uint8_t* value, size_t* length,
-                                          struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteDatabaseGetOptionBytes(database, key, value, length, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcDatabaseGetOptionInt(struct AdbcDatabase* database, const char* key,
-                                        int64_t* value, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteDatabaseGetOptionInt(database, key, value, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcDatabaseGetOptionDouble(struct AdbcDatabase* database, const char* key,
-                                           double* value, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteDatabaseGetOptionDouble(database, key, value, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcDatabaseInit(struct AdbcDatabase* database, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteDatabaseInit(database, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcDatabaseNew(struct AdbcDatabase* database, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteDatabaseNew(database, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcDatabaseRelease(struct AdbcDatabase* database,
-                                   struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteDatabaseRelease(database, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcDatabaseSetOption(struct AdbcDatabase* database, const char* key,
-                                     const char* value, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteDatabaseSetOption(database, key, value, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcDatabaseSetOptionBytes(struct AdbcDatabase* database, const char* key,
-                                          const uint8_t* value, size_t length,
-                                          struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteDatabaseSetOptionBytes(database, key, value, length, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcDatabaseSetOptionInt(struct AdbcDatabase* database, const char* key,
-                                        int64_t value, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteDatabaseSetOptionInt(database, key, value, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcDatabaseSetOptionDouble(struct AdbcDatabase* database, const char* key,
-                                           double value, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteDatabaseSetOptionDouble(database, key, value, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionCancel(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                    struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionGetOption(struct AdbcConnection* connection, const char* key,
-                                       char* value, size_t* length,
-                                       struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteConnectionGetOption(connection, key, value, length, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionGetOptionBytes(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                            const char* key, uint8_t* value,
-                                            size_t* length, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteConnectionGetOptionBytes(connection, key, value, length, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionGetOptionInt(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                          const char* key, int64_t* value,
-                                          struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteConnectionGetOptionInt(connection, key, value, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionGetOptionDouble(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                             const char* key, double* value,
-                                             struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteConnectionGetOptionDouble(connection, key, value, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionNew(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                 struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteConnectionNew(connection, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionSetOption(struct AdbcConnection* connection, const char* key,
-                                       const char* value, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteConnectionSetOption(connection, key, value, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionSetOptionBytes(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                            const char* key, const uint8_t* value,
-                                            size_t length, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteConnectionSetOptionBytes(connection, key, value, length, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionSetOptionInt(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                          const char* key, int64_t value,
-                                          struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteConnectionSetOptionInt(connection, key, value, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionSetOptionDouble(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                             const char* key, double value,
-                                             struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteConnectionSetOptionDouble(connection, key, value, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionInit(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                  struct AdbcDatabase* database,
-                                  struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteConnectionInit(connection, database, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionRelease(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                     struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteConnectionRelease(connection, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionGetInfo(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                     const uint32_t* info_codes, size_t info_codes_length,
-                                     struct ArrowArrayStream* out,
-                                     struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteConnectionGetInfo(connection, info_codes, info_codes_length, out, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionGetObjects(struct AdbcConnection* connection, int depth,
-                                        const char* catalog, const char* db_schema,
-                                        const char* table_name, const char** table_type,
-                                        const char* column_name,
-                                        struct ArrowArrayStream* out,
-                                        struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteConnectionGetObjects(connection, depth, catalog, db_schema, table_name,
-                                    table_type, column_name, out, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionGetStatistics(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                           const char* catalog, const char* db_schema,
-                                           const char* table_name, char approximate,
-                                           struct ArrowArrayStream* out,
-                                           struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionGetStatisticNames(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                               struct ArrowArrayStream* out,
-                                               struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionGetTableSchema(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                            const char* catalog, const char* db_schema,
-                                            const char* table_name,
-                                            struct ArrowSchema* schema,
-                                            struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteConnectionGetTableSchema(connection, catalog, db_schema, table_name,
-                                        schema, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionGetTableTypes(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                           struct ArrowArrayStream* out,
-                                           struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteConnectionGetTableTypes(connection, out, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionReadPartition(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                           const uint8_t* serialized_partition,
-                                           size_t serialized_length,
-                                           struct ArrowArrayStream* out,
-                                           struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteConnectionReadPartition(connection, serialized_partition,
-                                       serialized_length, out, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionCommit(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                    struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteConnectionCommit(connection, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionRollback(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                      struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteConnectionRollback(connection, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementCancel(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                   struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementNew(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
-                                struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteStatementNew(connection, statement, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementRelease(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                    struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteStatementRelease(statement, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementExecuteQuery(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                         struct ArrowArrayStream* out,
-                                         int64_t* rows_affected,
-                                         struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteStatementExecuteQuery(statement, out, rows_affected, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementExecuteSchema(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                          struct ArrowSchema* schema,
-                                          struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementPrepare(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                    struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteStatementPrepare(statement, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementSetSqlQuery(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                        const char* query, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteStatementSetSqlQuery(statement, query, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementSetSubstraitPlan(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                             const uint8_t* plan, size_t length,
-                                             struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteStatementSetSubstraitPlan(statement, plan, length, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementBind(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                 struct ArrowArray* values, struct ArrowSchema* schema,
-                                 struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteStatementBind(statement, values, schema, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementBindStream(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                       struct ArrowArrayStream* stream,
-                                       struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteStatementBindStream(statement, stream, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementGetOption(struct AdbcStatement* statement, const char* key,
-                                      char* value, size_t* length,
-                                      struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteStatementGetOption(statement, key, value, length, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementGetOptionBytes(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                           const char* key, uint8_t* value,
-                                           size_t* length, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteStatementGetOptionBytes(statement, key, value, length, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementGetOptionInt(struct AdbcStatement* statement, const char* key,
-                                         int64_t* value, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteStatementGetOptionInt(statement, key, value, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementGetOptionDouble(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                            const char* key, double* value,
-                                            struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteStatementGetOptionDouble(statement, key, value, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementGetParameterSchema(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                               struct ArrowSchema* schema,
-                                               struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteStatementGetParameterSchema(statement, schema, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementSetOption(struct AdbcStatement* statement, const char* key,
-                                      const char* value, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteStatementSetOption(statement, key, value, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementSetOptionBytes(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                           const char* key, const uint8_t* value,
-                                           size_t length, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteStatementSetOptionBytes(statement, key, value, length, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementSetOptionInt(struct AdbcStatement* statement, const char* key,
-                                         int64_t value, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteStatementSetOptionInt(statement, key, value, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementSetOptionDouble(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                            const char* key, double value,
-                                            struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteStatementSetOptionDouble(statement, key, value, error);
-}
-
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementExecutePartitions(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
-                                              struct ArrowSchema* schema,
-                                              struct AdbcPartitions* partitions,
-                                              int64_t* rows_affected,
-                                              struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteStatementExecutePartitions(statement, schema, partitions, rows_affected,
-                                          error);
-}  // NOLINT(whitespace/indent)
-// due to https://github.com/cpplint/cpplint/pull/189
-
-ADBC_EXPORT
-AdbcStatusCode AdbcDriverInit(int version, void* driver, struct AdbcError* error) {
-  return SqliteDriverInit(version, driver, error);
-}
diff --git a/c/driver/sqlite/sqlite.cc b/c/driver/sqlite/sqlite.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3643337892
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/driver/sqlite/sqlite.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,1482 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+#include <cstdarg>
+#include <limits>
+
+#include <adbc.h>
+#include <nanoarrow/nanoarrow.h>
+#include <sqlite3.h>
+#include <nanoarrow/nanoarrow.hpp>
+
+#include "driver/common/options.h"
+#include "driver/common/utils.h"
+#include "driver/framework/base.h"
+#include "driver/framework/base_connection.h"
+#include "driver/framework/base_database.h"
+#include "driver/framework/base_statement.h"
+#include "driver/framework/catalog.h"
+#include "driver/framework/status.h"
+#include "driver/sqlite/statement_reader.h"
+
+namespace adbc::sqlite {
+
+using driver::Result;
+using driver::Status;
+namespace status = adbc::driver::status;
+
+namespace {
+constexpr std::string_view kDefaultUri =
+    "file:adbc_driver_sqlite?mode=memory&cache=shared";
+constexpr std::string_view kConnectionOptionEnableLoadExtension =
+    "adbc.sqlite.load_extension.enabled";
+constexpr std::string_view kConnectionOptionLoadExtensionPath =
+    "adbc.sqlite.load_extension.path";
+constexpr std::string_view kConnectionOptionLoadExtensionEntrypoint =
+    "adbc.sqlite.load_extension.entrypoint";
+/// The batch size for query results (and for initial type inference)
+constexpr std::string_view kStatementOptionBatchRows = "adbc.sqlite.query.batch_rows";
+
+std::string_view GetColumnText(sqlite3_stmt* stmt, int index) {
+  return {
+      reinterpret_cast<const char*>(sqlite3_column_text(stmt, index)),
+      static_cast<size_t>(sqlite3_column_bytes(stmt, index)),
+  };
+}
+
+class SqliteMutexGuard {
+ public:
+  explicit SqliteMutexGuard(sqlite3* conn) : conn_(conn) {
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(sqlite3_db_mutex(conn_));
+  }
+  ~SqliteMutexGuard() {
+    if (conn_) {
+      sqlite3_mutex_leave(sqlite3_db_mutex(conn_));
+    }
+    conn_ = nullptr;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  sqlite3* conn_;
+};
+
+class SqliteStringBuilder {
+ public:
+  SqliteStringBuilder() : str_(sqlite3_str_new(nullptr)) {}
+
+  ~SqliteStringBuilder() {
+    // sqlite3_free is no-op on nullptr
+    sqlite3_free(result_);
+    result_ = nullptr;
+    if (str_) {
+      sqlite3_free(sqlite3_str_finish(str_));
+      str_ = nullptr;
+    }
+  }
+
+  void Reset() {
+    std::ignore = GetString();
+    sqlite3_free(result_);
+    result_ = nullptr;
+    str_ = sqlite3_str_new(nullptr);
+  }
+
+  void Append(std::string_view fmt, ...) {
+    if (str_) {
+      va_list args;
+      va_start(args, fmt);
+      sqlite3_str_vappendf(str_, fmt.data(), args);
+      va_end(args);
+    }
+  }
+
+  Result<std::string_view> GetString() {
+    int len = 0;
+    if (!result_) {
+      if (int rc = sqlite3_str_errcode(str_); rc == SQLITE_NOMEM) {
+        return status::Internal("out of memory building query");
+      } else if (rc == SQLITE_TOOBIG) {
+        return status::Internal("query too long");
+      } else if (rc != SQLITE_OK) {
+        return status::Internal("unknown SQLite error ({})", rc);
+      }
+      len = sqlite3_str_length(str_);
+      result_ = sqlite3_str_finish(str_);
+      str_ = nullptr;
+    }
+    return std::string_view(result_, len);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  sqlite3_str* str_ = nullptr;
+  char* result_ = nullptr;
+};
+
+class SqliteQuery {
+ public:
+  explicit SqliteQuery(sqlite3* conn, std::string_view query)
+      : conn_(conn), query_(query) {}
+
+  Status Init() {
+    int rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(conn_, query_.data(), static_cast<int>(query_.size()),
+                                &stmt_, /*pzTail=*/nullptr);
+    if (rc != SQLITE_OK) {
+      return Close(rc);
+    }
+    return status::Ok();
+  }
+
+  Result<bool> Next() {
+    if (!stmt_) {
+      return status::Internal(
+          "query already finished or never initialized\nquery was: {}", query_);
+    }
+    int rc = sqlite3_step(stmt_);
+    if (rc == SQLITE_ROW) {
+      return true;
+    } else if (rc == SQLITE_DONE) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    return Close(rc);
+  }
+
+  Status Close(int rc) {
+    if (stmt_) {
+      int rc = sqlite3_finalize(stmt_);
+      stmt_ = nullptr;
+      if (rc != SQLITE_OK && rc != SQLITE_DONE) {
+        return status::Internal("failed to execute: {}\nquery was: {}",
+                                sqlite3_errmsg(conn_), query_);
+      }
+    } else if (rc != SQLITE_OK) {
+      return status::Internal("failed to execute: {}\nquery was: {}",
+                              sqlite3_errmsg(conn_), query_);
+    }
+    return status::Ok();
+  }
+
+  Status Close() { return Close(SQLITE_OK); }
+
+  sqlite3_stmt* stmt() const { return stmt_; }
+
+  static Status Execute(sqlite3* conn, std::string_view query) {
+    SqliteQuery q(conn, query);
+    UNWRAP_STATUS(q.Init());
+    while (true) {
+      UNWRAP_RESULT(bool has_row, q.Next());
+      if (!has_row) break;
+    }
+    return q.Close();
+  }
+
+  template <typename BindFunc, typename RowFunc>
+  static Status Scan(sqlite3* conn, std::string_view query, BindFunc&& bind_func,
+                     RowFunc&& row_func) {
+    SqliteQuery q(conn, query);
+    UNWRAP_STATUS(q.Init());
+
+    int rc = std::forward<BindFunc>(bind_func)(q.stmt_);
+    if (rc != SQLITE_OK) return q.Close();
+
+    while (true) {
+      UNWRAP_RESULT(bool has_row, q.Next());
+      if (!has_row) break;
+
+      int rc = std::forward<RowFunc>(row_func)(q.stmt_);
+      if (rc != SQLITE_OK) break;
+    }
+    return q.Close();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  sqlite3* conn_ = nullptr;
+  std::string_view query_;
+  sqlite3_stmt* stmt_ = nullptr;
+};
+
+constexpr std::string_view kNoFilter = "%";
+
+struct SqliteGetObjectsHelper : public driver::GetObjectsHelper {
+  explicit SqliteGetObjectsHelper(sqlite3* conn) : conn(conn) {}
+
+  Status Load(driver::GetObjectsDepth depth,
+              std::optional<std::string_view> catalog_filter,
+              std::optional<std::string_view> schema_filter,
+              std::optional<std::string_view> table_filter,
+              std::optional<std::string_view> column_filter,
+              const std::vector<std::string_view>& table_types) override {
+    std::string query =
+        "SELECT DISTINCT name FROM pragma_database_list() WHERE name LIKE ?";
+
+    this->table_filter = table_filter;
+    this->column_filter = column_filter;
+    this->table_types = table_types;
+
+    UNWRAP_STATUS(SqliteQuery::Scan(
+        conn, query,
+        [&](sqlite3_stmt* stmt) {
+          auto filter = catalog_filter.value_or(kNoFilter);
+          return sqlite3_bind_text(stmt, 1, filter.data(),
+                                   static_cast<int>(filter.size()), SQLITE_STATIC);
+        },
+        [&](sqlite3_stmt* stmt) {
+          catalogs.emplace_back(GetColumnText(stmt, 0));
+          return SQLITE_OK;
+        }));
+
+    // SQLite doesn't have schemas, so we assume each catalog has a single
+    // unnamed schema.
+    if (!schema_filter.has_value() || schema_filter->empty()) {
+      schemas = {""};
+    } else {
+      schemas = {};
+    }
+
+    return status::Ok();
+  }
+
+  Status LoadCatalogs() override { return status::Ok(); };
+
+  Result<std::optional<std::string_view>> NextCatalog() override {
+    if (next_catalog >= catalogs.size()) return std::nullopt;
+    return catalogs[next_catalog++];
+  }
+
+  Status LoadSchemas(std::string_view catalog) override {
+    next_schema = 0;
+    return status::Ok();
+  };
+
+  Result<std::optional<std::string_view>> NextSchema() override {
+    if (next_schema >= schemas.size()) return std::nullopt;
+    return schemas[next_schema++];
+  }
+
+  Status LoadTables(std::string_view catalog, std::string_view schema) override {
+    next_table = 0;
+    tables.clear();
+    if (!schema.empty()) return status::Ok();
+
+    SqliteStringBuilder builder;
+    builder.Append(R"(SELECT name, type FROM "%w" . sqlite_master WHERE name LIKE ?)",
+                   catalog.data());
+    if (!table_types.empty()) {
+      builder.Append(" AND (");
+      bool first = true;
+      for (const auto& table_type : table_types) {
+        if (first) {
+          builder.Append(" type = %Q", table_type.data());
+          first = false;
+        } else {
+          builder.Append(" OR type = %Q", table_type.data());
+        }
+      }
+      builder.Append(" )");
+    }
+    UNWRAP_RESULT(auto query, builder.GetString());
+
+    return SqliteQuery::Scan(
+        conn, query,
+        [&](sqlite3_stmt* stmt) {
+          auto filter = table_filter.value_or(kNoFilter);
+          return sqlite3_bind_text(stmt, 1, filter.data(),
+                                   static_cast<int>(filter.size()), SQLITE_STATIC);
+        },
+        [&](sqlite3_stmt* stmt) {
+          tables.emplace_back(GetColumnText(stmt, 0), GetColumnText(stmt, 1));
+          return SQLITE_OK;
+        });
+  };
+
+  Result<std::optional<Table>> NextTable() override {
+    if (next_table >= tables.size()) return std::nullopt;
+    const auto& table = tables[next_table++];
+    return Table{table.first, table.second};
+  }
+
+  Status LoadColumns(std::string_view catalog, std::string_view schema,
+                     std::string_view table) override {
+    // XXX: pragma_table_info doesn't appear to work with bind parameters
+    // XXX: because we're saving the SqliteQuery, we also need to save the string builder
+    columns_query.Reset();
+    columns_query.Append(
+        R"(SELECT cid, name, type, "notnull", dflt_value FROM pragma_table_info("%w" , "%w") WHERE NAME LIKE ?)",
+        table.data(), catalog.data());
+    UNWRAP_RESULT(auto query, columns_query.GetString());
+    assert(!query.empty());
+
+    columns.emplace(conn, query);
+    UNWRAP_STATUS(columns->Init());
+
+    auto filter = column_filter.value_or(kNoFilter);
+    int rc = sqlite3_bind_text(columns->stmt(), 1, filter.data(),
+                               static_cast<int>(filter.size()), SQLITE_STATIC);
+    if (rc != SQLITE_OK) {
+      return columns->Close(rc);
+    }
+
+    // As with columns, we could return constraints iteratively instead of
+    // reading them all up front, but that complicates the state management
+
+    // We can get primary keys and foreign keys, but not unique constraints
+    // (unless we parse the SQL table definition)
+
+    // XXX: n + 1 query pattern. You can join on a pragma so we could avoid
+    // this in principle but it complicates the unpacking code here quite a
+    // bit, so ignore for now. Also, we already have to issue a query per table.
+    constraints.clear();
+    next_constraint = 0;
+
+    // Get the primary key
+    {
+      SqliteStringBuilder builder;
+      builder.Append(
+          R"(SELECT name FROM pragma_table_info("%w" , "%w") WHERE pk > 0 ORDER BY pk ASC)",
+          table.data(), catalog.data());
+      UNWRAP_RESULT(auto pk_query, builder.GetString());
+      std::vector<std::string> pk;
+      UNWRAP_STATUS(SqliteQuery::Scan(
+          conn, pk_query, [](sqlite3_stmt*) { return SQLITE_OK; },
+          [&](sqlite3_stmt* stmt) {
+            pk.emplace_back(std::string(GetColumnText(stmt, 0)));
+            return SQLITE_OK;
+          }));
+      if (!pk.empty()) {
+        // it would be nice to have C++20 designated initializers...
+        constraints.emplace_back(OwnedConstraint{
+            std::nullopt,
+            "PRIMARY KEY",
+            std::move(pk),
+            std::nullopt,
+        });
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Get any foreign keys
+    if (catalog == "main") {
+      // XXX: it appears experimentally that pragma_foreign_key_list won't let
+      // you specify the database, making the result ambiguous. We'll only
+      // query for the main catalog, but it appears if there's a table with
+      // the same name in a different database, SQLite will still happily
+      // return it here.
+      constexpr std::string_view kForeignKeyQuery =
+          R"(SELECT id, seq, "table", "from", "to"
+             FROM pragma_foreign_key_list(?)
+             ORDER BY id, seq ASC)";
+      int prev_id = -1;
+      UNWRAP_STATUS(SqliteQuery::Scan(
+          conn, kForeignKeyQuery,
+          [&](sqlite3_stmt* stmt) {
+            return sqlite3_bind_text(stmt, 1, table.data(),
+                                     static_cast<int>(table.size()), SQLITE_STATIC);
+          },
+          [&](sqlite3_stmt* stmt) {
+            int fk_id = sqlite3_column_int(stmt, 0);
+            auto to_table = GetColumnText(stmt, 2);
+            auto from_col = GetColumnText(stmt, 3);
+            auto to_col = GetColumnText(stmt, 4);
+
+            if (fk_id != prev_id) {
+              prev_id = fk_id;
+              constraints.emplace_back(OwnedConstraint{
+                  std::nullopt,
+                  "FOREIGN KEY",
+                  {},
+                  std::make_optional<std::vector<OwnedConstraintUsage>>(),
+              });
+            }
+            constraints.back().column_names.emplace_back(from_col);
+            constraints.back().usage->emplace_back(OwnedConstraintUsage{
+                "main",
+                "",
+                std::string(to_table),
+                std::string(to_col),
+            });
+
+            return SQLITE_OK;
+          }));
+    }
+
+    return status::Ok();
+  };
+
+  Result<std::optional<Column>> NextColumn() override {
+    if (!columns) return std::nullopt;
+    UNWRAP_RESULT(auto has_next, columns->Next());
+    if (!has_next) {
+      auto query = std::move(*columns);
+      columns.reset();
+      UNWRAP_STATUS(query.Close());
+      return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    ColumnXdbc xdbc;
+    bool notnull = sqlite3_column_int(columns->stmt(), 3) != 0;
+    xdbc.xdbc_type_name = GetColumnText(columns->stmt(), 2);
+    xdbc.xdbc_nullable = notnull ? 0 : 1;
+    if (sqlite3_column_type(columns->stmt(), 4) != SQLITE_NULL) {
+      xdbc.xdbc_column_def = GetColumnText(columns->stmt(), 4);
+    }
+    xdbc.xdbc_is_nullable = notnull ? "NO" : "YES";
+    return Column{
+        reinterpret_cast<const char*>(sqlite3_column_text(columns->stmt(), 1)),
+        sqlite3_column_int(columns->stmt(), 0) + 1,
+        std::nullopt,
+        xdbc,
+    };
+  }
+
+  Result<std::optional<Constraint>> NextConstraint() override {
+    if (next_constraint >= constraints.size()) return std::nullopt;
+    return constraints[next_constraint++].ToDriver();
+  }
+
+  struct OwnedConstraintUsage {
+    std::optional<std::string> catalog;
+    std::optional<std::string> schema;
+    std::string table;
+    std::string column;
+
+    ConstraintUsage ToDriver() const {
+      auto catalog = this->catalog ? std::make_optional(std::string_view(*this->catalog))
+                                   : std::nullopt;
+      auto schema = this->schema ? std::make_optional(std::string_view(*this->schema))
+                                 : std::nullopt;
+      return {catalog, schema, table, column};
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct OwnedConstraint {
+    std::optional<std::string> name;
+    std::string type;
+    std::vector<std::string> column_names;
+    std::optional<std::vector<OwnedConstraintUsage>> usage;
+
+    Constraint ToDriver() const {
+      auto name =
+          this->name ? std::make_optional(std::string_view(*this->name)) : std::nullopt;
+      std::vector<std::string_view> column_names;
+      std::vector<ConstraintUsage> usages;
+      for (const auto& column_name : this->column_names) {
+        column_names.emplace_back(column_name);
+      }
+      if (this->usage) {
+        for (const auto& usage : *this->usage) {
+          usages.emplace_back(usage.ToDriver());
+        }
+        return {name, type, std::move(column_names), std::move(usages)};
+      }
+      return {name, type, std::move(column_names), std::nullopt};
+    }
+  };
+
+  sqlite3* conn = nullptr;
+  std::optional<std::string_view> table_filter;
+  std::optional<std::string_view> column_filter;
+  std::vector<std::string_view> table_types;
+  std::vector<std::string> catalogs;
+  std::vector<std::string> schemas;
+  std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> tables;
+  std::vector<OwnedConstraint> constraints;
+  SqliteStringBuilder columns_query;
+  std::optional<SqliteQuery> columns;
+  size_t next_catalog = 0;
+  size_t next_schema = 0;
+  size_t next_table = 0;
+  size_t next_constraint = 0;
+};
+
+class SqliteDatabase : public driver::DatabaseBase<SqliteDatabase> {
+ public:
+  [[maybe_unused]] constexpr static std::string_view kErrorPrefix = "[SQLite]";
+
+  Result<sqlite3*> OpenConnection() {
+    sqlite3* conn;
+    int rc = sqlite3_open_v2(uri_.c_str(), &conn,
+                             SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE | SQLITE_OPEN_URI,
+                             /*zVfs=*/nullptr);
+    if (rc != SQLITE_OK) {
+      Status status;
+      if (conn_) {
+        status = status::IO("failed to open '{}': {}", uri_, sqlite3_errmsg(conn));
+      } else {
+        status = status::IO("failed to open '{}': failed to allocate memory", uri_);
+      }
+      (void)sqlite3_close(conn);
+      return status;
+    }
+    return conn;
+  }
+
+  Status InitImpl() override {
+    UNWRAP_RESULT(conn_, OpenConnection());
+    return status::Ok();
+  }
+
+  Status ReleaseImpl() override {
+    if (conn_) {
+      int rc = sqlite3_close_v2(conn_);
+      if (rc != SQLITE_OK) {
+        return status::IO("failed to close connection: ({}) {}", rc,
+                          sqlite3_errmsg(conn_));
+      }
+      conn_ = nullptr;
+    }
+    return Base::ReleaseImpl();
+  }
+
+  Status SetOptionImpl(std::string_view key, driver::Option value) override {
+    if (key == "uri") {
+      if (lifecycle_state_ != driver::LifecycleState::kUninitialized) {
+        return status::InvalidState("cannot set uri after AdbcDatabaseInit");
+      }
+      UNWRAP_RESULT(auto uri, value.AsString());
+      uri_ = std::move(uri);
+      return status::Ok();
+    }
+    return Base::SetOptionImpl(key, value);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  std::string uri_{kDefaultUri};
+  sqlite3* conn_ = nullptr;
+};
+
+class SqliteConnection : public driver::ConnectionBase<SqliteConnection> {
+ public:
+  [[maybe_unused]] constexpr static std::string_view kErrorPrefix = "[SQLite]";
+
+  sqlite3* conn() const { return conn_; }
+
+  Status CommitImpl() {
+    UNWRAP_STATUS(CheckOpen());
+    UNWRAP_STATUS(SqliteQuery::Execute(conn_, "COMMIT"));
+    // begin another transaction, since we're not in autocommit
+    return SqliteQuery::Execute(conn_, "BEGIN");
+  }
+
+  Result<std::optional<std::string>> GetCurrentCatalogImpl() { return "main"; }
+
+  Result<std::unique_ptr<driver::GetObjectsHelper>> GetObjectsImpl() {
+    return std::make_unique<SqliteGetObjectsHelper>(conn_);
+  }
+
+  Status GetTableSchemaImpl(std::optional<std::string_view> catalog,
+                            std::optional<std::string_view> db_schema,
+                            std::string_view table_name, ArrowSchema* schema) {
+    if (db_schema.has_value() && !db_schema->empty()) {
+      return status::NotImplemented("SQLite does not support schemas");
+    }
+
+    SqliteStringBuilder builder;
+    builder.Append(R"(SELECT * FROM "%w" . "%w")", catalog.value_or("main").data(),
+                   table_name.data());
+    UNWRAP_RESULT(std::string_view query, builder.GetString());
+
+    sqlite3_stmt* stmt = nullptr;
+    int rc =
+        sqlite3_prepare_v2(conn_, query.data(), static_cast<int>(query.size()), &stmt,
+                           /*pzTail=*/nullptr);
+    if (rc != SQLITE_OK) {
+      (void)sqlite3_finalize(stmt);
+      return status::NotFound("GetTableSchema: {}", sqlite3_errmsg(conn_));
+    }
+
+    nanoarrow::UniqueArrayStream stream;
+    struct AdbcError error = ADBC_ERROR_INIT;
+    AdbcStatusCode status =
+        AdbcSqliteExportReader(conn_, stmt, /*binder=*/NULL,
+                               /*batch_size=*/64, stream.get(), &error);
+    if (status == ADBC_STATUS_OK) {
+      int code = stream->get_schema(stream.get(), schema);
+      if (code != 0) {
+        (void)sqlite3_finalize(stmt);
+        return status::IO("failed to get schema: ({}) {}", code, std::strerror(code));
+      }
+    }
+    (void)sqlite3_finalize(stmt);
+    return Status::FromAdbc(status, error);
+  }
+
+  Result<std::vector<std::string>> GetTableTypesImpl() {
+    return std::vector<std::string>{"table", "view"};
+  }
+
+  Result<std::vector<driver::InfoValue>> InfoImpl(const std::vector<uint32_t>& codes) {
+    static std::vector<uint32_t> kDefaultCodes{
+        ADBC_INFO_VENDOR_NAME,    ADBC_INFO_VENDOR_VERSION,       ADBC_INFO_DRIVER_NAME,
+        ADBC_INFO_DRIVER_VERSION, ADBC_INFO_DRIVER_ARROW_VERSION,
+    };
+    std::reference_wrapper<const std::vector<uint32_t>> codes_ref(codes);
+    if (codes.empty()) {
+      codes_ref = kDefaultCodes;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<driver::InfoValue> result;
+    for (const auto code : codes_ref.get()) {
+      switch (code) {
+        case ADBC_INFO_VENDOR_NAME:
+          result.emplace_back(code, "SQLite");
+          break;
+        case ADBC_INFO_VENDOR_VERSION:
+          result.emplace_back(code, sqlite3_libversion());
+          break;
+        case ADBC_INFO_DRIVER_NAME:
+          result.emplace_back(code, "ADBC SQLite Driver");
+          break;
+        case ADBC_INFO_DRIVER_VERSION:
+          // TODO(lidavidm): fill in driver version
+          result.emplace_back(code, "(unknown)");
+          break;
+        case ADBC_INFO_DRIVER_ARROW_VERSION:
+          result.emplace_back(code, NANOARROW_VERSION);
+          break;
+        default:
+          // Ignore
+          continue;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  Status InitImpl(void* parent) {
+    auto& db = *reinterpret_cast<SqliteDatabase*>(parent);
+    UNWRAP_RESULT(conn_, db.OpenConnection());
+    return status::Ok();
+  }
+
+  Status ReleaseImpl() {
+    if (conn_) {
+      int rc = sqlite3_close_v2(conn_);
+      if (rc != SQLITE_OK) {
+        return status::IO("failed to close connection: ({}) {}", rc,
+                          sqlite3_errmsg(conn_));
+      }
+      conn_ = nullptr;
+    }
+    return ConnectionBase::ReleaseImpl();
+  }
+
+  Status RollbackImpl() {
+    UNWRAP_STATUS(CheckOpen());
+    UNWRAP_STATUS(SqliteQuery::Execute(conn_, "ROLLBACK"));
+    return SqliteQuery::Execute(conn_, "BEGIN");
+  }
+
+  Status SetOptionImpl(std::string_view key, driver::Option value) {
+    if (key == kConnectionOptionEnableLoadExtension) {
+      if (!conn_ || lifecycle_state_ != driver::LifecycleState::kInitialized) {
+        return status::InvalidState(
+            "cannot enable extension loading before AdbcConnectionInit");
+      }
+      UNWRAP_RESULT(const bool enabled, value.AsBool());
+      int rc = sqlite3_db_config(conn_, SQLITE_DBCONFIG_ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSION,
+                                 enabled ? 1 : 0, nullptr);
+      if (rc != SQLITE_OK) {
+        return status::IO("cannot enable extension loading: {}", sqlite3_errmsg(conn_));
+      }
+      return status::Ok();
+    } else if (key == kConnectionOptionLoadExtensionPath) {
+      if (!conn_ || lifecycle_state_ != driver::LifecycleState::kInitialized) {
+        return status::InvalidState("cannot load extension before AdbcConnectionInit");
+      }
+
+      UNWRAP_RESULT(extension_path_, value.AsString());
+      return status::Ok();
+    } else if (key == kConnectionOptionLoadExtensionEntrypoint) {
+#if !defined(ADBC_SQLITE_WITH_NO_LOAD_EXTENSION)
+      if (extension_path_.empty()) {
+        return status::InvalidState("{} can only be set after {}",
+                                    kConnectionOptionLoadExtensionEntrypoint,
+                                    kConnectionOptionLoadExtensionPath);
+      }
+      const char* extension_entrypoint = nullptr;
+      if (value.has_value()) {
+        UNWRAP_RESULT(auto entrypoint, value.AsString());
+        extension_entrypoint = entrypoint.data();
+      }
+
+      char* message = NULL;
+      int rc = sqlite3_load_extension(conn_, extension_path_.c_str(),
+                                      extension_entrypoint, &message);
+      if (rc != SQLITE_OK) {
+        auto status = status::Unknown(
+            "failed to load extension {} (entrypoint {}): {}", extension_path_,
+            extension_entrypoint ? extension_entrypoint : "(NULL)",
+            message ? message : "(unknown error)");
+        if (message) sqlite3_free(message);
+        return status;
+      }
+      extension_path_.clear();
+      return status::Ok();
+#else
+      return status::NotImplemented(
+          "this driver build does not support extension loading");
+#endif
+    }
+    return Base::SetOptionImpl(key, value);
+  }
+
+  Status ToggleAutocommitImpl(bool enable_autocommit) {
+    UNWRAP_STATUS(CheckOpen());
+    if (enable_autocommit) {
+      // that means we have an open transaction, just commit
+      return SqliteQuery::Execute(conn_, "COMMIT");
+    }
+    // that means we have no open transaction, just begin
+    return SqliteQuery::Execute(conn_, "BEGIN");
+  }
+
+ private:
+  Status CheckOpen() const {
+    if (!conn_) {
+      return status::InvalidState("connection is not open");
+    }
+    return status::Ok();
+  }
+
+  sqlite3* conn_ = nullptr;
+  // Temporarily hold the extension path (since the path and entrypoint need
+  // to be set separately)
+  std::string extension_path_;
+};
+
+class SqliteStatement : public driver::StatementBase<SqliteStatement> {
+ public:
+  [[maybe_unused]] constexpr static std::string_view kErrorPrefix = "[SQLite]";
+
+  Status BindImpl() {
+    if (bind_parameters_.release) {
+      struct AdbcError error = ADBC_ERROR_INIT;
+      if (AdbcStatusCode code =
+              AdbcSqliteBinderSetArrayStream(&binder_, &bind_parameters_, &error);
+          code != ADBC_STATUS_OK) {
+        return Status::FromAdbc(code, error);
+      }
+    }
+    return status::Ok();
+  }
+
+  Result<int64_t> ExecuteIngestImpl(IngestState& state) {
+    UNWRAP_STATUS(BindImpl());
+    if (!binder_.schema.release) {
+      return status::InvalidState("must Bind() before bulk ingestion");
+    }
+
+    // Parameter validation
+
+    if (state.target_catalog && state.temporary) {
+      return status::InvalidState("{} Cannot set both {} and {}", kErrorPrefix,
+                                  ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_TARGET_CATALOG,
+                                  ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_TEMPORARY);
+    } else if (state.target_schema) {
+      return status::NotImplemented("{} {} not supported", kErrorPrefix,
+                                    ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_TARGET_DB_SCHEMA);
+    } else if (!state.target_table) {
+      return status::InvalidState("{} Must set {}", kErrorPrefix,
+                                  ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_TARGET_TABLE);
+    }
+
+    // Create statements for creating the table, inserting a row, and the table name
+
+    SqliteStringBuilder create_query, drop_query, insert_query, table_builder;
+    if (state.target_catalog) {
+      table_builder.Append(R"("%w" . "%w")", state.target_catalog->c_str(),
+                           state.target_table->c_str());
+    } else if (state.temporary) {
+      // OK to be redundant (CREATE TEMP TABLE temp.foo)
+      table_builder.Append(R"(temp . "%w")", state.target_table->c_str());
+    } else {
+      // If not temporary, explicitly target the main database
+      table_builder.Append(R"(main . "%w")", state.target_table->c_str());
+    }
+
+    UNWRAP_RESULT(std::string_view table, table_builder.GetString());
+
+    switch (state.table_exists_) {
+      case Base::TableExists::kAppend:
+        if (state.temporary) {
+          create_query.Append("CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE IF NOT EXISTS %s (", table.data());
+        } else {
+          create_query.Append("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS %s (", table.data());
+        }
+        break;
+      case Base::TableExists::kFail:
+      case Base::TableExists::kReplace:
+        if (state.temporary) {
+          create_query.Append("CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE %s (", table.data());
+        } else {
+          create_query.Append("CREATE TABLE %s (", table.data());
+        }
+        drop_query.Append("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %s", table.data());
+        break;
+    }
+
+    insert_query.Append("INSERT INTO %s (", table.data());
+
+    struct ArrowError arrow_error = {0};
+    struct ArrowSchemaView view;
+    std::memset(&view, 0, sizeof(view));
+    for (int i = 0; i < binder_.schema.n_children; i++) {
+      if (i > 0) {
+        create_query.Append(", ");
+        insert_query.Append(", ");
+      }
+
+      create_query.Append(R"("%w")", binder_.schema.children[i]->name);
+      insert_query.Append(R"("%w")", binder_.schema.children[i]->name);
+
+      int status = ArrowSchemaViewInit(&view, binder_.schema.children[i], &arrow_error);
+      if (status != 0) {
+        return status::Internal("failed to parse schema for column {}: {} ({}): {}", i,
+                                std::strerror(status), status, arrow_error.message);
+      }
+
+      switch (view.type) {
+        case NANOARROW_TYPE_BOOL:
+        case NANOARROW_TYPE_UINT8:
+        case NANOARROW_TYPE_UINT16:
+        case NANOARROW_TYPE_UINT32:
+        case NANOARROW_TYPE_UINT64:
+        case NANOARROW_TYPE_INT8:
+        case NANOARROW_TYPE_INT16:
+        case NANOARROW_TYPE_INT32:
+        case NANOARROW_TYPE_INT64:
+          create_query.Append(" INTEGER");
+          break;
+        case NANOARROW_TYPE_FLOAT:
+        case NANOARROW_TYPE_DOUBLE:
+          create_query.Append(" REAL");
+          break;
+        case NANOARROW_TYPE_STRING:
+        case NANOARROW_TYPE_LARGE_STRING:
+        case NANOARROW_TYPE_DATE32:
+          create_query.Append(" TEXT");
+          break;
+        case NANOARROW_TYPE_BINARY:
+          create_query.Append(" BLOB");
+          break;
+        default:
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    create_query.Append(")");
+    insert_query.Append(") VALUES (");
+    for (int i = 0; i < binder_.schema.n_children; i++) {
+      insert_query.Append("%s?", (i > 0 ? ", " : ""));
+    }
+    insert_query.Append(")");
+
+    UNWRAP_RESULT(std::string_view create, create_query.GetString());
+    UNWRAP_RESULT(std::string_view drop, drop_query.GetString());
+    UNWRAP_RESULT(std::string_view insert, insert_query.GetString());
+
+    // Drop/create tables as needed
+
+    switch (state.table_exists_) {
+      case Base::TableExists::kAppend:
+      case Base::TableExists::kFail:
+        // Do nothing
+        break;
+      case Base::TableExists::kReplace: {
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(::adbc::sqlite::SqliteQuery::Execute(conn_, drop));
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    switch (state.table_does_not_exist_) {
+      case Base::TableDoesNotExist::kCreate: {
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(::adbc::sqlite::SqliteQuery::Execute(conn_, create));
+        break;
+      }
+      case Base::TableDoesNotExist::kFail:
+        // Do nothing
+        break;
+    }
+
+    // Insert
+    int64_t row_count = 0;
+    const int is_autocommit = sqlite3_get_autocommit(conn_);
+    if (is_autocommit) {
+      UNWRAP_STATUS(::adbc::sqlite::SqliteQuery::Execute(conn_, "BEGIN"));
+    }
+
+    assert(!insert.empty());
+    sqlite3_stmt* stmt = nullptr;
+    {
+      int rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(conn_, insert.data(), static_cast<int>(insert.size()),
+                                  &stmt, /*pzTail=*/nullptr);
+      if (rc != SQLITE_OK) {
+        std::ignore = sqlite3_finalize(stmt);
+        return status::Internal("failed to prepare: {}\nquery was: {}",
+                                sqlite3_errmsg(conn_), insert);
+      }
+    }
+    assert(stmt != nullptr);
+
+    AdbcStatusCode status = ADBC_STATUS_OK;
+    struct AdbcError error = ADBC_ERROR_INIT;
+    while (true) {
+      char finished = 0;
+      status = AdbcSqliteBinderBindNext(&binder_, conn_, stmt, &finished, &error);
+      if (status != ADBC_STATUS_OK || finished) break;
+
+      int rc = 0;
+      do {
+        rc = sqlite3_step(stmt);
+      } while (rc == SQLITE_ROW);
+      if (rc != SQLITE_DONE) {
+        SetError(&error, "failed to execute: %s\nquery was: %s", sqlite3_errmsg(conn_),
+                 insert.data());
+        status = ADBC_STATUS_INTERNAL;
+        break;
+      }
+      row_count++;
+    }
+    std::ignore = sqlite3_finalize(stmt);
+
+    if (is_autocommit) {
+      if (status == ADBC_STATUS_OK) {
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(::adbc::sqlite::SqliteQuery::Execute(conn_, "COMMIT"));
+      } else {
+        UNWRAP_STATUS(::adbc::sqlite::SqliteQuery::Execute(conn_, "ROLLBACK"));
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (status != ADBC_STATUS_OK) {
+      return Status::FromAdbc(status, error);
+    }
+    return row_count;
+  }
+
+  Result<int64_t> ExecuteQueryImpl(ArrowArrayStream* stream) {
+    struct AdbcError error = ADBC_ERROR_INIT;
+    UNWRAP_STATUS(BindImpl());
+
+    const int64_t expected = sqlite3_bind_parameter_count(stmt_);
+    const int64_t actual = binder_.schema.n_children;
+    if (actual != expected) {
+      return status::InvalidState("parameter count mismatch: expected {} but found {}",
+                                  expected, actual);
+    }
+
+    auto status =
+        AdbcSqliteExportReader(conn_, stmt_, binder_.schema.release ? &binder_ : nullptr,
+                               batch_size_, stream, &error);
+    if (status != ADBC_STATUS_OK) {
+      return Status::FromAdbc(status, error);
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  Result<int64_t> ExecuteQueryImpl(PreparedState& state, ArrowArrayStream* stream) {
+    return ExecuteQueryImpl(stream);
+  }
+
+  Result<int64_t> ExecuteQueryImpl(QueryState& state, ArrowArrayStream* stream) {
+    UNWRAP_STATUS(PrepareImpl(state));
+    return ExecuteQueryImpl(stream);
+  }
+
+  Result<int64_t> ExecuteUpdateImpl() {
+    UNWRAP_STATUS(BindImpl());
+
+    const int64_t expected = sqlite3_bind_parameter_count(stmt_);
+    const int64_t actual = binder_.schema.n_children;
+    if (actual != expected) {
+      return status::InvalidState("parameter count mismatch: expected {} but found {}",
+                                  expected, actual);
+    }
+
+    int64_t rows = 0;
+
+    SqliteMutexGuard guard(conn_);
+
+    while (true) {
+      if (binder_.schema.release) {
+        char finished = 0;
+        struct AdbcError error = ADBC_ERROR_INIT;
+        if (AdbcStatusCode code =
+                AdbcSqliteBinderBindNext(&binder_, conn_, stmt_, &finished, &error);
+            code != ADBC_STATUS_OK) {
+          AdbcSqliteBinderRelease(&binder_);
+          return Status::FromAdbc(code, error);
+        } else if (finished != 0) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+
+      while (sqlite3_step(stmt_) == SQLITE_ROW) {
+        rows++;
+      }
+
+      if (!binder_.schema.release) break;
+    }
+    AdbcSqliteBinderRelease(&binder_);
+
+    if (sqlite3_reset(stmt_) != SQLITE_OK) {
+      const char* msg = sqlite3_errmsg(conn_);
+      return status::IO("failed to execute query: {}", msg ? msg : "(unknown error)");
+    }
+
+    if (sqlite3_column_count(stmt_) == 0) {
+      rows = sqlite3_changes(conn_);
+    }
+    return rows;
+  }
+
+  Result<int64_t> ExecuteUpdateImpl(PreparedState& state) { return ExecuteUpdateImpl(); }
+
+  Result<int64_t> ExecuteUpdateImpl(QueryState& state) {
+    UNWRAP_STATUS(PrepareImpl(state));
+    return ExecuteUpdateImpl();
+  }
+
+  Status GetParameterSchemaImpl(PreparedState& state, ArrowSchema* schema) {
+    int num_params = sqlite3_bind_parameter_count(stmt_);
+    if (num_params < 0) {
+      // Should not happen
+      return status::Internal("{} SQLite returned negative parameter count",
+                              kErrorPrefix);
+    }
+
+    nanoarrow::UniqueSchema uschema;
+    ArrowSchemaInit(uschema.get());
+    UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetType(uschema.get(), NANOARROW_TYPE_STRUCT));
+    UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaAllocateChildren(uschema.get(), num_params));
+    char buffer[12];
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_params; i++) {
+      const char* name = sqlite3_bind_parameter_name(stmt_, i + 1);
+      if (name == NULL) {
+        snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "%d", i);
+        name = buffer;
+      }
+      ArrowSchemaInit(uschema->children[i]);
+      UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetType(uschema->children[i], NANOARROW_TYPE_NA));
+      UNWRAP_ERRNO(Internal, ArrowSchemaSetName(uschema->children[i], name));
+    }
+
+    uschema.move(schema);
+    return status::Ok();
+  }
+
+  Status InitImpl(void* parent) {
+    conn_ = reinterpret_cast<SqliteConnection*>(parent)->conn();
+    return StatementBase::InitImpl(parent);
+  }
+
+  Status PrepareImpl(QueryState& state) {
+    if (stmt_) {
+      int rc = sqlite3_finalize(stmt_);
+      stmt_ = nullptr;
+      if (rc != SQLITE_OK) {
+        return status::IO("{} Failed to finalize previous statement: ({}) {}",
+                          kErrorPrefix, rc, sqlite3_errmsg(conn_));
+      }
+    }
+
+    int rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(conn_, state.query.c_str(),
+                                static_cast<int>(state.query.size()), &stmt_,
+                                /*pzTail=*/nullptr);
+    if (rc != SQLITE_OK) {
+      std::string msg = sqlite3_errmsg(conn_);
+      std::ignore = sqlite3_finalize(stmt_);
+      stmt_ = NULL;
+      return status::InvalidArgument("{} Failed to prepare query: {}\nquery: {}",
+                                     kErrorPrefix, msg, state.query);
+    }
+    return status::Ok();
+  }
+
+  Status ReleaseImpl() {
+    if (stmt_) {
+      int rc = sqlite3_finalize(stmt_);
+      stmt_ = nullptr;
+      if (rc != SQLITE_OK) {
+        return status::IO("{} Failed to finalize statement: ({}) {}", kErrorPrefix, rc,
+                          sqlite3_errmsg(conn_));
+      }
+    }
+    AdbcSqliteBinderRelease(&binder_);
+    return StatementBase::ReleaseImpl();
+  }
+
+  Status SetOptionImpl(std::string_view key, driver::Option value) {
+    if (key == kStatementOptionBatchRows) {
+      UNWRAP_RESULT(int64_t batch_size, value.AsInt());
+      if (batch_size >= std::numeric_limits<int>::max() || batch_size <= 0) {
+        return status::InvalidArgument(
+            "{} Invalid statement option value {}={} (value is non-positive or out of "
+            "range of int)",
+            kErrorPrefix, key, value);
+      }
+      batch_size_ = static_cast<int>(batch_size);
+      return status::Ok();
+    }
+    return Base::SetOptionImpl(key, std::move(value));
+  }
+
+  int batch_size_ = 1024;
+  AdbcSqliteBinder binder_;
+  sqlite3* conn_ = nullptr;
+  sqlite3_stmt* stmt_ = nullptr;
+};
+
+using SqliteDriver =
+    adbc::driver::Driver<SqliteDatabase, SqliteConnection, SqliteStatement>;
+}  // namespace
+}  // namespace adbc::sqlite
+
+// Public names
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcDatabaseGetOption(struct AdbcDatabase* database, const char* key,
+                                     char* value, size_t* length,
+                                     struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CGetOption<>(database, key, value, length, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcDatabaseGetOptionBytes(struct AdbcDatabase* database, const char* key,
+                                          uint8_t* value, size_t* length,
+                                          struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CGetOptionBytes<>(database, key, value, length,
+                                                       error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcDatabaseGetOptionInt(struct AdbcDatabase* database, const char* key,
+                                        int64_t* value, struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CGetOptionInt<>(database, key, value, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcDatabaseGetOptionDouble(struct AdbcDatabase* database, const char* key,
+                                           double* value, struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CGetOptionDouble<>(database, key, value, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcDatabaseInit(struct AdbcDatabase* database, struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CDatabaseInit(database, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcDatabaseNew(struct AdbcDatabase* database, struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CNew<>(database, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcDatabaseRelease(struct AdbcDatabase* database,
+                                   struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CRelease<>(database, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcDatabaseSetOption(struct AdbcDatabase* database, const char* key,
+                                     const char* value, struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CSetOption<>(database, key, value, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcDatabaseSetOptionBytes(struct AdbcDatabase* database, const char* key,
+                                          const uint8_t* value, size_t length,
+                                          struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CSetOptionBytes<>(database, key, value, length,
+                                                       error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcDatabaseSetOptionInt(struct AdbcDatabase* database, const char* key,
+                                        int64_t value, struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CSetOptionInt<>(database, key, value, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcDatabaseSetOptionDouble(struct AdbcDatabase* database, const char* key,
+                                           double value, struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CSetOptionDouble<>(database, key, value, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionCancel(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                    struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CConnectionCancel(connection, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionGetOption(struct AdbcConnection* connection, const char* key,
+                                       char* value, size_t* length,
+                                       struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CGetOption<>(connection, key, value, length, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionGetOptionBytes(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                            const char* key, uint8_t* value,
+                                            size_t* length, struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CGetOptionBytes<>(connection, key, value, length,
+                                                       error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionGetOptionInt(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                          const char* key, int64_t* value,
+                                          struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CGetOptionInt<>(connection, key, value, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionGetOptionDouble(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                             const char* key, double* value,
+                                             struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CGetOptionDouble<>(connection, key, value, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionNew(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                 struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CNew<>(connection, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionSetOption(struct AdbcConnection* connection, const char* key,
+                                       const char* value, struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CSetOption<>(connection, key, value, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionSetOptionBytes(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                            const char* key, const uint8_t* value,
+                                            size_t length, struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CSetOptionBytes<>(connection, key, value, length,
+                                                       error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionSetOptionInt(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                          const char* key, int64_t value,
+                                          struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CSetOptionInt<>(connection, key, value, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionSetOptionDouble(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                             const char* key, double value,
+                                             struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CSetOptionDouble<>(connection, key, value, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionInit(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                  struct AdbcDatabase* database,
+                                  struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CConnectionInit(connection, database, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionRelease(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                     struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CRelease<>(connection, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionGetInfo(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                     const uint32_t* info_codes, size_t info_codes_length,
+                                     struct ArrowArrayStream* out,
+                                     struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CConnectionGetInfo(connection, info_codes,
+                                                        info_codes_length, out, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionGetObjects(struct AdbcConnection* connection, int depth,
+                                        const char* catalog, const char* db_schema,
+                                        const char* table_name, const char** table_type,
+                                        const char* column_name,
+                                        struct ArrowArrayStream* out,
+                                        struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CConnectionGetObjects(
+      connection, depth, catalog, db_schema, table_name, table_type, column_name, out,
+      error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionGetStatistics(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                           const char* catalog, const char* db_schema,
+                                           const char* table_name, char approximate,
+                                           struct ArrowArrayStream* out,
+                                           struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CConnectionGetStatistics(
+      connection, catalog, db_schema, table_name, approximate, out, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionGetStatisticNames(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                               struct ArrowArrayStream* out,
+                                               struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CConnectionGetStatisticNames(connection, out, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionGetTableSchema(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                            const char* catalog, const char* db_schema,
+                                            const char* table_name,
+                                            struct ArrowSchema* schema,
+                                            struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CConnectionGetTableSchema(
+      connection, catalog, db_schema, table_name, schema, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionGetTableTypes(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                           struct ArrowArrayStream* out,
+                                           struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CConnectionGetTableTypes(connection, out, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionReadPartition(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                           const uint8_t* serialized_partition,
+                                           size_t serialized_length,
+                                           struct ArrowArrayStream* out,
+                                           struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CConnectionReadPartition(
+      connection, serialized_partition, serialized_length, out, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionCommit(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                    struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CConnectionCommit(connection, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcConnectionRollback(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                      struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CConnectionRollback(connection, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementCancel(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
+                                   struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CStatementCancel(statement, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementNew(struct AdbcConnection* connection,
+                                struct AdbcStatement* statement,
+                                struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CStatementNew(connection, statement, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementRelease(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
+                                    struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CRelease<>(statement, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementExecuteQuery(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
+                                         struct ArrowArrayStream* out,
+                                         int64_t* rows_affected,
+                                         struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CStatementExecuteQuery(statement, out, rows_affected,
+                                                            error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementExecuteSchema(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
+                                          struct ArrowSchema* schema,
+                                          struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CStatementExecuteSchema(statement, schema, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementPrepare(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
+                                    struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CStatementPrepare(statement, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementSetSqlQuery(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
+                                        const char* query, struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CStatementSetSqlQuery(statement, query, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementSetSubstraitPlan(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
+                                             const uint8_t* plan, size_t length,
+                                             struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CStatementSetSubstraitPlan(statement, plan, length,
+                                                                error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementBind(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
+                                 struct ArrowArray* values, struct ArrowSchema* schema,
+                                 struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CStatementBind(statement, values, schema, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementBindStream(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
+                                       struct ArrowArrayStream* stream,
+                                       struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CStatementBindStream(statement, stream, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementGetOption(struct AdbcStatement* statement, const char* key,
+                                      char* value, size_t* length,
+                                      struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CGetOption<>(statement, key, value, length, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementGetOptionBytes(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
+                                           const char* key, uint8_t* value,
+                                           size_t* length, struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CGetOptionBytes<>(statement, key, value, length,
+                                                       error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementGetOptionInt(struct AdbcStatement* statement, const char* key,
+                                         int64_t* value, struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CGetOptionInt<>(statement, key, value, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementGetOptionDouble(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
+                                            const char* key, double* value,
+                                            struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CGetOptionDouble<>(statement, key, value, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementGetParameterSchema(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
+                                               struct ArrowSchema* schema,
+                                               struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CStatementGetParameterSchema(statement, schema,
+                                                                  error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementSetOption(struct AdbcStatement* statement, const char* key,
+                                      const char* value, struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CSetOption<>(statement, key, value, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementSetOptionBytes(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
+                                           const char* key, const uint8_t* value,
+                                           size_t length, struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CSetOptionBytes<>(statement, key, value, length,
+                                                       error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementSetOptionInt(struct AdbcStatement* statement, const char* key,
+                                         int64_t value, struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CSetOptionInt<>(statement, key, value, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementSetOptionDouble(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
+                                            const char* key, double value,
+                                            struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CSetOptionDouble<>(statement, key, value, error);
+}
+
+AdbcStatusCode AdbcStatementExecutePartitions(struct AdbcStatement* statement,
+                                              struct ArrowSchema* schema,
+                                              struct AdbcPartitions* partitions,
+                                              int64_t* rows_affected,
+                                              struct AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::CStatementExecutePartitions(
+      statement, schema, partitions, rows_affected, error);
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+[[maybe_unused]] ADBC_EXPORT AdbcStatusCode AdbcDriverSqliteInit(int version,
+                                                                 void* raw_driver,
+                                                                 AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::Init(version, raw_driver, error);
+}
+
+[[maybe_unused]] ADBC_EXPORT AdbcStatusCode SqliteDriverInit(int version,
+                                                             void* raw_driver,
+                                                             AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::Init(version, raw_driver, error);
+}
+
+[[maybe_unused]] ADBC_EXPORT AdbcStatusCode AdbcDriverInit(int version, void* raw_driver,
+                                                           AdbcError* error) {
+  return adbc::sqlite::SqliteDriver::Init(version, raw_driver, error);
+}
+}
diff --git a/c/driver/sqlite/sqlite_test.cc b/c/driver/sqlite/sqlite_test.cc
index 70a1ad6708..72fe0d1501 100644
--- a/c/driver/sqlite/sqlite_test.cc
+++ b/c/driver/sqlite/sqlite_test.cc
@@ -132,14 +132,13 @@ class SqliteQuirks : public adbc_validation::DriverQuirks {
     return ddl;
   }
 
-  bool supports_bulk_ingest(const char* mode) const override {
-    return std::strcmp(mode, ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_MODE_APPEND) == 0 ||
-           std::strcmp(mode, ADBC_INGEST_OPTION_MODE_CREATE) == 0;
-  }
+  bool supports_bulk_ingest(const char* mode) const override { return true; }
   bool supports_bulk_ingest_catalog() const override { return true; }
   bool supports_bulk_ingest_temporary() const override { return true; }
   bool supports_concurrent_statements() const override { return true; }
-  bool supports_get_option() const override { return false; }
+  bool supports_metadata_current_catalog() const override { return true; }
+  bool supports_metadata_current_db_schema() const override { return false; }
+  bool supports_get_option() const override { return true; }
   std::optional<adbc_validation::SqlInfoValue> supports_get_sql_info(
       uint32_t info_code) const override {
     switch (info_code) {
diff --git a/c/driver/sqlite/statement_reader.c b/c/driver/sqlite/statement_reader.c
index 9e02ee3b80..0c57c1aff3 100644
--- a/c/driver/sqlite/statement_reader.c
+++ b/c/driver/sqlite/statement_reader.c
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 #include <nanoarrow/nanoarrow.h>
 #include <sqlite3.h>
 
-#include "common/utils.h"
+#include "driver/common/utils.h"
 
 AdbcStatusCode AdbcSqliteBinderSet(struct AdbcSqliteBinder* binder,
                                    struct AdbcError* error) {
diff --git a/c/driver/sqlite/types.h b/c/driver/sqlite/types.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 1b1b408ccc..0000000000
--- a/c/driver/sqlite/types.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
-// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
-// distributed with this work for additional information
-// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
-// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
-// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
-// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
-// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
-// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
-// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
-// specific language governing permissions and limitations
-// under the License.
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-#include <adbc.h>
-#include <sqlite3.h>
-
-#include "statement_reader.h"
-
-struct SqliteDatabase {
-  sqlite3* db;
-  char* uri;
-  size_t connection_count;
-};
-
-struct SqliteConnection {
-  sqlite3* conn;
-  char active_transaction;
-  char load_extension;
-
-  // Temporarily store an extension to load (need both entrypoint and path)
-  char* extension_path;
-};
-
-struct SqliteStatement {
-  sqlite3* conn;
-
-  // -- Query state -----------------------------------------
-
-  sqlite3_stmt* stmt;
-  char prepared;
-  char* query;
-  size_t query_len;
-
-  // -- Bind state ------------------------------------------
-  struct AdbcSqliteBinder binder;
-
-  // -- Ingest state ----------------------------------------
-  char* target_catalog;
-  char* target_table;
-  char append;
-  char temporary;
-
-  // -- Query options ---------------------------------------
-  int batch_size;
-};
diff --git a/c/driver_manager/adbc_driver_manager_test.cc b/c/driver_manager/adbc_driver_manager_test.cc
index 18e0a87dce..0eaf644b93 100644
--- a/c/driver_manager/adbc_driver_manager_test.cc
+++ b/c/driver_manager/adbc_driver_manager_test.cc
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ TEST_F(DriverManager, ConnectionOptions) {
               IsOkStatus(&error));
   ASSERT_EQ(ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED,
             AdbcConnectionInit(&connection, &database, &error));
-  ASSERT_THAT(error.message, ::testing::HasSubstr("Unknown connection option foo=bar"));
+  ASSERT_THAT(error.message, ::testing::HasSubstr("Unknown connection option foo='bar'"));
 
   ASSERT_THAT(AdbcConnectionRelease(&connection, &error), IsOkStatus(&error));
   ASSERT_THAT(AdbcDatabaseRelease(&database, &error), IsOkStatus(&error));
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ TEST_F(DriverManager, MultiDriverTest) {
   ASSERT_THAT(AdbcDatabaseSetOption(&sqlite_db.value, "unknown", "foo", &error.value),
               IsStatus(ADBC_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, &error.value));
   ASSERT_THAT(error->message,
-              ::testing::HasSubstr("[SQLite] Unknown database option unknown=foo"));
+              ::testing::HasSubstr("Unknown database option unknown='foo'"));
   error->release(&error.value);
 
   ASSERT_THAT(AdbcConnectionNew(&sqlite_conn.value, &error.value),
@@ -218,6 +218,8 @@ class SqliteQuirks : public adbc_validation::DriverQuirks {
         return std::nullopt;
     }
   }
+  bool supports_metadata_current_catalog() const override { return true; }
+  std::string catalog() const override { return "main"; }
 };
 
 class SqliteDatabaseTest : public ::testing::Test, public adbc_validation::DatabaseTest {
diff --git a/c/validation/adbc_validation_connection.cc b/c/validation/adbc_validation_connection.cc
index 4ed1d0e098..4532c18556 100644
--- a/c/validation/adbc_validation_connection.cc
+++ b/c/validation/adbc_validation_connection.cc
@@ -105,8 +105,10 @@ void ConnectionTest::TestAutocommitDefault() {
   // or rollback
   ASSERT_THAT(AdbcConnectionCommit(&connection, &error),
               IsStatus(ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE, &error));
+  if (error.release) error.release(&error);
   ASSERT_THAT(AdbcConnectionRollback(&connection, &error),
               IsStatus(ADBC_STATUS_INVALID_STATE, &error));
+  if (error.release) error.release(&error);
 
   // Invalid option value
   ASSERT_THAT(AdbcConnectionSetOption(&connection, ADBC_CONNECTION_OPTION_AUTOCOMMIT,
@@ -531,7 +533,7 @@ void ConnectionTest::TestMetadataGetObjectsDbSchemas() {
             << ") should have nonempty catalog_db_schemas ";
         ASSERT_FALSE(ArrowArrayViewIsNull(catalog_db_schemas_list, row));
         for (int64_t list_index = start_offset; list_index < end_offset; list_index++) {
-          ASSERT_TRUE(ArrowArrayViewIsNull(db_schema_tables_list, row + list_index))
+          EXPECT_TRUE(ArrowArrayViewIsNull(db_schema_tables_list, list_index))
               << "Row " << row << " should have null db_schema_tables";
         }
       }
@@ -617,18 +619,21 @@ void ConnectionTest::TestMetadataGetObjectsTables() {
         ASSERT_FALSE(ArrowArrayViewIsNull(catalog_db_schemas_list, row))
             << "Row " << row << " should have non-null catalog_db_schemas";
 
-        for (int64_t db_schemas_index =
-                 ArrowArrayViewListChildOffset(catalog_db_schemas_list, row);
-             db_schemas_index <
-             ArrowArrayViewListChildOffset(catalog_db_schemas_list, row + 1);
+        int64_t schema_start =
+            ArrowArrayViewListChildOffset(catalog_db_schemas_list, row);
+        int64_t schema_end =
+            ArrowArrayViewListChildOffset(catalog_db_schemas_list, row + 1);
+        ASSERT_LE(schema_start, schema_end);
+        for (int64_t db_schemas_index = schema_start; db_schemas_index < schema_end;
              db_schemas_index++) {
           ASSERT_FALSE(ArrowArrayViewIsNull(db_schema_tables_list, db_schemas_index))
               << "Row " << row << " should have non-null db_schema_tables";
 
-          for (int64_t tables_index =
-                   ArrowArrayViewListChildOffset(db_schema_tables_list, db_schemas_index);
-               tables_index <
-               ArrowArrayViewListChildOffset(db_schema_tables_list, db_schemas_index + 1);
+          int64_t table_start =
+              ArrowArrayViewListChildOffset(db_schema_tables_list, db_schemas_index);
+          int64_t table_end =
+              ArrowArrayViewListChildOffset(db_schema_tables_list, db_schemas_index + 1);
+          for (int64_t tables_index = table_start; tables_index < table_end;
                tables_index++) {
             ArrowStringView table_name = ArrowArrayViewGetStringUnsafe(
                 db_schema_tables->children[0], tables_index);
@@ -816,6 +821,7 @@ void ConnectionTest::TestMetadataGetObjectsColumns() {
                         "bulk_ingest") &&
                 iequals(std::string(db_schema_name.data, db_schema_name.size_bytes),
                         quirks()->db_schema())) {
+              ASSERT_FALSE(found_expected_table);
               found_expected_table = true;
 
               for (int64_t columns_index =
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/.clang-format b/c/vendor/fmt/.clang-format
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df55d340f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/.clang-format
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Run manually to reformat a file:
+# clang-format -i --style=file <file>
+Language: Cpp
+BasedOnStyle: Google
+IndentPPDirectives: AfterHash
+IndentCaseLabels: false
+AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: false
+DerivePointerAlignment: false
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/CMakeLists.txt b/c/vendor/fmt/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c3005cec6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.8...3.26)
+
+# Fallback for using newer policies on CMake <3.12.
+if (${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS 3.12)
+  cmake_policy(VERSION ${CMAKE_MAJOR_VERSION}.${CMAKE_MINOR_VERSION})
+endif ()
+
+# Determine if fmt is built as a subproject (using add_subdirectory)
+# or if it is the master project.
+if (NOT DEFINED FMT_MASTER_PROJECT)
+  set(FMT_MASTER_PROJECT OFF)
+  if (CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR STREQUAL CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR)
+    set(FMT_MASTER_PROJECT ON)
+    message(STATUS "CMake version: ${CMAKE_VERSION}")
+  endif ()
+endif ()
+
+# Joins arguments and places the results in ${result_var}.
+function(join result_var)
+  set(result "")
+  foreach (arg ${ARGN})
+    set(result "${result}${arg}")
+  endforeach ()
+  set(${result_var} "${result}" PARENT_SCOPE)
+endfunction()
+
+# DEPRECATED! Should be merged into add_module_library.
+function(enable_module target)
+  if (MSVC)
+    set(BMI ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${target}.ifc)
+    target_compile_options(${target}
+      PRIVATE /interface /ifcOutput ${BMI}
+      INTERFACE /reference fmt=${BMI})
+    set_target_properties(${target} PROPERTIES ADDITIONAL_CLEAN_FILES ${BMI})
+    set_source_files_properties(${BMI} PROPERTIES GENERATED ON)
+  endif ()
+endfunction()
+
+# Adds a library compiled with C++20 module support.
+# `enabled` is a CMake variables that specifies if modules are enabled.
+# If modules are disabled `add_module_library` falls back to creating a
+# non-modular library.
+#
+# Usage:
+#   add_module_library(<name> [sources...] FALLBACK [sources...] [IF enabled])
+function(add_module_library name)
+  cmake_parse_arguments(AML "" "IF" "FALLBACK" ${ARGN})
+  set(sources ${AML_UNPARSED_ARGUMENTS})
+
+  add_library(${name} STATIC)
+  set_target_properties(${name} PROPERTIES LINKER_LANGUAGE CXX)
+
+  if (NOT ${${AML_IF}})
+    # Create a non-modular library.
+    target_sources(${name} PRIVATE ${AML_FALLBACK})
+    return()
+  endif ()
+
+  # Modules require C++20.
+  target_compile_features(${name} PUBLIC cxx_std_20)
+  if (CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCXX)
+    target_compile_options(${name} PUBLIC -fmodules-ts)
+  endif ()
+
+  # `std` is affected by CMake options and may be higher than C++20.
+  get_target_property(std ${name} CXX_STANDARD)
+
+  if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "Clang")
+    set(pcms)
+    foreach (src ${sources})
+      get_filename_component(pcm ${src} NAME_WE)
+      set(pcm ${pcm}.pcm)
+
+      # Propagate -fmodule-file=*.pcm to targets that link with this library.
+      target_compile_options(
+        ${name} PUBLIC -fmodule-file=${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${pcm})
+
+      # Use an absolute path to prevent target_link_libraries prepending -l
+      # to it.
+      set(pcms ${pcms} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${pcm})
+      add_custom_command(
+        OUTPUT ${pcm}
+        COMMAND ${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER}
+                -std=c++${std} -x c++-module --precompile -c
+                -o ${pcm} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/${src}
+                "-I$<JOIN:$<TARGET_PROPERTY:${name},INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES>,;-I>"
+        # Required by the -I generator expression above.
+        COMMAND_EXPAND_LISTS
+        DEPENDS ${src})
+    endforeach ()
+
+    # Add .pcm files as sources to make sure they are built before the library.
+    set(sources)
+    foreach (pcm ${pcms})
+      get_filename_component(pcm_we ${pcm} NAME_WE)
+      set(obj ${pcm_we}.o)
+      # Use an absolute path to prevent target_link_libraries prepending -l.
+      set(sources ${sources} ${pcm} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${obj})
+      add_custom_command(
+        OUTPUT ${obj}
+        COMMAND ${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER} $<TARGET_PROPERTY:${name},COMPILE_OPTIONS>
+                -c -o ${obj} ${pcm}
+        DEPENDS ${pcm})
+    endforeach ()
+  endif ()
+  target_sources(${name} PRIVATE ${sources})
+endfunction()
+
+include(CMakeParseArguments)
+
+# Sets a cache variable with a docstring joined from multiple arguments:
+#   set(<variable> <value>... CACHE <type> <docstring>...)
+# This allows splitting a long docstring for readability.
+function(set_verbose)
+  # cmake_parse_arguments is broken in CMake 3.4 (cannot parse CACHE) so use
+  # list instead.
+  list(GET ARGN 0 var)
+  list(REMOVE_AT ARGN 0)
+  list(GET ARGN 0 val)
+  list(REMOVE_AT ARGN 0)
+  list(REMOVE_AT ARGN 0)
+  list(GET ARGN 0 type)
+  list(REMOVE_AT ARGN 0)
+  join(doc ${ARGN})
+  set(${var} ${val} CACHE ${type} ${doc})
+endfunction()
+
+# Set the default CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE to Release.
+# This should be done before the project command since the latter can set
+# CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE itself (it does so for nmake).
+if (FMT_MASTER_PROJECT AND NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)
+  set_verbose(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Release CACHE STRING
+              "Choose the type of build, options are: None(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS or "
+              "CMAKE_C_FLAGS used) Debug Release RelWithDebInfo MinSizeRel.")
+endif ()
+
+project(FMT CXX)
+include(GNUInstallDirs)
+set_verbose(FMT_INC_DIR ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR} CACHE STRING
+            "Installation directory for include files, a relative path that "
+            "will be joined with ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX} or an absolute path.")
+
+option(FMT_PEDANTIC "Enable extra warnings and expensive tests." OFF)
+option(FMT_WERROR "Halt the compilation with an error on compiler warnings."
+       OFF)
+
+# Options that control generation of various targets.
+option(FMT_DOC "Generate the doc target." ${FMT_MASTER_PROJECT})
+option(FMT_INSTALL "Generate the install target." ON)
+option(FMT_TEST "Generate the test target." ${FMT_MASTER_PROJECT})
+option(FMT_FUZZ "Generate the fuzz target." OFF)
+option(FMT_CUDA_TEST "Generate the cuda-test target." OFF)
+option(FMT_OS "Include core requiring OS (Windows/Posix) " ON)
+option(FMT_MODULE "Build a module instead of a traditional library." OFF)
+option(FMT_SYSTEM_HEADERS "Expose headers with marking them as system." OFF)
+
+if (FMT_TEST AND FMT_MODULE)
+  # The tests require {fmt} to be compiled as traditional library
+  message(STATUS "Testing is incompatible with build mode 'module'.")
+endif ()
+set(FMT_SYSTEM_HEADERS_ATTRIBUTE "")
+if (FMT_SYSTEM_HEADERS)
+  set(FMT_SYSTEM_HEADERS_ATTRIBUTE SYSTEM)
+endif ()
+if (CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "MSDOS")
+  set(FMT_TEST OFF)
+  message(STATUS "MSDOS is incompatible with gtest")
+endif ()
+
+# Get version from core.h
+file(READ include/fmt/core.h core_h)
+if (NOT core_h MATCHES "FMT_VERSION ([0-9]+)([0-9][0-9])([0-9][0-9])")
+  message(FATAL_ERROR "Cannot get FMT_VERSION from core.h.")
+endif ()
+# Use math to skip leading zeros if any.
+math(EXPR CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MAJOR ${CMAKE_MATCH_1})
+math(EXPR CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MINOR ${CMAKE_MATCH_2})
+math(EXPR CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_PATCH ${CMAKE_MATCH_3})
+join(FMT_VERSION ${CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MAJOR}.${CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MINOR}.
+                 ${CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_PATCH})
+message(STATUS "Version: ${FMT_VERSION}")
+
+message(STATUS "Build type: ${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE}")
+
+if (NOT CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY)
+  set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/bin)
+endif ()
+
+set(CMAKE_MODULE_PATH ${CMAKE_MODULE_PATH}
+  "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/support/cmake")
+
+include(CheckCXXCompilerFlag)
+include(JoinPaths)
+
+if (FMT_MASTER_PROJECT AND NOT DEFINED CMAKE_CXX_VISIBILITY_PRESET)
+  set_verbose(CMAKE_CXX_VISIBILITY_PRESET hidden CACHE STRING
+              "Preset for the export of private symbols")
+  set_property(CACHE CMAKE_CXX_VISIBILITY_PRESET PROPERTY STRINGS
+               hidden default)
+endif ()
+
+if (FMT_MASTER_PROJECT AND NOT DEFINED CMAKE_VISIBILITY_INLINES_HIDDEN)
+  set_verbose(CMAKE_VISIBILITY_INLINES_HIDDEN ON CACHE BOOL
+              "Whether to add a compile flag to hide symbols of inline functions")
+endif ()
+
+if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "GNU")
+  set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS -pedantic-errors -Wall -Wextra -pedantic
+      -Wold-style-cast -Wundef
+      -Wredundant-decls -Wwrite-strings -Wpointer-arith
+      -Wcast-qual -Wformat=2 -Wmissing-include-dirs
+      -Wcast-align
+      -Wctor-dtor-privacy -Wdisabled-optimization
+      -Winvalid-pch -Woverloaded-virtual
+      -Wconversion -Wundef
+      -Wno-ctor-dtor-privacy -Wno-format-nonliteral)
+  if (NOT CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_LESS 4.6)
+      set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS}
+         -Wno-dangling-else -Wno-unused-local-typedefs)
+  endif ()
+  if (NOT CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_LESS 5.0)
+      set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS} -Wdouble-promotion
+          -Wtrampolines -Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant -Wuseless-cast
+          -Wvector-operation-performance -Wsized-deallocation -Wshadow)
+  endif ()
+  if (NOT CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_LESS 6.0)
+      set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS} -Wshift-overflow=2
+          -Wnull-dereference -Wduplicated-cond)
+  endif ()
+  set(WERROR_FLAG -Werror)
+endif ()
+
+if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "Clang")
+  set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS -Wall -Wextra -pedantic -Wconversion -Wundef
+      -Wdeprecated -Wweak-vtables -Wshadow
+      -Wno-gnu-zero-variadic-macro-arguments)
+  check_cxx_compiler_flag(-Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant HAS_NULLPTR_WARNING)
+  if (HAS_NULLPTR_WARNING)
+    set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS}
+        -Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant)
+  endif ()
+  set(WERROR_FLAG -Werror)
+endif ()
+
+if (MSVC)
+  set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS /W3)
+  set(WERROR_FLAG /WX)
+endif ()
+
+if (FMT_MASTER_PROJECT AND CMAKE_GENERATOR MATCHES "Visual Studio")
+  # If Microsoft SDK is installed create script run-msbuild.bat that
+  # calls SetEnv.cmd to set up build environment and runs msbuild.
+  # It is useful when building Visual Studio projects with the SDK
+  # toolchain rather than Visual Studio.
+  include(FindSetEnv)
+  if (WINSDK_SETENV)
+    set(MSBUILD_SETUP "call \"${WINSDK_SETENV}\"")
+  endif ()
+  # Set FrameworkPathOverride to get rid of MSB3644 warnings.
+  join(netfxpath
+       "C:\\Program Files\\Reference Assemblies\\Microsoft\\Framework\\"
+       ".NETFramework\\v4.0")
+  file(WRITE run-msbuild.bat "
+    ${MSBUILD_SETUP}
+    ${CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM} -p:FrameworkPathOverride=\"${netfxpath}\" %*")
+endif ()
+
+function(add_headers VAR)
+  set(headers ${${VAR}})
+  foreach (header ${ARGN})
+    set(headers ${headers} include/fmt/${header})
+  endforeach()
+  set(${VAR} ${headers} PARENT_SCOPE)
+endfunction()
+
+# Define the fmt library, its includes and the needed defines.
+add_headers(FMT_HEADERS args.h chrono.h color.h compile.h core.h format.h
+                        format-inl.h os.h ostream.h printf.h ranges.h std.h
+                        xchar.h)
+set(FMT_SOURCES src/format.cc)
+if (FMT_OS)
+  set(FMT_SOURCES ${FMT_SOURCES} src/os.cc)
+endif ()
+
+add_module_library(fmt src/fmt.cc FALLBACK
+                   ${FMT_SOURCES} ${FMT_HEADERS} README.md ChangeLog.md
+                   IF FMT_MODULE)
+add_library(fmt::fmt ALIAS fmt)
+if (FMT_MODULE)
+  enable_module(fmt)
+endif ()
+
+if (FMT_WERROR)
+  target_compile_options(fmt PRIVATE ${WERROR_FLAG})
+endif ()
+if (FMT_PEDANTIC)
+  target_compile_options(fmt PRIVATE ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS})
+endif ()
+
+if (cxx_std_11 IN_LIST CMAKE_CXX_COMPILE_FEATURES)
+  target_compile_features(fmt PUBLIC cxx_std_11)
+else ()
+  message(WARNING "Feature cxx_std_11 is unknown for the CXX compiler")
+endif ()
+
+target_include_directories(fmt ${FMT_SYSTEM_HEADERS_ATTRIBUTE} PUBLIC
+  $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include>
+  $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:${FMT_INC_DIR}>)
+
+set(FMT_DEBUG_POSTFIX d CACHE STRING "Debug library postfix.")
+
+set_target_properties(fmt PROPERTIES
+  VERSION ${FMT_VERSION} SOVERSION ${CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MAJOR}
+  PUBLIC_HEADER "${FMT_HEADERS}"
+  DEBUG_POSTFIX "${FMT_DEBUG_POSTFIX}"
+
+  # Workaround for Visual Studio 2017:
+  # Ensure the .pdb is created with the same name and in the same directory
+  # as the .lib. Newer VS versions already do this by default, but there is no
+  # harm in setting it for those too. Ignored by other generators.
+  COMPILE_PDB_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}"
+  COMPILE_PDB_NAME "fmt"
+  COMPILE_PDB_NAME_DEBUG "fmt${FMT_DEBUG_POSTFIX}")
+
+# Set FMT_LIB_NAME for pkg-config fmt.pc. We cannot use the OUTPUT_NAME target
+# property because it's not set by default.
+set(FMT_LIB_NAME fmt)
+if (CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug")
+  set(FMT_LIB_NAME ${FMT_LIB_NAME}${FMT_DEBUG_POSTFIX})
+endif ()
+
+if (BUILD_SHARED_LIBS)
+  target_compile_definitions(fmt PRIVATE FMT_LIB_EXPORT INTERFACE FMT_SHARED)
+endif ()
+if (FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST)
+  target_compile_definitions(fmt PUBLIC FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST)
+endif ()
+
+add_library(fmt-header-only INTERFACE)
+add_library(fmt::fmt-header-only ALIAS fmt-header-only)
+
+target_compile_definitions(fmt-header-only INTERFACE FMT_HEADER_ONLY=1)
+target_compile_features(fmt-header-only INTERFACE cxx_std_11)
+
+target_include_directories(fmt-header-only
+  ${FMT_SYSTEM_HEADERS_ATTRIBUTE} INTERFACE
+  $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include>
+  $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:${FMT_INC_DIR}>)
+
+# Install targets.
+if (FMT_INSTALL)
+  include(CMakePackageConfigHelpers)
+  set_verbose(FMT_CMAKE_DIR ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/cmake/fmt CACHE STRING
+              "Installation directory for cmake files, a relative path that "
+              "will be joined with ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX} or an absolute "
+              "path.")
+  set(version_config ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/fmt-config-version.cmake)
+  set(project_config ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/fmt-config.cmake)
+  set(pkgconfig ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/fmt.pc)
+  set(targets_export_name fmt-targets)
+
+  set_verbose(FMT_LIB_DIR ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR} CACHE STRING
+              "Installation directory for libraries, a relative path that "
+              "will be joined to ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX} or an absolute path.")
+
+  set_verbose(FMT_PKGCONFIG_DIR ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/pkgconfig CACHE STRING
+              "Installation directory for pkgconfig (.pc) files, a relative "
+              "path that will be joined with ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX} or an "
+              "absolute path.")
+
+  # Generate the version, config and target files into the build directory.
+  write_basic_package_version_file(
+    ${version_config}
+    VERSION ${FMT_VERSION}
+    COMPATIBILITY AnyNewerVersion)
+
+  join_paths(libdir_for_pc_file "\${exec_prefix}" "${FMT_LIB_DIR}")
+  join_paths(includedir_for_pc_file "\${prefix}" "${FMT_INC_DIR}")
+
+  configure_file(
+    "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/support/cmake/fmt.pc.in"
+    "${pkgconfig}"
+    @ONLY)
+  configure_package_config_file(
+    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/support/cmake/fmt-config.cmake.in
+    ${project_config}
+    INSTALL_DESTINATION ${FMT_CMAKE_DIR})
+
+  set(INSTALL_TARGETS fmt fmt-header-only)
+
+  # Install the library and headers.
+  install(TARGETS ${INSTALL_TARGETS} EXPORT ${targets_export_name}
+          LIBRARY DESTINATION ${FMT_LIB_DIR}
+          ARCHIVE DESTINATION ${FMT_LIB_DIR}
+          PUBLIC_HEADER DESTINATION "${FMT_INC_DIR}/fmt"
+          RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR})
+
+  # Use a namespace because CMake provides better diagnostics for namespaced
+  # imported targets.
+  export(TARGETS ${INSTALL_TARGETS} NAMESPACE fmt::
+         FILE ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/${targets_export_name}.cmake)
+
+  # Install version, config and target files.
+  install(
+    FILES ${project_config} ${version_config}
+    DESTINATION ${FMT_CMAKE_DIR})
+  install(EXPORT ${targets_export_name} DESTINATION ${FMT_CMAKE_DIR}
+          NAMESPACE fmt::)
+
+  install(FILES "${pkgconfig}" DESTINATION "${FMT_PKGCONFIG_DIR}")
+endif ()
+
+if (FMT_DOC)
+  add_subdirectory(doc)
+endif ()
+
+if (FMT_TEST)
+  enable_testing()
+  add_subdirectory(test)
+endif ()
+
+# Control fuzzing independent of the unit tests.
+if (FMT_FUZZ)
+  add_subdirectory(test/fuzzing)
+
+  # The FMT_FUZZ macro is used to prevent resource exhaustion in fuzzing
+  # mode and make fuzzing practically possible. It is similar to
+  # FUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION but uses a different name to
+  # avoid interfering with fuzzing of projects that use {fmt}.
+  # See also https://llvm.org/docs/LibFuzzer.html#fuzzer-friendly-build-mode.
+  target_compile_definitions(fmt PUBLIC FMT_FUZZ)
+endif ()
+
+set(gitignore ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/.gitignore)
+if (FMT_MASTER_PROJECT AND EXISTS ${gitignore})
+  # Get the list of ignored files from .gitignore.
+  file (STRINGS ${gitignore} lines)
+  list(REMOVE_ITEM lines /doc/html)
+  foreach (line ${lines})
+    string(REPLACE "." "[.]" line "${line}")
+    string(REPLACE "*" ".*" line "${line}")
+    set(ignored_files ${ignored_files} "${line}$" "${line}/")
+  endforeach ()
+  set(ignored_files ${ignored_files}
+    /.git /breathe /format-benchmark sphinx/ .buildinfo .doctrees)
+
+  set(CPACK_SOURCE_GENERATOR ZIP)
+  set(CPACK_SOURCE_IGNORE_FILES ${ignored_files})
+  set(CPACK_SOURCE_PACKAGE_FILE_NAME fmt-${FMT_VERSION})
+  set(CPACK_PACKAGE_NAME fmt)
+  set(CPACK_RESOURCE_FILE_README ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/README.md)
+  include(CPack)
+endif ()
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/CONTRIBUTING.md b/c/vendor/fmt/CONTRIBUTING.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b82f145069
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+Contributing to {fmt}
+=====================
+
+By submitting a pull request or a patch, you represent that you have the right
+to license your contribution to the {fmt} project owners and the community,
+agree that your contributions are licensed under the {fmt} license, and agree
+to future changes to the licensing.
+
+All C++ code must adhere to [Google C++ Style Guide](
+https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html) with the following
+exceptions:
+
+* Exceptions are permitted
+* snake_case should be used instead of UpperCamelCase for function and type
+  names
+
+All documentation must adhere to the [Google Developer Documentation Style
+Guide](https://developers.google.com/style).
+
+Thanks for contributing!
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/ChangeLog.md b/c/vendor/fmt/ChangeLog.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..515f9fdc1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/ChangeLog.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5533 @@
+# 10.2.1 - 2024-01-03
+
+-   Fixed ABI compatibility with earlier 10.x versions
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3786). Thanks @saraedum.
+
+# 10.2.0 - 2024-01-01
+
+-   Added support for the `%j` specifier (the number of days) for
+    `std::chrono::duration` (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3643,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3732). Thanks @intelfx.
+
+-   Added support for the chrono suffix for days and changed
+    the suffix for minutes from "m" to the correct "min"
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3662,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3664).
+    For example ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/9KhMnq9ba)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("{}\n", std::chrono::days(42)); // prints "42d"
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @Richardk2n.
+
+-   Fixed an overflow in `std::chrono::time_point` formatting with large dates
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3725,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3727). Thanks @cschreib.
+
+-   Added a formatter for `std::source_location`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3730).
+    For example ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/YajfKjhhr)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <source_location>
+    #include <fmt/std.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("{}\n", std::source_location::current());
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints
+
+    ```
+    /app/example.cpp:5:51: int main()
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @felix642.
+
+-   Added a formatter for `std::bitset`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3660).
+    For example ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/bdEaGeYxe)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <bitset>
+    #include <fmt/std.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("{}\n", std::bitset<6>(42)); // prints "101010"
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @muggenhor.
+
+-   Added an experimental `nested_formatter` that provides an easy way of
+    applying a formatter to one or more subobjects while automatically handling
+    width, fill and alignment. For example:
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+    struct point {
+      double x, y;
+    };
+
+    template <>
+    struct fmt::formatter<point> : nested_formatter<double> {
+      auto format(point p, format_context& ctx) const {
+        return write_padded(ctx, [=](auto out) {
+          return format_to(out, "({}, {})", nested(p.x), nested(p.y));
+        });
+      }
+    };
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("[{:>20.2f}]", point{1, 2});
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints
+
+    ```
+    [          (1.00, 2.00)]
+    ```
+
+-   Added the generic representation (`g`) to `std::filesystem::path`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3715,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3729). For example:
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <filesystem>
+    #include <fmt/std.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("{:g}\n", std::filesystem::path("C:\\foo"));
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints `"C:/foo"` on Windows.
+
+    Thanks @js324.
+
+-   Made `format_as` work with references
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3739). Thanks @tchaikov.
+
+-   Fixed formatting of invalid UTF-8 with precision
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3284).
+
+-   Fixed an inconsistency between `fmt::to_string` and `fmt::format`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3684).
+
+-   Disallowed unsafe uses of `fmt::styled`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3625):
+
+    ```c++
+    auto s = fmt::styled(std::string("dangle"), fmt::emphasis::bold);
+    fmt::print("{}\n", s); // compile error
+    ```
+
+    Pass `fmt::styled(...)` as a parameter instead.
+
+-   Added a null check when formatting a C string with the `s` specifier
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3706).
+
+-   Disallowed the `c` specifier for `bool`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3726,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3734). Thanks @js324.
+
+-   Made the default formatting unlocalized in `fmt::ostream_formatter` for
+    consistency with the rest of the library
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3460).
+
+-   Fixed localized formatting in bases other than decimal
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3693,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3750). Thanks @js324.
+
+-   Fixed a performance regression in experimental `fmt::ostream::print`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3674).
+
+-   Added synchronization with the underlying output stream when writing to
+    the Windows console
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3668,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3688,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3689).
+    Thanks @Roman-Koshelev and @dimztimz.
+
+-   Changed to only export `format_error` when {fmt} is built as a shared
+    library (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3626,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3627). Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Made `fmt::streamed` `constexpr`.
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3650). Thanks @muggenhor.
+
+-   Enabled `consteval` on older versions of MSVC
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3757). Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Added an option to build without `wchar_t` support on Windows
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3631,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3636). Thanks @glebm.
+
+-   Improved build and CI configuration
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3679,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3701,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3702,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3749).
+    Thanks @jcar87, @pklima and @tchaikov.
+
+-   Fixed various warnings, compilation and test issues
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3607,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3610,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3624,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3630,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3634,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3638,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3645,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3646,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3647,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3652,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3654,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3663,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3670,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3680,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3694,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3695,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3699,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3705,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3710,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3712,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3713,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3714,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3716,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3723,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3738,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3740,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3741,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3743,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3745,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3747,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3748,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3751,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3754,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3755,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3760,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3762,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3763,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3764,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3774,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3779).
+    Thanks @danakj, @vinayyadav3016, @cyyever, @phprus, @qimiko, @saschasc,
+    @gsjaardema, @lazka, @Zhaojun-Liu, @carlsmedstad, @hotwatermorning,
+    @cptFracassa, @kuguma, @PeterJohnson, @H1X4Dev, @asantoni, @eltociear,
+    @msimberg, @tchaikov, @waywardmonkeys.
+
+-   Improved documentation and README
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2086,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3637,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3642,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3653,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3655,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3661,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3673,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3677,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3737,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3742,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3744).
+    Thanks @idzm, @perlun, @joycebrum, @fennewald, @reinhardt1053, @GeorgeLS.
+
+-   Updated CI dependencies
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3615,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3622,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3623,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3666,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3696,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3697,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3759,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3782).
+
+# 10.1.1 - 2023-08-28
+
+-   Added formatters for `std::atomic` and `atomic_flag`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3574,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3594).
+    Thanks @wangzw and @AlexGuteniev.
+-   Fixed an error about partial specialization of `formatter<string>`
+    after instantiation when compiled with gcc and C++20
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3584).
+-   Fixed compilation as a C++20 module with gcc and clang
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3587,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3597,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3605).
+    Thanks @MathewBensonCode.
+-   Made `fmt::to_string` work with types that have `format_as`
+    overloads (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3575). Thanks @phprus.
+-   Made `formatted_size` work with integral format specifiers at
+    compile time (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3591).
+    Thanks @elbeno.
+-   Fixed a warning about the `no_unique_address` attribute on clang-cl
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3599). Thanks @lukester1975.
+-   Improved compatibility with the legacy GBK encoding
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3598,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3599). Thanks @YuHuanTin.
+-   Added OpenSSF Scorecard analysis
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3530,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3571). Thanks @joycebrum.
+-   Updated CI dependencies
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3591,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3592,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3593,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3602).
+
+# 10.1.0 - 2023-08-12
+
+-   Optimized format string compilation resulting in up to 40% speed up
+    in compiled `format_to` and \~4x speed up in compiled `format_to_n`
+    on a concatenation benchmark
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3133,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3484).
+
+    {fmt} 10.0:
+
+        ---------------------------------------------------------
+        Benchmark               Time             CPU   Iterations
+        ---------------------------------------------------------
+        BM_format_to         78.9 ns         78.9 ns      8881746
+        BM_format_to_n        568 ns          568 ns      1232089
+
+    {fmt} 10.1:
+
+        ---------------------------------------------------------
+        Benchmark               Time             CPU   Iterations
+        ---------------------------------------------------------
+        BM_format_to         54.9 ns         54.9 ns     12727944
+        BM_format_to_n        133 ns          133 ns      5257795
+
+-   Optimized storage of an empty allocator in `basic_memory_buffer`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3485). Thanks @Minty-Meeo.
+
+-   Added formatters for proxy references to elements of
+    `std::vector<bool>` and `std::bitset<N>`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3567,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3570). For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/zYb79Pvn8)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <vector>
+    #include <fmt/std.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      auto v = std::vector<bool>{true};
+      fmt::print("{}", v[0]);
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @phprus and @felix642.
+
+-   Fixed an ambiguous formatter specialization for containers that look
+    like container adaptors such as `boost::flat_set`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3556,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3561). Thanks @5chmidti.
+
+-   Fixed compilation when formatting durations not convertible from
+    `std::chrono::seconds`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3430). Thanks @patlkli.
+
+-   Made the `formatter` specialization for `char*` const-correct
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3432). Thanks @timsong-cpp.
+
+-   Made `{}` and `{:}` handled consistently during compile-time checks
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3526).
+
+-   Disallowed passing temporaries to `make_format_args` to improve API
+    safety by preventing dangling references.
+
+-   Improved the compile-time error for unformattable types
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3478). Thanks @BRevzin.
+
+-   Improved the floating-point formatter
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3448,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3450).
+    Thanks @florimond-collette.
+
+-   Fixed handling of precision for `long double` larger than 64 bits.
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3539,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3564).
+
+-   Made floating-point and chrono tests less platform-dependent
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3337,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3433,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3434). Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Removed the remnants of the Grisu floating-point formatter that has
+    been replaced by Dragonbox in earlier versions.
+
+-   Added `throw_format_error` to the public API
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3551). Thanks @mjerabek.
+
+-   Made `FMT_THROW` assert even if assertions are disabled when
+    compiling with exceptions disabled
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3418,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3439). Thanks @BRevzin.
+
+-   Made `format_as` and `std::filesystem::path` formatter work with
+    exotic code unit types.
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3457,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3476). Thanks @gix and @hmbj.
+
+-   Added support for the `?` format specifier to
+    `std::filesystem::path` and made the default unescaped for
+    consistency with strings.
+
+-   Deprecated the wide stream overload of `printf`.
+
+-   Removed unused `basic_printf_parse_context`.
+
+-   Improved RTTI detection used when formatting exceptions
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3468). Thanks @danakj.
+
+-   Improved compatibility with VxWorks7
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3467). Thanks @wenshan1.
+
+-   Improved documentation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3174,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3423,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3454,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3458,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3461,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3487,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3515).
+    Thanks @zencatalyst, @rlalik and @mikecrowe.
+
+-   Improved build and CI configurations
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3449,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3451,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3452,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3453,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3459,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3481,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3486,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3489,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3496,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3517,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3523,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3563).
+    Thanks @joycebrum, @glebm, @phprus, @petrmanek, @setoye and @abouvier.
+
+-   Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3408,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3424,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3444,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3446,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3475,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3482,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3492,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3493,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3508,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3509,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3533,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3542,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3543,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3540,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3544,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3548,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3549,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3550,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3552).
+    Thanks @adesitter, @hmbj, @Minty-Meeo, @phprus, @TobiSchluter,
+    @kieranclancy, @alexeedm, @jurihock, @Ozomahtli and @razaqq.
+
+# 10.0.0 - 2023-05-09
+
+-   Replaced Grisu with a new floating-point formatting algorithm for
+    given precision (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3262,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2750,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3269,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3276). The new algorithm
+    is based on Dragonbox already used for the shortest representation
+    and gives substantial performance improvement:
+
+    ![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/33922675/211956670-84891a09-6867-47d9-82fc-3230da7abe0f.png)
+
+    -   Red: new algorithm
+    -   Green: new algorithm with `FMT_USE_FULL_CACHE_DRAGONBOX` defined
+        to 1
+    -   Blue: old algorithm
+
+    Thanks @jk-jeon.
+
+-   Replaced `snprintf`-based hex float formatter with an internal
+    implementation (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3179,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3203). This removes the
+    last usage of `s(n)printf` in {fmt}. Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Fixed alignment of floating-point numbers with localization
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3263,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3272). Thanks @ShawnZhong.
+
+-   Made handling of `#` consistent with `std::format`.
+
+-   Improved C++20 module support
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3134,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3254,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3386,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3387,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3388,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3392,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3397,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3399,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3400).
+    Thanks @laitingsheng, @Orvid and @DanielaE.
+    
+-   Switched to the [modules CMake library](https://github.com/vitaut/modules)
+    which allows building {fmt} as a C++20 module with clang:
+
+        CXX=clang++ cmake -DFMT_MODULE=ON .
+        make
+
+-   Made `format_as` work with any user-defined type and not just enums.
+    For example ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/b7rqhq5Kh)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+    struct floaty_mc_floatface {
+      double value;
+    };
+
+    auto format_as(floaty_mc_floatface f) { return f.value; }
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("{:8}\n", floaty_mc_floatface{0.42}); // prints "    0.42"
+    }
+    ```
+
+-   Removed deprecated implicit conversions for enums and conversions to
+    primitive types for compatibility with `std::format` and to prevent
+    potential ODR violations. Use `format_as` instead.
+
+-   Added support for fill, align and width to the time point formatter
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3237,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3260,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3275). For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/rKP6MGz6c)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      // prints "    2023"
+      fmt::print("{:>8%Y}\n", std::chrono::system_clock::now());
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @ShawnZhong.
+
+-   Implemented formatting of subseconds
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2207,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3117,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3115,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3143,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3144,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3349). For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/45738oGEo)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      // prints 01.234567
+      fmt::print("{:%S}\n", std::chrono::microseconds(1234567));
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @patrickroocks @phprus and @BRevzin.
+
+-   Added precision support to `%S`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3148). Thanks @SappyJoy
+
+-   Added support for `std::utc_time`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3098,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3110). Thanks @patrickroocks.
+
+-   Switched formatting of `std::chrono::system_clock` from local time
+    to UTC for compatibility with the standard
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3199,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3230). Thanks @ned14.
+
+-   Added support for `%Ez` and `%Oz` to chrono formatters.
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3220,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3222). Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Improved validation of format specifiers for `std::chrono::duration`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3219,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3232). Thanks @ShawnZhong.
+
+-   Fixed formatting of time points before the epoch
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3117,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3261). For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/f7bcznb3W)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      auto t = std::chrono::system_clock::from_time_t(0) -
+               std::chrono::milliseconds(250);
+      fmt::print("{:%S}\n", t); // prints 59.750000000
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @ShawnZhong.
+
+-   Experimental: implemented glibc extension for padding seconds,
+    minutes and hours
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2959,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3271). Thanks @ShawnZhong.
+
+-   Added a formatter for `std::exception`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2977,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3012,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3062,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3076,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3119). For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/8xoWGs9e4)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/std.h>
+    #include <vector>
+
+    int main() {
+      try {
+        std::vector<bool>().at(0);
+      } catch(const std::exception& e) {
+        fmt::print("{}", e);
+      }
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints:
+
+        vector<bool>::_M_range_check: __n (which is 0) >= this->size() (which is 0)
+
+    on libstdc++. Thanks @zach2good and @phprus.
+
+-   Moved `std::error_code` formatter from `fmt/os.h` to `fmt/std.h`.
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3125). Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Added formatters for standard container adapters:
+    `std::priority_queue`, `std::queue` and `std::stack`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3215,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3279). For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/74h1xY9qK)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/ranges.h>
+    #include <stack>
+    #include <vector>
+
+    int main() {
+      auto s = std::stack<bool, std::vector<bool>>();
+      for (auto b: {true, false, true}) s.push(b);
+      fmt::print("{}\n", s); // prints [true, false, true]
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @ShawnZhong.
+
+-   Added a formatter for `std::optional` to `fmt/std.h`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1367,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3303).
+    Thanks @tom-huntington.
+
+-   Fixed formatting of valueless by exception variants
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3347). Thanks @TheOmegaCarrot.
+
+-   Made `fmt::ptr` accept `unique_ptr` with a custom deleter
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3177). Thanks @hmbj.
+
+-   Fixed formatting of noncopyable ranges and nested ranges of chars
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3158
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3286,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3290). Thanks @BRevzin.
+
+-   Fixed issues with formatting of paths and ranges of paths
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3319,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3321
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3322). Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Improved handling of invalid Unicode in paths.
+
+-   Enabled compile-time checks on Apple clang 14 and later
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3331). Thanks @cloyce.
+
+-   Improved compile-time checks of named arguments
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3105,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3214). Thanks @rbrich.
+
+-   Fixed formatting when both alignment and `0` are given
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3236,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3248). Thanks @ShawnZhong.
+
+-   Improved Unicode support in the experimental file API on Windows
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3234,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3293). Thanks @Fros1er.
+
+-   Unified UTF transcoding
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3416). Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Added support for UTF-8 digit separators via an experimental locale
+    facet (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1861). For
+    example ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/f7bcznb3W)):
+
+    ```c++
+    auto loc = std::locale(
+      std::locale(), new fmt::format_facet<std::locale>("’"));
+    auto s = fmt::format(loc, "{:L}", 1000);
+    ```
+
+    where `’` is U+2019 used as a digit separator in the de_CH locale.
+
+-   Added an overload of `formatted_size` that takes a locale
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3084,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3087). Thanks @gerboengels.
+
+-   Removed the deprecated `FMT_DEPRECATED_OSTREAM`.
+
+-   Fixed a UB when using a null `std::string_view` with
+    `fmt::to_string` or format string compilation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3241,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3244). Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Added `starts_with` to the fallback `string_view` implementation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3080). Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Added `fmt::basic_format_string::get()` for compatibility with
+    `basic_format_string`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3111). Thanks @huangqinjin.
+
+-   Added `println` for compatibility with C++23
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3267). Thanks @ShawnZhong.
+
+-   Renamed the `FMT_EXPORT` macro for shared library usage to
+    `FMT_LIB_EXPORT`.
+
+-   Improved documentation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3108,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3169,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3243).
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3404).
+    Thanks @Cleroth and @Vertexwahn.
+
+-   Improved build configuration and tests
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3118,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3120,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3188,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3189,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3198,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3205,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3207,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3210,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3240,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3256,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3264,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3299,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3302,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3312,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3317,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3328,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3333,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3369,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3373,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3395,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3406,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3411).
+    Thanks @dimztimz, @phprus, @DavidKorczynski, @ChrisThrasher,
+    @FrancoisCarouge, @kennyweiss, @luzpaz, @codeinred, @Mixaill, @joycebrum,
+    @kevinhwang and @Vertexwahn.
+
+-   Fixed a regression in handling empty format specifiers after a colon
+    (`{:}`) (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3086). Thanks @oxidase.
+
+-   Worked around a broken implementation of
+    `std::is_constant_evaluated` in some versions of libstdc++ on clang
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3247,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3281). Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Fixed formatting of volatile variables
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3068).
+
+-   Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3057,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3066,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3072,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3082,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3091,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3092,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3093,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3095,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3096,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3097,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3128,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3129,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3137,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3139,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3140,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3142,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3149,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3150,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3154,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3163,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3178,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3184,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3196,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3204,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3206,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3208,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3213,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3216,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3224,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3226,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3228,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3229,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3259,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3274,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3287,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3288,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3292,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3295,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3296,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3298,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3325,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3326,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3334,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3342,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3343,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3351,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3352,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3362,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3365,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3366,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3374,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3377,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3378,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3381,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3398,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3413,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3415).
+    Thanks @phprus, @gsjaardema, @NewbieOrange, @EngineLessCC, @asmaloney,
+    @HazardyKnusperkeks, @sergiud, @Youw, @thesmurph, @czudziakm,
+    @Roman-Koshelev, @chronoxor, @ShawnZhong, @russelltg, @glebm, @tmartin-gh,
+    @Zhaojun-Liu, @louiswins and @mogemimi.
+
+# 9.1.0 - 2022-08-27
+
+-   `fmt::formatted_size` now works at compile time
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3026). For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/1MW5rMdf8)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      using namespace fmt::literals;
+      constexpr size_t n = fmt::formatted_size("{}"_cf, 42);
+      fmt::print("{}\n", n); // prints 2
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @marksantaniello.
+
+-   Fixed handling of invalid UTF-8
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3038,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3044,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3056).
+    Thanks @phprus and @skeeto.
+
+-   Improved Unicode support in `ostream` overloads of `print`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2994,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3001,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3025). Thanks @dimztimz.
+
+-   Fixed handling of the sign specifier in localized formatting on
+    systems with 32-bit `wchar_t`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3041).
+
+-   Added support for wide streams to `fmt::streamed`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2994). Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Added the `n` specifier that disables the output of delimiters when
+    formatting ranges (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2981,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2983). For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/roKqGdj8c)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/ranges.h>
+    #include <vector>
+
+    int main() {
+      auto v = std::vector{1, 2, 3};
+      fmt::print("{:n}\n", v); // prints 1, 2, 3
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @BRevzin.
+
+-   Worked around problematic `std::string_view` constructors introduced
+    in C++23 (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3030,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3050). Thanks @strega-nil-ms.
+
+-   Improve handling (exclusion) of recursive ranges
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2968,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2974). Thanks @Dani-Hub.
+
+-   Improved error reporting in format string compilation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3055).
+
+-   Improved the implementation of
+    [Dragonbox](https://github.com/jk-jeon/dragonbox), the algorithm
+    used for the default floating-point formatting
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2984). Thanks @jk-jeon.
+
+-   Fixed issues with floating-point formatting on exotic platforms.
+
+-   Improved the implementation of chrono formatting
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3010). Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Improved documentation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2966,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3009,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3020,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3037).
+    Thanks @mwinterb, @jcelerier and @remiburtin.
+
+-   Improved build configuration
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2991,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2995,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3004,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3007,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3040).
+    Thanks @dimztimz and @hwhsu1231.
+
+-   Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2969,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2971,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2975,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2982,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2985,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2988,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2989,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3000,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3006,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3014,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3015,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3021,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3023,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3024,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3029,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3043,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3052,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3053,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/3054).
+    Thanks @h-friederich, @dimztimz, @olupton, @bernhardmgruber and @phprus.
+
+# 9.0.0 - 2022-07-04
+
+-   Switched to the internal floating point formatter for all decimal
+    presentation formats. In particular this results in consistent
+    rounding on all platforms and removing the `s[n]printf` fallback for
+    decimal FP formatting.
+
+-   Compile-time floating point formatting no longer requires the
+    header-only mode. For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/G37PTeG3b)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <array>
+    #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+    consteval auto compile_time_dtoa(double value) -> std::array<char, 10> {
+      auto result = std::array<char, 10>();
+      fmt::format_to(result.data(), FMT_COMPILE("{}"), value);
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto answer = compile_time_dtoa(0.42);
+    ```
+
+    works with the default settings.
+
+-   Improved the implementation of
+    [Dragonbox](https://github.com/jk-jeon/dragonbox), the algorithm
+    used for the default floating-point formatting
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2713,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2750). Thanks @jk-jeon.
+
+-   Made `fmt::to_string` work with `__float128`. This uses the internal
+    FP formatter and works even on system without `__float128` support
+    in `[s]printf`.
+
+-   Disabled automatic `std::ostream` insertion operator (`operator<<`)
+    discovery when `fmt/ostream.h` is included to prevent ODR
+    violations. You can get the old behavior by defining
+    `FMT_DEPRECATED_OSTREAM` but this will be removed in the next major
+    release. Use `fmt::streamed` or `fmt::ostream_formatter` to enable
+    formatting via `std::ostream` instead.
+
+-   Added `fmt::ostream_formatter` that can be used to write `formatter`
+    specializations that perform formatting via `std::ostream`. For
+    example ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/5sEc5qMsf)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/ostream.h>
+
+    struct date {
+      int year, month, day;
+
+      friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const date& d) {
+        return os << d.year << '-' << d.month << '-' << d.day;
+      }
+    };
+
+    template <> struct fmt::formatter<date> : ostream_formatter {};
+
+    std::string s = fmt::format("The date is {}", date{2012, 12, 9});
+    // s == "The date is 2012-12-9"
+    ```
+
+-   Added the `fmt::streamed` function that takes an object and formats
+    it via `std::ostream`. For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/5G3346G1f)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <thread>
+    #include <fmt/ostream.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("Current thread id: {}\n",
+                 fmt::streamed(std::this_thread::get_id()));
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Note that `fmt/std.h` provides a `formatter` specialization for
+    `std::thread::id` so you don\'t need to format it via
+    `std::ostream`.
+
+-   Deprecated implicit conversions of unscoped enums to integers for
+    consistency with scoped enums.
+
+-   Added an argument-dependent lookup based `format_as` extension API
+    to simplify formatting of enums.
+
+-   Added experimental `std::variant` formatting support
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2941). For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/KG9z6cq68)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <variant>
+    #include <fmt/std.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      auto v = std::variant<int, std::string>(42);
+      fmt::print("{}\n", v);
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints:
+
+        variant(42)
+
+    Thanks @jehelset.
+
+-   Added experimental `std::filesystem::path` formatting support
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2865,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2902,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2917,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2918). For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/o44dMexEb)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <filesystem>
+    #include <fmt/std.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("There is no place like {}.", std::filesystem::path("/home"));
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints:
+
+        There is no place like "/home".
+
+    Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Added a `std::thread::id` formatter to `fmt/std.h`. For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/j1azbYf3E)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <thread>
+    #include <fmt/std.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("Current thread id: {}\n", std::this_thread::get_id());
+    }
+    ```
+
+-   Added `fmt::styled` that applies a text style to an individual
+    argument (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2793). For
+    example ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/vWGW7v5M6)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+    #include <fmt/color.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      auto now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+      fmt::print(
+        "[{}] {}: {}\n",
+        fmt::styled(now, fmt::emphasis::bold),
+        fmt::styled("error", fg(fmt::color::red)),
+        "something went wrong");
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints
+
+    ![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/175071215-12809244-dab0-4005-96d8-7cd911c964d5.png)
+
+    Thanks @rbrugo.
+
+-   Made `fmt::print` overload for text styles correctly handle UTF-8
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2681,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2701). Thanks @AlexGuteniev.
+
+-   Fixed Unicode handling when writing to an ostream.
+
+-   Added support for nested specifiers to range formatting
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2673). For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/xd3Gj38cf)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <vector>
+    #include <fmt/ranges.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("{::#x}\n", std::vector{10, 20, 30});
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints `[0xa, 0x14, 0x1e]`.
+
+    Thanks @BRevzin.
+
+-   Implemented escaping of wide strings in ranges
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2904). Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Added support for ranges with `begin` / `end` found via the
+    argument-dependent lookup
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2807). Thanks @rbrugo.
+
+-   Fixed formatting of certain kinds of ranges of ranges
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2787). Thanks @BRevzin.
+
+-   Fixed handling of maps with element types other than `std::pair`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2944). Thanks @BrukerJWD.
+
+-   Made tuple formatter enabled only if elements are formattable
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2939,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2940). Thanks @jehelset.
+
+-   Made `fmt::join` compatible with format string compilation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2719,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2720). Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Made compile-time checks work with named arguments of custom types
+    and `std::ostream` `print` overloads
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2816,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2817,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2819). Thanks @timsong-cpp.
+
+-   Removed `make_args_checked` because it is no longer needed for
+    compile-time checks
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2760). Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Removed the following deprecated APIs: `_format`, `arg_join`, the
+    `format_to` overload that takes a memory buffer, `[v]fprintf` that
+    takes an `ostream`.
+
+-   Removed the deprecated implicit conversion of `[const] signed char*`
+    and `[const] unsigned char*` to C strings.
+
+-   Removed the deprecated `fmt/locale.h`.
+
+-   Replaced the deprecated `fileno()` with `descriptor()` in
+    `buffered_file`.
+
+-   Moved `to_string_view` to the `detail` namespace since it\'s an
+    implementation detail.
+
+-   Made access mode of a created file consistent with `fopen` by
+    setting `S_IWGRP` and `S_IWOTH`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2733). Thanks @arogge.
+
+-   Removed a redundant buffer resize when formatting to `std::ostream`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2842,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2843). Thanks @jcelerier.
+
+-   Made precision computation for strings consistent with width
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2888).
+
+-   Fixed handling of locale separators in floating point formatting
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2830).
+
+-   Made sign specifiers work with `__int128_t`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2773).
+
+-   Improved support for systems such as CHERI with extra data stored in
+    pointers (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2932).
+    Thanks @davidchisnall.
+
+-   Improved documentation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2706,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2712,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2789,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2803,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2805,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2815,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2924).
+    Thanks @BRevzin, @Pokechu22, @setoye, @rtobar, @rbrugo, @anoonD and
+    @leha-bot.
+
+-   Improved build configuration
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2766,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2772,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2836,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2852,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2907,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2913,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2914).
+    Thanks @kambala-decapitator, @mattiasljungstrom, @kieselnb, @nathannaveen
+    and @Vertexwahn.
+
+-   Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2408,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2507,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2697,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2715,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2717,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2722,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2724,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2725,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2726,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2728,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2732,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2738,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2742,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2744,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2745,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2746,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2754,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2755,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2757,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2758,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2761,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2762,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2763,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2765,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2769,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2770,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2771,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2777,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2779,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2782,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2783,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2794,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2796,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2797,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2801,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2802,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2808,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2818,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2819,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2829,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2835,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2848,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2860,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2861,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2882,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2886,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2891,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2892,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2895,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2896,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2903,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2906,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2908,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2909,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2920,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2922,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2927,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2929,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2936,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2937,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2938,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2951,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2954,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2957,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2958,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2960).
+    Thanks @matrackif @Tobi823, @ivan-volnov, @VasiliPupkin256,
+    @federico-busato, @barcharcraz, @jk-jeon, @HazardyKnusperkeks, @dalboris,
+    @seanm, @gsjaardema, @timsong-cpp, @seanm, @frithrah, @chronoxor, @Agga,
+    @madmaxoft, @JurajX, @phprus and @Dani-Hub.
+
+# 8.1.1 - 2022-01-06
+
+-   Restored ABI compatibility with version 8.0.x
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2695,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2696). Thanks @saraedum.
+-   Fixed chrono formatting on big endian systems
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2698,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2699).
+    Thanks @phprus and @xvitaly.
+-   Fixed a linkage error with mingw
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2691,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2692). Thanks @rbberger.
+
+# 8.1.0 - 2022-01-02
+
+-   Optimized chrono formatting
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2500,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2537,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2541,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2544,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2550,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2551,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2576,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2577,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2586,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2591,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2594,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2602,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2617,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2628,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2633,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2670,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2671).
+
+    Processing of some specifiers such as `%z` and `%Y` is now up to
+    10-20 times faster, for example on GCC 11 with libstdc++:
+
+        ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+        Benchmark                                  Before             After
+        ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+        FMTFormatter_z                             261 ns             26.3 ns
+        FMTFormatterCompile_z                      246 ns             11.6 ns
+        FMTFormatter_Y                             263 ns             26.1 ns
+        FMTFormatterCompile_Y                      244 ns             10.5 ns
+        ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    Thanks @phprus and @toughengineer.
+
+-   Implemented subsecond formatting for chrono durations
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2623). For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/es7vWTETe)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("{:%S}", std::chrono::milliseconds(1234));
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints \"01.234\".
+
+    Thanks @matrackif.
+
+-   Fixed handling of precision 0 when formatting chrono durations
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2587,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2588). Thanks @lukester1975.
+
+-   Fixed an overflow on invalid inputs in the `tm` formatter
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2564). Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Added `fmt::group_digits` that formats integers with a non-localized
+    digit separator (comma) for groups of three digits. For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/TxGxG9Poq)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("{} dollars", fmt::group_digits(1000000));
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints \"1,000,000 dollars\".
+
+-   Added support for faint, conceal, reverse and blink text styles
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2394):
+
+    <https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/147710227-c68f5317-f8fa-42c3-9123-7c4ba3c398cb.mp4>
+
+    Thanks @benit8 and @data-man.
+
+-   Added experimental support for compile-time floating point
+    formatting (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2426,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2470). It is currently
+    limited to the header-only mode. Thanks @alexezeder.
+
+-   Added UDL-based named argument support to compile-time format string
+    checks (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2640,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2649). For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/ohGbbvonv)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      using namespace fmt::literals;
+      fmt::print("{answer:s}", "answer"_a=42);
+    }
+    ```
+
+    gives a compile-time error on compilers with C++20 `consteval` and
+    non-type template parameter support (gcc 10+) because `s` is not a
+    valid format specifier for an integer.
+
+    Thanks @alexezeder.
+
+-   Implemented escaping of string range elements. For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/rKvM1vKf3)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/ranges.h>
+    #include <vector>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("{}", std::vector<std::string>{"\naan"});
+    }
+    ```
+
+    is now printed as:
+
+        ["\naan"]
+
+    instead of:
+
+        ["
+        aan"]
+
+-   Added an experimental `?` specifier for escaping strings.
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2674). Thanks @BRevzin.
+
+-   Switched to JSON-like representation of maps and sets for
+    consistency with Python\'s `str.format`. For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/seKjoY9W5)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/ranges.h>
+    #include <map>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("{}", std::map<std::string, int>{{"answer", 42}});
+    }
+    ```
+
+    is now printed as:
+
+        {"answer": 42}
+
+-   Extended `fmt::join` to support C++20-only ranges
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2549). Thanks @BRevzin.
+
+-   Optimized handling of non-const-iterable ranges and implemented
+    initial support for non-const-formattable types.
+
+-   Disabled implicit conversions of scoped enums to integers that was
+    accidentally introduced in earlier versions
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1841).
+
+-   Deprecated implicit conversion of `[const] signed char*` and
+    `[const] unsigned char*` to C strings.
+
+-   Deprecated `_format`, a legacy UDL-based format API
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2646). Thanks @alexezeder.
+
+-   Marked `format`, `formatted_size` and `to_string` as `[[nodiscard]]`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2612). @0x8000-0000.
+
+-   Added missing diagnostic when trying to format function and member
+    pointers as well as objects convertible to pointers which is
+    explicitly disallowed
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2598,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2609,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2610). Thanks @AlexGuteniev.
+
+-   Optimized writing to a contiguous buffer with `format_to_n`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2489). Thanks @Roman-Koshelev.
+
+-   Optimized writing to non-`char` buffers
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2477). Thanks @Roman-Koshelev.
+
+-   Decimal point is now localized when using the `L` specifier.
+
+-   Improved floating point formatter implementation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2498,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2499). Thanks @Roman-Koshelev.
+
+-   Fixed handling of very large precision in fixed format
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2616).
+
+-   Made a table of cached powers used in FP formatting static
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2509). Thanks @jk-jeon.
+
+-   Resolved a lookup ambiguity with C++20 format-related functions due
+    to ADL (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2639,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2641). Thanks @mkurdej.
+
+-   Removed unnecessary inline namespace qualification
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2642,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2643). Thanks @mkurdej.
+
+-   Implemented argument forwarding in `format_to_n`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2462,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2463). Thanks @owent.
+
+-   Fixed handling of implicit conversions in `fmt::to_string` and
+    format string compilation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2565).
+
+-   Changed the default access mode of files created by
+    `fmt::output_file` to `-rw-r--r--` for consistency with `fopen`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2530).
+
+-   Make `fmt::ostream::flush` public
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2435).
+
+-   Improved C++14/17 attribute detection
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2615). Thanks @AlexGuteniev.
+
+-   Improved `consteval` detection for MSVC
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2559). Thanks @DanielaE.
+
+-   Improved documentation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2406,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2446,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2493,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2513,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2515,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2522,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2562,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2575,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2606,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2620,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2676).
+    Thanks @sobolevn, @UnePierre, @zhsj, @phprus, @ericcurtin and @Lounarok.
+
+-   Improved fuzzers and added a fuzzer for chrono timepoint formatting
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2461,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2469). @pauldreik,
+
+-   Added the `FMT_SYSTEM_HEADERS` CMake option setting which marks
+    {fmt}\'s headers as system. It can be used to suppress warnings
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2644,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2651). Thanks @alexezeder.
+
+-   Added the Bazel build system support
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2505,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2516). Thanks @Vertexwahn.
+
+-   Improved build configuration and tests
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2437,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2558,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2648,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2650,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2663,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2677).
+    Thanks @DanielaE, @alexezeder and @phprus.
+
+-   Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2353,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2356,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2399,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2408,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2414,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2427,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2432,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2442,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2434,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2439,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2447,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2450,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2455,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2465,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2472,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2474,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2476,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2478,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2479,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2481,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2482,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2483,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2490,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2491,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2510,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2518,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2528,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2529,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2539,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2540,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2545,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2555,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2557,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2570,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2573,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2582,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2605,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2611,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2647,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2627,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2630,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2635,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2638,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2653,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2654,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2661,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2664,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2684).
+    Thanks @DanielaE, @mwinterb, @cdacamar, @TrebledJ, @bodomartin, @cquammen,
+    @white238, @mmarkeloff, @palacaze, @jcelerier, @mborn-adi, @BrukerJWD,
+    @spyridon97, @phprus, @oliverlee, @joshessman-llnl, @akohlmey, @timkalu,
+    @olupton, @Acretock, @alexezeder, @andrewcorrigan, @lucpelletier and
+    @HazardyKnusperkeks.
+
+# 8.0.1 - 2021-07-02
+
+-   Fixed the version number in the inline namespace
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2374).
+-   Added a missing presentation type check for `std::string`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2402).
+-   Fixed a linkage error when mixing code built with clang and gcc
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2377).
+-   Fixed documentation issues
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2396,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2403,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2406). Thanks @mkurdej.
+-   Removed dead code in FP formatter (
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2398). Thanks @javierhonduco.
+-   Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2351,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2359,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2365,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2368,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2370,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2376,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2381,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2382,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2386,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2389,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2395,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2397,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2400,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2401,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2407).
+    Thanks @zx2c4, @AidanSun05, @mattiasljungstrom, @joemmett, @erengy,
+    @patlkli, @gsjaardema and @phprus.
+
+# 8.0.0 - 2021-06-21
+
+-   Enabled compile-time format string checks by default. For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/sMxcohGjz)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("{:d}", "I am not a number");
+    }
+    ```
+
+    gives a compile-time error on compilers with C++20 `consteval`
+    support (gcc 10+, clang 11+) because `d` is not a valid format
+    specifier for a string.
+
+    To pass a runtime string wrap it in `fmt::runtime`:
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::print(fmt::runtime("{:d}"), "I am not a number");
+    ```
+
+-   Added compile-time formatting
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2019,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2044,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2056,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2072,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2075,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2078,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2129,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2326). For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/Mxx9d89jM)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+    consteval auto compile_time_itoa(int value) -> std::array<char, 10> {
+      auto result = std::array<char, 10>();
+      fmt::format_to(result.data(), FMT_COMPILE("{}"), value);
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    constexpr auto answer = compile_time_itoa(42);
+    ```
+
+    Most of the formatting functionality is available at compile time
+    with a notable exception of floating-point numbers and pointers.
+    Thanks @alexezeder.
+
+-   Optimized handling of format specifiers during format string
+    compilation. For example, hexadecimal formatting (`"{:x}"`) is now
+    3-7x faster than before when using `format_to` with format string
+    compilation and a stack-allocated buffer
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1944).
+
+    Before (7.1.3):
+
+        ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+        Benchmark                                  Time             CPU   Iterations
+        ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+        FMTCompileOld/0                         15.5 ns         15.5 ns     43302898
+        FMTCompileOld/42                        16.6 ns         16.6 ns     43278267
+        FMTCompileOld/273123                    18.7 ns         18.6 ns     37035861
+        FMTCompileOld/9223372036854775807       19.4 ns         19.4 ns     35243000
+        ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    After (8.x):
+
+        ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+        Benchmark                                  Time             CPU   Iterations
+        ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+        FMTCompileNew/0                         1.99 ns         1.99 ns    360523686
+        FMTCompileNew/42                        2.33 ns         2.33 ns    279865664
+        FMTCompileNew/273123                    3.72 ns         3.71 ns    190230315
+        FMTCompileNew/9223372036854775807       5.28 ns         5.26 ns    130711631
+        ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    It is even faster than `std::to_chars` from libc++ compiled with
+    clang on macOS:
+
+        ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+        Benchmark                                  Time             CPU   Iterations
+        ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+        ToChars/0                               4.42 ns         4.41 ns    160196630
+        ToChars/42                              5.00 ns         4.98 ns    140735201
+        ToChars/273123                          7.26 ns         7.24 ns     95784130
+        ToChars/9223372036854775807             8.77 ns         8.75 ns     75872534
+        ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    In other cases, especially involving `std::string` construction, the
+    speed up is usually lower because handling format specifiers takes a
+    smaller fraction of the total time.
+
+-   Added the `_cf` user-defined literal to represent a compiled format
+    string. It can be used instead of the `FMT_COMPILE` macro
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2043,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2242):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+    using namespace fmt::literals;
+    auto s = fmt::format(FMT_COMPILE("{}"), 42); // 🙁 not modern
+    auto s = fmt::format("{}"_cf, 42);           // 🙂 modern as hell
+    ```
+
+    It requires compiler support for class types in non-type template
+    parameters (a C++20 feature) which is available in GCC 9.3+.
+    Thanks @alexezeder.
+
+-   Format string compilation now requires `format` functions of
+    `formatter` specializations for user-defined types to be `const`:
+
+    ```c++
+    template <> struct fmt::formatter<my_type>: formatter<string_view> {
+      template <typename FormatContext>
+      auto format(my_type obj, FormatContext& ctx) const {  // Note const here.
+        // ...
+      }
+    };
+    ```
+
+-   Added UDL-based named argument support to format string compilation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2243,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2281). For example:
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+    using namespace fmt::literals;
+    auto s = fmt::format(FMT_COMPILE("{answer}"), "answer"_a = 42);
+    ```
+
+    Here the argument named \"answer\" is resolved at compile time with
+    no runtime overhead. Thanks @alexezeder.
+
+-   Added format string compilation support to `fmt::print`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2280,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2304). Thanks @alexezeder.
+
+-   Added initial support for compiling {fmt} as a C++20 module
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2235,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2240,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2260,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2282,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2283,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2288,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2298,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2306,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2307,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2309,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2318,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2324,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2332,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2340). Thanks @DanielaE.
+
+-   Made symbols private by default reducing shared library size
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2301). For example
+    there was a \~15% reported reduction on one platform. Thanks @sergiud.
+
+-   Optimized includes making the result of preprocessing `fmt/format.h`
+    \~20% smaller with libstdc++/C++20 and slightly improving build
+    times (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1998).
+
+-   Added support of ranges with non-const `begin` / `end`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1953). Thanks @kitegi.
+
+-   Added support of `std::byte` and other formattable types to
+    `fmt::join` (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1981,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2040,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2050,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2262). For example:
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/format.h>
+    #include <cstddef>
+    #include <vector>
+
+    int main() {
+      auto bytes = std::vector{std::byte(4), std::byte(2)};
+      fmt::print("{}", fmt::join(bytes, ""));
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints \"42\".
+
+    Thanks @kamibo.
+
+-   Implemented the default format for `std::chrono::system_clock`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2319,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2345). For example:
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("{}", std::chrono::system_clock::now());
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints \"2021-06-18 15:22:00\" (the output depends on the current
+    date and time). Thanks @sunmy2019.
+
+-   Made more chrono specifiers locale independent by default. Use the
+    `'L'` specifier to get localized formatting. For example:
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      std::locale::global(std::locale("ru_RU.UTF-8"));
+      auto monday = std::chrono::weekday(1);
+      fmt::print("{}\n", monday);   // prints "Mon"
+      fmt::print("{:L}\n", monday); // prints "пн"
+    }
+    ```
+
+-   Improved locale handling in chrono formatting
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2337,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2349,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2350). Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Deprecated `fmt/locale.h` moving the formatting functions that take
+    a locale to `fmt/format.h` (`char`) and `fmt/xchar` (other
+    overloads). This doesn\'t introduce a dependency on `<locale>` so
+    there is virtually no compile time effect.
+
+-   Deprecated an undocumented `format_to` overload that takes
+    `basic_memory_buffer`.
+
+-   Made parameter order in `vformat_to` consistent with `format_to`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2327).
+
+-   Added support for time points with arbitrary durations
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2208). For example:
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      using tp = std::chrono::time_point<
+        std::chrono::system_clock, std::chrono::seconds>;
+      fmt::print("{:%S}", tp(std::chrono::seconds(42)));
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints \"42\".
+
+-   Formatting floating-point numbers no longer produces trailing zeros
+    by default for consistency with `std::format`. For example:
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("{0:.3}", 1.1);
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints \"1.1\". Use the `'#'` specifier to keep trailing zeros.
+
+-   Dropped a limit on the number of elements in a range and replaced
+    `{}` with `[]` as range delimiters for consistency with Python\'s
+    `str.format`.
+
+-   The `'L'` specifier for locale-specific numeric formatting can now
+    be combined with presentation specifiers as in `std::format`. For
+    example:
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/core.h>
+    #include <locale>
+
+    int main() {
+      std::locale::global(std::locale("fr_FR.UTF-8"));
+      fmt::print("{0:.2Lf}", 0.42);
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints \"0,42\". The deprecated `'n'` specifier has been removed.
+
+-   Made the `0` specifier ignored for infinity and NaN
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2305,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2310). Thanks @Liedtke.
+
+-   Made the hexfloat formatting use the right alignment by default
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2308,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2317). Thanks @Liedtke.
+
+-   Removed the deprecated numeric alignment (`'='`). Use the `'0'`
+    specifier instead.
+
+-   Removed the deprecated `fmt/posix.h` header that has been replaced
+    with `fmt/os.h`.
+
+-   Removed the deprecated `format_to_n_context`, `format_to_n_args` and
+    `make_format_to_n_args`. They have been replaced with
+    `format_context`, `` format_args` and ``make_format_args\`\`
+    respectively.
+
+-   Moved `wchar_t`-specific functions and types to `fmt/xchar.h`. You
+    can define `FMT_DEPRECATED_INCLUDE_XCHAR` to automatically include
+    `fmt/xchar.h` from `fmt/format.h` but this will be disabled in the
+    next major release.
+
+-   Fixed handling of the `'+'` specifier in localized formatting
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2133).
+
+-   Added support for the `'s'` format specifier that gives textual
+    representation of `bool`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2094,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2109). For example:
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("{:s}", true);
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints \"true\". Thanks @powercoderlol.
+
+-   Made `fmt::ptr` work with function pointers
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2131). For example:
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("My main: {}\n", fmt::ptr(main));
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @mikecrowe.
+
+-   The undocumented support for specializing `formatter` for pointer
+    types has been removed.
+
+-   Fixed `fmt::formatted_size` with format string compilation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2141,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2161). Thanks @alexezeder.
+
+-   Fixed handling of empty format strings during format string
+    compilation (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2042):
+
+    ```c++
+    auto s = fmt::format(FMT_COMPILE(""));
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @alexezeder.
+
+-   Fixed handling of enums in `fmt::to_string`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2036).
+
+-   Improved width computation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2033,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2091). For example:
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("{:-<10}{}\n", "你好", "世界");
+      fmt::print("{:-<10}{}\n", "hello", "world");
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints
+
+    ![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/119840373-cea3ca80-beb9-11eb-91e0-54266c48e181.png)
+
+    on a modern terminal.
+
+-   The experimental fast output stream (`fmt::ostream`) is now
+    truncated by default for consistency with `fopen`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2018). For example:
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/os.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::ostream out1 = fmt::output_file("guide");
+      out1.print("Zaphod");
+      out1.close();
+      fmt::ostream out2 = fmt::output_file("guide");
+      out2.print("Ford");
+    }
+    ```
+
+    writes \"Ford\" to the file \"guide\". To preserve the old file
+    content if any pass `fmt::file::WRONLY | fmt::file::CREATE` flags to
+    `fmt::output_file`.
+
+-   Fixed moving of `fmt::ostream` that holds buffered data
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2197,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2198). Thanks @vtta.
+
+-   Replaced the `fmt::system_error` exception with a function of the
+    same name that constructs `std::system_error`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2266).
+
+-   Replaced the `fmt::windows_error` exception with a function of the
+    same name that constructs `std::system_error` with the category
+    returned by `fmt::system_category()`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2274,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2275). The latter is
+    similar to `std::sytem_category` but correctly handles UTF-8.
+    Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Replaced `fmt::error_code` with `std::error_code` and made it
+    formattable (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2269,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2270,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2273). Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Added speech synthesis support
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2206).
+
+-   Made `format_to` work with a memory buffer that has a custom
+    allocator (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2300).
+    Thanks @voxmea.
+
+-   Added `Allocator::max_size` support to `basic_memory_buffer`.
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1960). Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Added wide string support to `fmt::join`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2236). Thanks @crbrz.
+
+-   Made iterators passed to `formatter` specializations via a format
+    context satisfy C++20 `std::output_iterator` requirements
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2156,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2158,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2195,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2204). Thanks @randomnetcat.
+
+-   Optimized the `printf` implementation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1982,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1984,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2016,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2164).
+    Thanks @rimathia and @moiwi.
+
+-   Improved detection of `constexpr` `char_traits`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2246,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2257). Thanks @phprus.
+
+-   Fixed writing to `stdout` when it is redirected to `NUL` on Windows
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2080).
+
+-   Fixed exception propagation from iterators
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2097).
+
+-   Improved `strftime` error handling
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2238,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2244). Thanks @yumeyao.
+
+-   Stopped using deprecated GCC UDL template extension.
+
+-   Added `fmt/args.h` to the install target
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2096).
+
+-   Error messages are now passed to assert when exceptions are disabled
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2145). Thanks @NobodyXu.
+
+-   Added the `FMT_MASTER_PROJECT` CMake option to control build and
+    install targets when {fmt} is included via `add_subdirectory`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2098,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2100).
+    Thanks @randomizedthinking.
+
+-   Improved build configuration
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2026,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2122).
+    Thanks @luncliff and @ibaned.
+
+-   Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1947,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1959,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1963,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1965,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1966,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1974,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1975,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1990,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2000,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2001,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2002,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2004,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2006,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2009,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2010,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2038,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2039,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2047,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2053,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2059,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2065,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2067,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2068,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2073,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2103,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2105,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2106,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2107,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2116,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2117,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2118,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2119,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2127,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2128,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2140,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2142,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2143,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2144,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2147,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2148,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2149,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2152,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2160,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2170,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2175,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2176,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2177,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2178,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2179,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2180,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2181,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2183,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2184,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2185,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2186,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2187,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2190,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2192,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2194,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2205,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2210,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2211,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2215,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2216,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2218,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2220,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2228,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2229,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2230,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2233,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2239,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2248,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2252,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2253,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2255,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2261,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2278,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2284,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2287,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2289,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2290,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2293,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2295,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2296,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2297,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2311,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2313,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2315,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2320,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2321,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2323,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2328,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2329,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2333,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2338,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2341).
+    Thanks @darklukee, @fagg, @killerbot242, @jgopel, @yeswalrus, @Finkman,
+    @HazardyKnusperkeks, @dkavolis, @concatime, @chronoxor, @summivox, @yNeo,
+    @Apache-HB, @alexezeder, @toojays, @Brainy0207, @vadz, @imsherlock, @phprus,
+    @white238, @yafshar, @BillyDonahue, @jstaahl, @denchat, @DanielaE,
+    @ilyakurdyukov, @ilmai, @JessyDL, @sergiud, @mwinterb, @sven-herrmann,
+    @jmelas, @twoixter, @crbrz and @upsj.
+
+-   Improved documentation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1986,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2051,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2057,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2081,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2084,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2312).
+    Thanks @imba-tjd, @0x416c69 and @mordante.
+
+-   Continuous integration and test improvements
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1969,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1991,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2020,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2110,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2114,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2196,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2217,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2247,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2256,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2336,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2346).
+    Thanks @jgopel, @alexezeder and @DanielaE.
+
+# 7.1.3 - 2020-11-24
+
+-   Fixed handling of buffer boundaries in `format_to_n`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1996,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2029).
+-   Fixed linkage errors when linking with a shared library
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2011).
+-   Reintroduced ostream support to range formatters
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2014).
+-   Worked around an issue with mixing std versions in gcc
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2017).
+
+# 7.1.2 - 2020-11-04
+
+-   Fixed floating point formatting with large precision
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1976).
+
+# 7.1.1 - 2020-11-01
+
+-   Fixed ABI compatibility with 7.0.x
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1961).
+-   Added the `FMT_ARM_ABI_COMPATIBILITY` macro to work around ABI
+    incompatibility between GCC and Clang on ARM
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1919).
+-   Worked around a SFINAE bug in GCC 8
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1957).
+-   Fixed linkage errors when building with GCC\'s LTO
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1955).
+-   Fixed a compilation error when building without `__builtin_clz` or
+    equivalent (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1968).
+    Thanks @tohammer.
+-   Fixed a sign conversion warning
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1964). Thanks @OptoCloud.
+
+# 7.1.0 - 2020-10-25
+
+-   Switched from
+    [Grisu3](https://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/cs257/archive/florian-loitsch/printf.pdf)
+    to [Dragonbox](https://github.com/jk-jeon/dragonbox) for the default
+    floating-point formatting which gives the shortest decimal
+    representation with round-trip guarantee and correct rounding
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1882,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1887,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1894). This makes {fmt}
+    up to 20-30x faster than common implementations of
+    `std::ostringstream` and `sprintf` on
+    [dtoa-benchmark](https://github.com/fmtlib/dtoa-benchmark) and
+    faster than double-conversion and Ryū:
+
+    ![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/95684665-11719600-0ba8-11eb-8e5b-972ff4e49428.png)
+
+    It is possible to get even better performance at the cost of larger
+    binary size by compiling with the `FMT_USE_FULL_CACHE_DRAGONBOX`
+    macro set to 1.
+
+    Thanks @jk-jeon.
+
+-   Added an experimental unsynchronized file output API which, together
+    with [format string
+    compilation](https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#compile-api), can give
+    [5-9 times speed up compared to
+    fprintf](https://www.zverovich.net/2020/08/04/optimal-file-buffer-size.html)
+    on common platforms ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/nsTcG8)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/os.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      auto f = fmt::output_file("guide");
+      f.print("The answer is {}.", 42);
+    }
+    ```
+
+-   Added a formatter for `std::chrono::time_point<system_clock>`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1819,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1837). For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/c4M6fh)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      auto now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+      fmt::print("The time is {:%H:%M:%S}.\n", now);
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @adamburgess.
+
+-   Added support for ranges with non-const `begin`/`end` to `fmt::join`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1784,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1786). For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/jP63Tv)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/ranges.h>
+    #include <range/v3/view/filter.hpp>
+
+    int main() {
+      using std::literals::string_literals::operator""s;
+      auto strs = std::array{"a"s, "bb"s, "ccc"s};
+      auto range = strs | ranges::views::filter(
+        [] (const std::string &x) { return x.size() != 2; }
+      );
+      fmt::print("{}\n", fmt::join(range, ""));
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints \"accc\".
+
+    Thanks @tonyelewis.
+
+-   Added a `memory_buffer::append` overload that takes a range
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1806). Thanks @BRevzin.
+
+-   Improved handling of single code units in `FMT_COMPILE`. For
+    example:
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+    char* f(char* buf) {
+      return fmt::format_to(buf, FMT_COMPILE("x{}"), 42);
+    }
+    ```
+
+    compiles to just ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/5vncz3)):
+
+    ```asm
+    _Z1fPc:
+      movb $120, (%rdi)
+      xorl %edx, %edx
+      cmpl $42, _ZN3fmt2v76detail10basic_dataIvE23zero_or_powers_of_10_32E+8(%rip)
+      movl $3, %eax
+      seta %dl
+      subl %edx, %eax
+      movzwl _ZN3fmt2v76detail10basic_dataIvE6digitsE+84(%rip), %edx
+      cltq
+      addq %rdi, %rax
+      movw %dx, -2(%rax)
+      ret
+    ```
+
+    Here a single `mov` instruction writes `'x'` (`$120`) to the output
+    buffer.
+
+-   Added dynamic width support to format string compilation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1809).
+
+-   Improved error reporting for unformattable types: now you\'ll get
+    the type name directly in the error message instead of the note:
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+    struct how_about_no {};
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("{}", how_about_no());
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Error ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/GoxM4e)):
+
+    `fmt/core.h:1438:3: error: static_assert failed due to requirement 'fmt::v7::formattable<how_about_no>()' "Cannot format an argument. To make type T formattable provide a formatter<T> specialization: https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#udt" ...`
+
+-   Added the
+    [make_args_checked](https://fmt.dev/7.1.0/api.html#argument-lists)
+    function template that allows you to write formatting functions with
+    compile-time format string checks and avoid binary code bloat
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/PEf9qr)):
+
+    ```c++
+    void vlog(const char* file, int line, fmt::string_view format,
+              fmt::format_args args) {
+      fmt::print("{}: {}: ", file, line);
+      fmt::vprint(format, args);
+    }
+
+    template <typename S, typename... Args>
+    void log(const char* file, int line, const S& format, Args&&... args) {
+      vlog(file, line, format,
+          fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(format, args...));
+    }
+
+    #define MY_LOG(format, ...) \
+      log(__FILE__, __LINE__, FMT_STRING(format), __VA_ARGS__)
+
+    MY_LOG("invalid squishiness: {}", 42);
+    ```
+
+-   Replaced `snprintf` fallback with a faster internal IEEE 754 `float`
+    and `double` formatter for arbitrary precision. For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/dPhWvj)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("{:.500}\n", 4.9406564584124654E-324);
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints
+
+    `4.9406564584124654417656879286822137236505980261432476442558568250067550727020875186529983636163599237979656469544571773092665671035593979639877479601078187812630071319031140452784581716784898210368871863605699873072305000638740915356498438731247339727316961514003171538539807412623856559117102665855668676818703956031062493194527159149245532930545654440112748012970999954193198940908041656332452475714786901472678015935523861155013480352649347201937902681071074917033322268447533357208324319360923829e-324`.
+
+-   Made `format_to_n` and `formatted_size` part of the [core
+    API](https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#core-api)
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/sPjY1K)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      char buffer[10];
+      auto result = fmt::format_to_n(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "{}", 42);
+    }
+    ```
+
+-   Added `fmt::format_to_n` overload with format string compilation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1764,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1767,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1869). For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/93h86q)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      char buffer[8];
+      fmt::format_to_n(buffer, sizeof(buffer), FMT_COMPILE("{}"), 42);
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @Kurkin and @alexezeder.
+
+-   Added `fmt::format_to` overload that take `text_style`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1593,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1842,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1843). For example
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/91153r)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/color.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      std::string out;
+      fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out),
+                     fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
+                     "The answer is {}.", 42);
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @Naios.
+
+-   Made the `'#'` specifier emit trailing zeros in addition to the
+    decimal point (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1797).
+    For example ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/bhdcW9)):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("{:#.2g}", 0.5);
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints `0.50`.
+
+-   Changed the default floating point format to not include `.0` for
+    consistency with `std::format` and `std::to_chars`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1893,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1943). It is possible
+    to get the decimal point and trailing zero with the `#` specifier.
+
+-   Fixed an issue with floating-point formatting that could result in
+    addition of a non-significant trailing zero in rare cases e.g.
+    `1.00e-34` instead of `1.0e-34`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1873,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1917).
+
+-   Made `fmt::to_string` fallback on `ostream` insertion operator if
+    the `formatter` specialization is not provided
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1815,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1829). Thanks @alexezeder.
+
+-   Added support for the append mode to the experimental file API and
+    improved `fcntl.h` detection.
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1847,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1848). Thanks @t-wiser.
+
+-   Fixed handling of types that have both an implicit conversion
+    operator and an overloaded `ostream` insertion operator
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1766).
+
+-   Fixed a slicing issue in an internal iterator type
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1822). Thanks @BRevzin.
+
+-   Fixed an issue in locale-specific integer formatting
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1927).
+
+-   Fixed handling of exotic code unit types
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1870,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1932).
+
+-   Improved `FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1878). Thanks @jk-jeon.
+
+-   Removed dependency on `windows.h`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1900). Thanks @bernd5.
+
+-   Optimized counting of decimal digits on MSVC
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1890). Thanks @mwinterb.
+
+-   Improved documentation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1772,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1775,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1792,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1838,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1888,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1918,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1939).
+    Thanks @leolchat, @pepsiman, @Klaim, @ravijanjam, @francesco-st and @udnaan.
+
+-   Added the `FMT_REDUCE_INT_INSTANTIATIONS` CMake option that reduces
+    the binary code size at the cost of some integer formatting
+    performance. This can be useful for extremely memory-constrained
+    embedded systems
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1778,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1781). Thanks @kammce.
+
+-   Added the `FMT_USE_INLINE_NAMESPACES` macro to control usage of
+    inline namespaces
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1945). Thanks @darklukee.
+
+-   Improved build configuration
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1760,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1770,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1779,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1783,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1823).
+    Thanks @dvetutnev, @xvitaly, @tambry, @medithe and @martinwuehrer.
+
+-   Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1790,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1802,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1808,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1810,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1811,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1812,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1814,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1816,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1817,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1818,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1825,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1836,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1855,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1856,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1860,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1877,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1879,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1880,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1896,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1897,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1898,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1904,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1908,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1911,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1912,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1928,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1929,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1935,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1937,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1942,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1949).
+    Thanks @TheQwertiest, @medithe, @martinwuehrer, @n16h7hunt3r, @Othereum,
+    @gsjaardema, @AlexanderLanin, @gcerretani, @chronoxor, @noizefloor,
+    @akohlmey, @jk-jeon, @rimathia, @rglarix, @moiwi, @heckad, @MarcDirven.
+    @BartSiwek and @darklukee.
+
+# 7.0.3 - 2020-08-06
+
+-   Worked around broken `numeric_limits` for 128-bit integers
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1787).
+-   Added error reporting on missing named arguments
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1796).
+-   Stopped using 128-bit integers with clang-cl
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1800). Thanks @Kingcom.
+-   Fixed issues in locale-specific integer formatting
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1782,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1801).
+
+# 7.0.2 - 2020-07-29
+
+-   Worked around broken `numeric_limits` for 128-bit integers
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1725).
+-   Fixed compatibility with CMake 3.4
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1779).
+-   Fixed handling of digit separators in locale-specific formatting
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1782).
+
+# 7.0.1 - 2020-07-07
+
+-   Updated the inline version namespace name.
+-   Worked around a gcc bug in mangling of alias templates
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1753).
+-   Fixed a linkage error on Windows
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1757). Thanks @Kurkin.
+-   Fixed minor issues with the documentation.
+
+# 7.0.0 - 2020-07-05
+
+-   Reduced the library size. For example, on macOS a stripped test
+    binary statically linked with {fmt} [shrank from \~368k to less than
+    100k](http://www.zverovich.net/2020/05/21/reducing-library-size.html).
+
+-   Added a simpler and more efficient [format string compilation
+    API](https://fmt.dev/7.0.0/api.html#compile-api):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+    // Converts 42 into std::string using the most efficient method and no
+    // runtime format string processing.
+    std::string s = fmt::format(FMT_COMPILE("{}"), 42);
+    ```
+
+    The old `fmt::compile` API is now deprecated.
+
+-   Optimized integer formatting: `format_to` with format string
+    compilation and a stack-allocated buffer is now [faster than
+    to_chars on both libc++ and
+    libstdc++](http://www.zverovich.net/2020/06/13/fast-int-to-string-revisited.html).
+
+-   Optimized handling of small format strings. For example,
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::format("Result: {}: ({},{},{},{})", str1, str2, str3, str4, str5)
+    ```
+
+    is now \~40% faster
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1685).
+
+-   Applied extern templates to improve compile times when using the
+    core API and `fmt/format.h`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1452). For example,
+    on macOS with clang the compile time of a test translation unit
+    dropped from 2.3s to 0.3s with `-O2` and from 0.6s to 0.3s with the
+    default settings (`-O0`).
+
+    Before (`-O2`):
+
+        % time c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17 -O2
+        c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17 -O2  2.22s user 0.08s system 99% cpu 2.311 total
+
+    After (`-O2`):
+
+        % time c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17 -O2
+        c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17 -O2  0.26s user 0.04s system 98% cpu 0.303 total
+
+    Before (default):
+
+        % time c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17
+        c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17  0.53s user 0.06s system 98% cpu 0.601 total
+
+    After (default):
+
+        % time c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17
+        c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17  0.24s user 0.06s system 98% cpu 0.301 total
+
+    It is still recommended to use `fmt/core.h` instead of
+    `fmt/format.h` but the compile time difference is now smaller.
+    Thanks @alex3d for the suggestion.
+
+-   Named arguments are now stored on stack (no dynamic memory
+    allocations) and the compiled code is more compact and efficient.
+    For example
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("The answer is {answer}\n", fmt::arg("answer", 42));
+    }
+    ```
+
+    compiles to just ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/NcfEp_))
+
+    ```asm
+    .LC0:
+            .string "answer"
+    .LC1:
+            .string "The answer is {answer}\n"
+    main:
+            sub     rsp, 56
+            mov     edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC1
+            mov     esi, 23
+            movabs  rdx, 4611686018427387905
+            lea     rax, [rsp+32]
+            lea     rcx, [rsp+16]
+            mov     QWORD PTR [rsp+8], 1
+            mov     QWORD PTR [rsp], rax
+            mov     DWORD PTR [rsp+16], 42
+            mov     QWORD PTR [rsp+32], OFFSET FLAT:.LC0
+            mov     DWORD PTR [rsp+40], 0
+            call    fmt::v6::vprint(fmt::v6::basic_string_view<char>,
+                                    fmt::v6::format_args)
+            xor     eax, eax
+            add     rsp, 56
+            ret
+
+        .L.str.1:
+                .asciz  "answer"
+    ```
+
+-   Implemented compile-time checks for dynamic width and precision
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1614):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print(FMT_STRING("{0:{1}}"), 42);
+    }
+    ```
+
+    now gives a compilation error because argument 1 doesn\'t exist:
+
+        In file included from test.cc:1:
+        include/fmt/format.h:2726:27: error: constexpr variable 'invalid_format' must be
+        initialized by a constant expression
+          FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL bool invalid_format =
+                                  ^
+        ...
+        include/fmt/core.h:569:26: note: in call to
+        '&checker(s, {}).context_->on_error(&"argument not found"[0])'
+            if (id >= num_args_) on_error("argument not found");
+                                ^
+
+-   Added sentinel support to `fmt::join`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1689)
+
+    ```c++
+    struct zstring_sentinel {};
+    bool operator==(const char* p, zstring_sentinel) { return *p == '\0'; }
+    bool operator!=(const char* p, zstring_sentinel) { return *p != '\0'; }
+
+    struct zstring {
+      const char* p;
+      const char* begin() const { return p; }
+      zstring_sentinel end() const { return {}; }
+    };
+
+    auto s = fmt::format("{}", fmt::join(zstring{"hello"}, "_"));
+    // s == "h_e_l_l_o"
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @BRevzin.
+
+-   Added support for named arguments, `clear` and `reserve` to
+    `dynamic_format_arg_store`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1655,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1663,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1674,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1677). Thanks @vsolontsov-ll.
+
+-   Added support for the `'c'` format specifier to integral types for
+    compatibility with `std::format`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1652).
+
+-   Replaced the `'n'` format specifier with `'L'` for compatibility
+    with `std::format`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1624). The `'n'`
+    specifier can be enabled via the `FMT_DEPRECATED_N_SPECIFIER` macro.
+
+-   The `'='` format specifier is now disabled by default for
+    compatibility with `std::format`. It can be enabled via the
+    `FMT_DEPRECATED_NUMERIC_ALIGN` macro.
+
+-   Removed the following deprecated APIs:
+
+    -   `FMT_STRING_ALIAS` and `fmt` macros - replaced by `FMT_STRING`
+    -   `fmt::basic_string_view::char_type` - replaced by
+        `fmt::basic_string_view::value_type`
+    -   `convert_to_int`
+    -   `format_arg_store::types`
+    -   `*parse_context` - replaced by `*format_parse_context`
+    -   `FMT_DEPRECATED_INCLUDE_OS`
+    -   `FMT_DEPRECATED_PERCENT` - incompatible with `std::format`
+    -   `*writer` - replaced by compiled format API
+
+-   Renamed the `internal` namespace to `detail`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1538). The former is
+    still provided as an alias if the `FMT_USE_INTERNAL` macro is
+    defined.
+
+-   Improved compatibility between `fmt::printf` with the standard specs
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1595,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1682,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1683,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1687,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1699). Thanks @rimathia.
+
+-   Fixed handling of `operator<<` overloads that use `copyfmt`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1666).
+
+-   Added the `FMT_OS` CMake option to control inclusion of OS-specific
+    APIs in the fmt target. This can be useful for embedded platforms
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1654,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1656). Thanks @kwesolowski.
+
+-   Replaced `FUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION` with the
+    `FMT_FUZZ` macro to prevent interfering with fuzzing of projects
+    using {fmt} (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1650).
+    Thanks @asraa.
+
+-   Fixed compatibility with emscripten
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1636,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1637). Thanks @ArthurSonzogni.
+
+-   Improved documentation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/704,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1643,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1660,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1681,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1691,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1706,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1714,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1721,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1739,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1740,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1741,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1751).
+    Thanks @senior7515, @lsr0, @puetzk, @fpelliccioni, Alexey Kuzmenko, @jelly,
+    @claremacrae, @jiapengwen, @gsjaardema and @alexey-milovidov.
+
+-   Implemented various build configuration fixes and improvements
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1603,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1657,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1702,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1728).
+    Thanks @scramsby, @jtojnar, @orivej and @flagarde.
+
+-   Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1616,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1620,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1622,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1625,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1627,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1628,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1629,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1631,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1633,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1649,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1658,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1661,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1667,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1668,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1669,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1692,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1696,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1697,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1707,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1712,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1716,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1722,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1724,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1729,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1738,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1742,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1743,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1744,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1747,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1750).
+    Thanks @gsjaardema, @gabime, @johnor, @Kurkin, @invexed, @peterbell10,
+    @daixtrose, @petrutlucian94, @Neargye, @ambitslix, @gabime, @erthink,
+    @tohammer and @0x8000-0000.
+
+# 6.2.1 - 2020-05-09
+
+-   Fixed ostream support in `sprintf`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1631).
+-   Fixed type detection when using implicit conversion to `string_view`
+    and ostream `operator<<` inconsistently
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1662).
+
+# 6.2.0 - 2020-04-05
+
+-   Improved error reporting when trying to format an object of a
+    non-formattable type:
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::format("{}", S());
+    ```
+
+    now gives:
+
+        include/fmt/core.h:1015:5: error: static_assert failed due to requirement
+        'formattable' "Cannot format argument. To make type T formattable provide a
+        formatter<T> specialization:
+        https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#formatting-user-defined-types"
+            static_assert(
+            ^
+        ...
+        note: in instantiation of function template specialization
+        'fmt::v6::format<char [3], S, char>' requested here
+          fmt::format("{}", S());
+               ^
+
+    if `S` is not formattable.
+
+-   Reduced the library size by \~10%.
+
+-   Always print decimal point if `#` is specified
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1476,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1498):
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::print("{:#.0f}", 42.0);
+    ```
+
+    now prints `42.`
+
+-   Implemented the `'L'` specifier for locale-specific numeric
+    formatting to improve compatibility with `std::format`. The `'n'`
+    specifier is now deprecated and will be removed in the next major
+    release.
+
+-   Moved OS-specific APIs such as `windows_error` from `fmt/format.h`
+    to `fmt/os.h`. You can define `FMT_DEPRECATED_INCLUDE_OS` to
+    automatically include `fmt/os.h` from `fmt/format.h` for
+    compatibility but this will be disabled in the next major release.
+
+-   Added precision overflow detection in floating-point formatting.
+
+-   Implemented detection of invalid use of `fmt::arg`.
+
+-   Used `type_identity` to block unnecessary template argument
+    deduction. Thanks Tim Song.
+
+-   Improved UTF-8 handling
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1109):
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::print("┌{0:─^{2}}┐\n"
+               "│{1: ^{2}}│\n"
+               "└{0:─^{2}}┘\n", "", "Привет, мир!", 20);
+    ```
+
+    now prints:
+
+        ┌────────────────────┐
+        │    Привет, мир!    │
+        └────────────────────┘
+
+    on systems that support Unicode.
+
+-   Added experimental dynamic argument storage
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1170,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1584):
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store<fmt::format_context> store;
+    store.push_back("answer");
+    store.push_back(42);
+    fmt::vprint("The {} is {}.\n", store);
+    ```
+
+    prints:
+
+        The answer is 42.
+
+    Thanks @vsolontsov-ll.
+
+-   Made `fmt::join` accept `initializer_list`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1591). Thanks @Rapotkinnik.
+
+-   Fixed handling of empty tuples
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1588).
+
+-   Fixed handling of output iterators in `format_to_n`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1506).
+
+-   Fixed formatting of `std::chrono::duration` types to wide output
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1533). Thanks @zeffy.
+
+-   Added const `begin` and `end` overload to buffers
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1553). Thanks @dominicpoeschko.
+
+-   Added the ability to disable floating-point formatting via
+    `FMT_USE_FLOAT`, `FMT_USE_DOUBLE` and `FMT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE` macros
+    for extremely memory-constrained embedded system
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1590). Thanks @albaguirre.
+
+-   Made `FMT_STRING` work with `constexpr` `string_view`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1589). Thanks @scramsby.
+
+-   Implemented a minor optimization in the format string parser
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1560). Thanks @IkarusDeveloper.
+
+-   Improved attribute detection
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1469,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1475,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1576).
+    Thanks @federico-busato, @chronoxor and @refnum.
+
+-   Improved documentation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1481,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1523).
+    Thanks @JackBoosY and @imba-tjd.
+
+-   Fixed symbol visibility on Linux when compiling with
+    `-fvisibility=hidden`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1535). Thanks @milianw.
+
+-   Implemented various build configuration fixes and improvements
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1264,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1460,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1534,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1536,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1545,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1546,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1566,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1582,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1597,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1598).
+    Thanks @ambitslix, @jwillikers and @stac47.
+
+-   Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1433,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1461,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1470,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1480,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1485,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1492,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1493,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1504,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1505,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1512,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1515,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1516,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1518,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1519,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1520,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1521,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1522,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1524,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1530,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1531,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1532,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1539,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1547,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1548,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1554,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1567,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1568,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1569,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1571,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1573,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1575,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1581,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1583,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1586,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1587,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1594,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1596,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1604,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1606,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1607,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1609).
+    Thanks @marti4d, @iPherian, @parkertomatoes, @gsjaardema, @chronoxor,
+    @DanielaE, @torsten48, @tohammer, @lefticus, @ryusakki, @adnsv, @fghzxm,
+    @refnum, @pramodk, @Spirrwell and @scramsby.
+
+# 6.1.2 - 2019-12-11
+
+-   Fixed ABI compatibility with `libfmt.so.6.0.0`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1471).
+-   Fixed handling types convertible to `std::string_view`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1451). Thanks @denizevrenci.
+-   Made CUDA test an opt-in enabled via the `FMT_CUDA_TEST` CMake
+    option.
+-   Fixed sign conversion warnings
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1440). Thanks @0x8000-0000.
+
+# 6.1.1 - 2019-12-04
+
+-   Fixed shared library build on Windows
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1443,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1445,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1446,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1450).
+    Thanks @egorpugin and @bbolli.
+-   Added a missing decimal point in exponent notation with trailing
+    zeros.
+-   Removed deprecated `format_arg_store::TYPES`.
+
+# 6.1.0 - 2019-12-01
+
+-   {fmt} now formats IEEE 754 `float` and `double` using the shortest
+    decimal representation with correct rounding by default:
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <cmath>
+    #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("{}", M_PI);
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints `3.141592653589793`.
+
+-   Made the fast binary to decimal floating-point formatter the
+    default, simplified it and improved performance. {fmt} is now 15
+    times faster than libc++\'s `std::ostringstream`, 11 times faster
+    than `printf` and 10% faster than double-conversion on
+    [dtoa-benchmark](https://github.com/fmtlib/dtoa-benchmark):
+
+    | Function      | Time (ns) | Speedup |
+    | ------------- | --------: | ------: |
+    | ostringstream | 1,346.30  | 1.00x   |
+    | ostrstream    | 1,195.74  | 1.13x   |
+    | sprintf       | 995.08    | 1.35x   |
+    | doubleconv    | 99.10     | 13.59x  |
+    | fmt           | 88.34     | 15.24x  |
+
+    ![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/69767160-cdaca400-112f-11ea-9fc5-347c9f83caad.png)
+
+-   {fmt} no longer converts `float` arguments to `double`. In
+    particular this improves the default (shortest) representation of
+    floats and makes `fmt::format` consistent with `std::format` specs
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1336,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1353,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1360,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1361):
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::print("{}", 0.1f);
+    ```
+
+    prints `0.1` instead of `0.10000000149011612`.
+
+    Thanks @orivej.
+
+-   Made floating-point formatting output consistent with
+    `printf`/iostreams
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1376,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1417).
+
+-   Added support for 128-bit integers
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1287):
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::print("{}", std::numeric_limits<__int128_t>::max());
+    ```
+
+    prints `170141183460469231731687303715884105727`.
+
+    Thanks @denizevrenci.
+
+-   The overload of `print` that takes `text_style` is now atomic, i.e.
+    the output from different threads doesn\'t interleave
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1351). Thanks @tankiJong.
+
+-   Made compile time in the header-only mode \~20% faster by reducing
+    the number of template instantiations. `wchar_t` overload of
+    `vprint` was moved from `fmt/core.h` to `fmt/format.h`.
+
+-   Added an overload of `fmt::join` that works with tuples
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1322,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1330):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <tuple>
+    #include <fmt/ranges.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      std::tuple<char, int, float> t{'a', 1, 2.0f};
+      fmt::print("{}", t);
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints `('a', 1, 2.0)`.
+
+    Thanks @jeremyong.
+
+-   Changed formatting of octal zero with prefix from \"00\" to \"0\":
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::print("{:#o}", 0);
+    ```
+
+    prints `0`.
+
+-   The locale is now passed to ostream insertion (`<<`) operators
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1406):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/locale.h>
+    #include <fmt/ostream.h>
+
+    struct S {
+      double value;
+    };
+
+    std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, S s) {
+      return os << s.value;
+    }
+
+    int main() {
+      auto s = fmt::format(std::locale("fr_FR.UTF-8"), "{}", S{0.42});
+      // s == "0,42"
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @dlaugt.
+
+-   Locale-specific number formatting now uses grouping
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1393,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1394). Thanks @skrdaniel.
+
+-   Fixed handling of types with deleted implicit rvalue conversion to
+    `const char**` (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1421):
+
+    ```c++
+    struct mystring {
+      operator const char*() const&;
+      operator const char*() &;
+      operator const char*() const&& = delete;
+      operator const char*() && = delete;
+    };
+    mystring str;
+    fmt::print("{}", str); // now compiles
+    ```
+
+-   Enums are now mapped to correct underlying types instead of `int`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1286). Thanks @agmt.
+
+-   Enum classes are no longer implicitly converted to `int`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1424).
+
+-   Added `basic_format_parse_context` for consistency with C++20
+    `std::format` and deprecated `basic_parse_context`.
+
+-   Fixed handling of UTF-8 in precision
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1389,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1390). Thanks @tajtiattila.
+
+-   {fmt} can now be installed on Linux, macOS and Windows with
+    [Conda](https://docs.conda.io/en/latest/) using its
+    [conda-forge](https://conda-forge.org)
+    [package](https://github.com/conda-forge/fmt-feedstock)
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1410):
+
+        conda install -c conda-forge fmt
+
+    Thanks @tdegeus.
+
+-   Added a CUDA test (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1285,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1317).
+    Thanks @luncliff and @risa2000.
+
+-   Improved documentation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1276,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1291,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1296,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1315,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1332,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1337,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1395
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1418).
+    Thanks @waywardmonkeys, @pauldreik and @jackoalan.
+
+-   Various code improvements
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1358,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1407).
+    Thanks @orivej and @dpacbach.
+
+-   Fixed compile-time format string checks for user-defined types
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1292).
+
+-   Worked around a false positive in `unsigned-integer-overflow` sanitizer
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1377).
+
+-   Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1273,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1278,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1280,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1281,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1288,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1290,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1301,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1305,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1306,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1309,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1312,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1313,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1316,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1319,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1320,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1326,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1328,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1344,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1345,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1347,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1349,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1354,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1362,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1366,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1364,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1370,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1371,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1385,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1388,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1397,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1414,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1416,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1422
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1427,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1431,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1433).
+    Thanks @hhb, @gsjaardema, @gabime, @neheb, @vedranmiletic, @dkavolis,
+    @mwinterb, @orivej, @denizevrenci, @leonklingele, @chronoxor, @kent-tri,
+    @0x8000-0000 and @marti4d.
+
+# 6.0.0 - 2019-08-26
+
+-   Switched to the [MIT license](
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/5a4b24613ba16cc689977c3b5bd8274a3ba1dd1f/LICENSE.rst)
+    with an optional exception that allows distributing binary code
+    without attribution.
+
+-   Floating-point formatting is now locale-independent by default:
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <locale>
+    #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      std::locale::global(std::locale("ru_RU.UTF-8"));
+      fmt::print("value = {}", 4.2);
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints \"value = 4.2\" regardless of the locale.
+
+    For locale-specific formatting use the `n` specifier:
+
+    ```c++
+    std::locale::global(std::locale("ru_RU.UTF-8"));
+    fmt::print("value = {:n}", 4.2);
+    ```
+
+    prints \"value = 4,2\".
+
+-   Added an experimental Grisu floating-point formatting algorithm
+    implementation (disabled by default). To enable it compile with the
+    `FMT_USE_GRISU` macro defined to 1:
+
+    ```c++
+    #define FMT_USE_GRISU 1
+    #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+    auto s = fmt::format("{}", 4.2); // formats 4.2 using Grisu
+    ```
+
+    With Grisu enabled, {fmt} is 13x faster than `std::ostringstream`
+    (libc++) and 10x faster than `sprintf` on
+    [dtoa-benchmark](https://github.com/fmtlib/dtoa-benchmark) ([full
+    results](https://fmt.dev/unknown_mac64_clang10.0.html)):
+
+    ![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/54883977-9fe8c000-4e28-11e9-8bde-272d122e7c52.jpg)
+
+-   Separated formatting and parsing contexts for consistency with
+    [C++20 std::format](http://eel.is/c++draft/format), removing the
+    undocumented `basic_format_context::parse_context()` function.
+
+-   Added [oss-fuzz](https://github.com/google/oss-fuzz) support
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1199). Thanks @pauldreik.
+
+-   `formatter` specializations now always take precedence over
+    `operator<<` (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/952):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <iostream>
+    #include <fmt/ostream.h>
+
+    struct S {};
+
+    std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, S) {
+      return os << 1;
+    }
+
+    template <>
+    struct fmt::formatter<S> : fmt::formatter<int> {
+      auto format(S, format_context& ctx) {
+        return formatter<int>::format(2, ctx);
+      }
+    };
+
+    int main() {
+      std::cout << S() << "\n"; // prints 1 using operator<<
+      fmt::print("{}\n", S());  // prints 2 using formatter
+    }
+    ```
+
+-   Introduced the experimental `fmt::compile` function that does format
+    string compilation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/618,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1169,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1171):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+    auto f = fmt::compile<int>("{}");
+    std::string s = fmt::format(f, 42); // can be called multiple times to
+                                        // format different values
+    // s == "42"
+    ```
+
+    It moves the cost of parsing a format string outside of the format
+    function which can be beneficial when identically formatting many
+    objects of the same types. Thanks @stryku.
+
+-   Added experimental `%` format specifier that formats floating-point
+    values as percentages
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1060,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1069,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1071):
+
+    ```c++
+    auto s = fmt::format("{:.1%}", 0.42); // s == "42.0%"
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @gawain-bolton.
+
+-   Implemented precision for floating-point durations
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1004,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1012):
+
+    ```c++
+    auto s = fmt::format("{:.1}", std::chrono::duration<double>(1.234));
+    // s == 1.2s
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @DanielaE.
+
+-   Implemented `chrono` format specifiers `%Q` and `%q` that give the
+    value and the unit respectively
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1019):
+
+    ```c++
+    auto value = fmt::format("{:%Q}", 42s); // value == "42"
+    auto unit  = fmt::format("{:%q}", 42s); // unit == "s"
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @DanielaE.
+
+-   Fixed handling of dynamic width in chrono formatter:
+
+    ```c++
+    auto s = fmt::format("{0:{1}%H:%M:%S}", std::chrono::seconds(12345), 12);
+    //                        ^ width argument index                     ^ width
+    // s == "03:25:45    "
+    ```
+
+    Thanks Howard Hinnant.
+
+-   Removed deprecated `fmt/time.h`. Use `fmt/chrono.h` instead.
+
+-   Added `fmt::format` and `fmt::vformat` overloads that take
+    `text_style` (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/993,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/994):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/color.h>
+
+    std::string message = fmt::format(fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
+                                      "The answer is {}.", 42);
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @Naios.
+
+-   Removed the deprecated color API (`print_colored`). Use the new API,
+    namely `print` overloads that take `text_style` instead.
+
+-   Made `std::unique_ptr` and `std::shared_ptr` formattable as pointers
+    via `fmt::ptr` (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1121):
+
+    ```c++
+    std::unique_ptr<int> p = ...;
+    fmt::print("{}", fmt::ptr(p)); // prints p as a pointer
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @sighingnow.
+
+-   Made `print` and `vprint` report I/O errors
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1098,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1099). Thanks @BillyDonahue.
+
+-   Marked deprecated APIs with the `[[deprecated]]` attribute and
+    removed internal uses of deprecated APIs
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1022). Thanks @eliaskosunen.
+
+-   Modernized the codebase using more C++11 features and removing
+    workarounds. Most importantly, `buffer_context` is now an alias
+    template, so use `buffer_context<T>` instead of
+    `buffer_context<T>::type`. These features require GCC 4.8 or later.
+
+-   `formatter` specializations now always take precedence over implicit
+    conversions to `int` and the undocumented `convert_to_int` trait is
+    now deprecated.
+
+-   Moved the undocumented `basic_writer`, `writer`, and `wwriter` types
+    to the `internal` namespace.
+
+-   Removed deprecated `basic_format_context::begin()`. Use `out()`
+    instead.
+
+-   Disallowed passing the result of `join` as an lvalue to prevent
+    misuse.
+
+-   Refactored the undocumented structs that represent parsed format
+    specifiers to simplify the API and allow multibyte fill.
+
+-   Moved SFINAE to template parameters to reduce symbol sizes.
+
+-   Switched to `fputws` for writing wide strings so that it\'s no
+    longer required to call `_setmode` on Windows
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1229,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1243). Thanks @jackoalan.
+
+-   Improved literal-based API
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1254). Thanks @sylveon.
+
+-   Added support for exotic platforms without `uintptr_t` such as IBM i
+    (AS/400) which has 128-bit pointers and only 64-bit integers
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1059).
+
+-   Added [Sublime Text syntax highlighting config](
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/support/C%2B%2B.sublime-syntax)
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1037). Thanks @Kronuz.
+
+-   Added the `FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING` macro to enforce the use of
+    compile-time format strings
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1231). Thanks @jackoalan.
+
+-   Stopped setting `CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE` if {fmt} is a subproject
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1081).
+
+-   Various build improvements
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1039,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1078,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1091,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1103,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1177).
+    Thanks @luncliff, @jasonszang, @olafhering, @Lecetem and @pauldreik.
+
+-   Improved documentation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1049,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1051,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1083,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1113,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1114,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1146,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1180,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1250,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1252,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1265).
+    Thanks @mikelui, @foonathan, @BillyDonahue, @jwakely, @kaisbe and
+    @sdebionne.
+
+-   Fixed ambiguous formatter specialization in `fmt/ranges.h`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1123).
+
+-   Fixed formatting of a non-empty `std::filesystem::path` which is an
+    infinitely deep range of its components
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1268).
+
+-   Fixed handling of general output iterators when formatting
+    characters (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1056,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1058). Thanks @abolz.
+
+-   Fixed handling of output iterators in `formatter` specialization for
+    ranges (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1064).
+
+-   Fixed handling of exotic character types
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1188).
+
+-   Made chrono formatting work with exceptions disabled
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1062).
+
+-   Fixed DLL visibility issues
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1134,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1147). Thanks @denchat.
+
+-   Disabled the use of UDL template extension on GCC 9
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1148).
+
+-   Removed misplaced `format` compile-time checks from `printf`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1173).
+
+-   Fixed issues in the experimental floating-point formatter
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1072,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1129,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1153,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1155,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1210,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1222). Thanks @alabuzhev.
+
+-   Fixed bugs discovered by fuzzing or during fuzzing integration
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1124,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1127,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1132,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1135,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1136,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1141,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1142,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1178,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1179,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1194). Thanks @pauldreik.
+
+-   Fixed building tests on FreeBSD and Hurd
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1043). Thanks @jackyf.
+
+-   Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/998,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1006,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1008,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1011,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1025,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1027,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1028,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1029,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1030,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1031,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1054,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1063,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1068,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1074,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1075,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1079,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1086,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1088,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1089,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1094,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1101,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1102,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1105,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1107,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1115,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1117,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1118,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1120,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1123,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1139,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1140,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1143,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1144,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1150,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1151,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1152,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1154,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1156,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1159,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1175,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1181,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1186,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1187,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1191,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1197,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1200,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1203,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1205,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1206,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1213,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1214,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1217,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1228,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1230,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1232,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1235,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1236,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1240).
+    Thanks @DanielaE, @mwinterb, @eliaskosunen, @morinmorin, @ricco19,
+    @waywardmonkeys, @chronoxor, @remyabel, @pauldreik, @gsjaardema, @rcane,
+    @mocabe, @denchat, @cjdb, @HazardyKnusperkeks, @vedranmiletic, @jackoalan,
+    @DaanDeMeyer and @starkmapper.
+
+# 5.3.0 - 2018-12-28
+
+-   Introduced experimental chrono formatting support:
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      using namespace std::literals::chrono_literals;
+      fmt::print("Default format: {} {}\n", 42s, 100ms);
+      fmt::print("strftime-like format: {:%H:%M:%S}\n", 3h + 15min + 30s);
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints:
+
+        Default format: 42s 100ms
+        strftime-like format: 03:15:30
+
+-   Added experimental support for emphasis (bold, italic, underline,
+    strikethrough), colored output to a file stream, and improved
+    colored formatting API
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/961,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/967,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/973):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/color.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      print(fg(fmt::color::crimson) | fmt::emphasis::bold,
+            "Hello, {}!\n", "world");
+      print(fg(fmt::color::floral_white) | bg(fmt::color::slate_gray) |
+            fmt::emphasis::underline, "Hello, {}!\n", "мир");
+      print(fg(fmt::color::steel_blue) | fmt::emphasis::italic,
+            "Hello, {}!\n", "世界");
+    }
+    ```
+
+    prints the following on modern terminals with RGB color support:
+
+    ![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/50405788-b66e7500-076e-11e9-9592-7324d1f951d8.png)
+
+    Thanks @Rakete1111.
+
+-   Added support for 4-bit terminal colors
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/968,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/974)
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/color.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      print(fg(fmt::terminal_color::red), "stop\n");
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Note that these colors vary by terminal:
+
+    ![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/50405925-dbfc7e00-0770-11e9-9b85-333fab0af9ac.png)
+
+    Thanks @Rakete1111.
+
+-   Parameterized formatting functions on the type of the format string
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/880,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/881,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/883,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/885,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/897,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/920). Any object of
+    type `S` that has an overloaded `to_string_view(const S&)` returning
+    `fmt::string_view` can be used as a format string:
+
+    ```c++
+    namespace my_ns {
+    inline string_view to_string_view(const my_string& s) {
+      return {s.data(), s.length()};
+    }
+    }
+
+    std::string message = fmt::format(my_string("The answer is {}."), 42);
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @DanielaE.
+
+-   Made `std::string_view` work as a format string
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/898):
+
+    ```c++
+    auto message = fmt::format(std::string_view("The answer is {}."), 42);
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @DanielaE.
+
+-   Added wide string support to compile-time format string checks
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/924):
+
+    ```c++
+    print(fmt(L"{:f}"), 42); // compile-time error: invalid type specifier
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @XZiar.
+
+-   Made colored print functions work with wide strings
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/867):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/color.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      print(fg(fmt::color::red), L"{}\n", 42);
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @DanielaE.
+
+-   Introduced experimental Unicode support
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/628,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/891):
+
+    ```c++
+    using namespace fmt::literals;
+    auto s = fmt::format("{:*^5}"_u, "🤡"_u); // s == "**🤡**"_u
+    ```
+
+-   Improved locale support:
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/locale.h>
+
+    struct numpunct : std::numpunct<char> {
+     protected:
+      char do_thousands_sep() const override { return '~'; }
+    };
+
+    std::locale loc;
+    auto s = fmt::format(std::locale(loc, new numpunct()), "{:n}", 1234567);
+    // s == "1~234~567"
+    ```
+
+-   Constrained formatting functions on proper iterator types
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/921). Thanks @DanielaE.
+
+-   Added `make_printf_args` and `make_wprintf_args` functions
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/934). Thanks @tnovotny.
+
+-   Deprecated `fmt::visit`, `parse_context`, and `wparse_context`. Use
+    `fmt::visit_format_arg`, `format_parse_context`, and
+    `wformat_parse_context` instead.
+
+-   Removed undocumented `basic_fixed_buffer` which has been superseded
+    by the iterator-based API
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/873,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/902). Thanks @superfunc.
+
+-   Disallowed repeated leading zeros in an argument ID:
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::print("{000}", 42); // error
+    ```
+
+-   Reintroduced support for gcc 4.4.
+
+-   Fixed compilation on platforms with exotic `double`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/878).
+
+-   Improved documentation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/164,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/877,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/901,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/906,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/979).
+    Thanks @kookjr, @DarkDimius and @HecticSerenity.
+
+-   Added pkgconfig support which makes it easier to consume the library
+    from meson and other build systems
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/916). Thanks @colemickens.
+
+-   Various build improvements
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/909,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/926,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/937,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/953,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/959).
+    Thanks @tchaikov, @luncliff, @AndreasSchoenle, @hotwatermorning and @Zefz.
+
+-   Improved `string_view` construction performance
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/914). Thanks @gabime.
+
+-   Fixed non-matching char types
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/895). Thanks @DanielaE.
+
+-   Fixed `format_to_n` with `std::back_insert_iterator`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/913). Thanks @DanielaE.
+
+-   Fixed locale-dependent formatting
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/905).
+
+-   Fixed various compiler warnings and errors
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/882,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/886,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/933,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/941,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/931,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/943,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/954,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/956,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/962,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/965,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/977,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/983,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/989).
+    Thanks @Luthaf, @stevenhoving, @christinaa, @lgritz, @DanielaE,
+    @0x8000-0000 and @liuping1997.
+
+# 5.2.1 - 2018-09-21
+
+-   Fixed `visit` lookup issues on gcc 7 & 8
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/870). Thanks @medithe.
+-   Fixed linkage errors on older gcc.
+-   Prevented `fmt/range.h` from specializing `fmt::basic_string_view`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/865,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/868). Thanks @hhggit.
+-   Improved error message when formatting unknown types
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/872). Thanks @foonathan.
+-   Disabled templated user-defined literals when compiled under nvcc
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/875). Thanks @CandyGumdrop.
+-   Fixed `format_to` formatting to `wmemory_buffer`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/874).
+
+# 5.2.0 - 2018-09-13
+
+-   Optimized format string parsing and argument processing which
+    resulted in up to 5x speed up on long format strings and significant
+    performance boost on various benchmarks. For example, version 5.2 is
+    2.22x faster than 5.1 on decimal integer formatting with `format_to`
+    (macOS, clang-902.0.39.2):
+
+    | Method                     | Time, s         | Speedup |
+    | -------------------------- | --------------: | ------: |
+    | fmt::format 5.1            | 0.58            |         |
+    | fmt::format 5.2            | 0.35            |   1.66x |
+    | fmt::format_to 5.1         | 0.51            |         |
+    | fmt::format_to 5.2         | 0.23            |   2.22x |
+    | sprintf                    | 0.71            |         |
+    | std::to_string             | 1.01            |         |
+    | std::stringstream          | 1.73            |         |
+
+-   Changed the `fmt` macro from opt-out to opt-in to prevent name
+    collisions. To enable it define the `FMT_STRING_ALIAS` macro to 1
+    before including `fmt/format.h`:
+
+    ```c++
+    #define FMT_STRING_ALIAS 1
+    #include <fmt/format.h>
+    std::string answer = format(fmt("{}"), 42);
+    ```
+
+-   Added compile-time format string checks to `format_to` overload that
+    takes `fmt::memory_buffer`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/783):
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::memory_buffer buf;
+    // Compile-time error: invalid type specifier.
+    fmt::format_to(buf, fmt("{:d}"), "foo");
+    ```
+
+-   Moved experimental color support to `fmt/color.h` and enabled the
+    new API by default. The old API can be enabled by defining the
+    `FMT_DEPRECATED_COLORS` macro.
+
+-   Added formatting support for types explicitly convertible to
+    `fmt::string_view`:
+
+    ```c++
+    struct foo {
+      explicit operator fmt::string_view() const { return "foo"; }
+    };
+    auto s = format("{}", foo());
+    ```
+
+    In particular, this makes formatting function work with
+    `folly::StringPiece`.
+
+-   Implemented preliminary support for `char*_t` by replacing the
+    `format` function overloads with a single function template
+    parameterized on the string type.
+
+-   Added support for dynamic argument lists
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/814,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/819). Thanks @MikePopoloski.
+
+-   Reduced executable size overhead for embedded targets using newlib
+    nano by making locale dependency optional
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/839). Thanks @teajay-fr.
+
+-   Keep `noexcept` specifier when exceptions are disabled
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/801,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/810). Thanks @qis.
+
+-   Fixed formatting of user-defined types providing `operator<<` with
+    `format_to_n` (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/806).
+    Thanks @mkurdej.
+
+-   Fixed dynamic linkage of new symbols
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/808).
+
+-   Fixed global initialization issue
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/807):
+
+    ```c++
+    // This works on compilers with constexpr support.
+    static const std::string answer = fmt::format("{}", 42);
+    ```
+
+-   Fixed various compiler warnings and errors
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/804,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/809,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/811,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/822,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/827,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/830,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/838,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/843,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/844,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/851,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/852,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/854).
+    Thanks @henryiii, @medithe, and @eliasdaler.
+
+# 5.1.0 - 2018-07-05
+
+-   Added experimental support for RGB color output enabled with the
+    `FMT_EXTENDED_COLORS` macro:
+
+    ```c++
+    #define FMT_EXTENDED_COLORS
+    #define FMT_HEADER_ONLY // or compile fmt with FMT_EXTENDED_COLORS defined
+    #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+    fmt::print(fmt::color::steel_blue, "Some beautiful text");
+    ```
+
+    The old API (the `print_colored` and `vprint_colored` functions and
+    the `color` enum) is now deprecated.
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/762
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/767). thanks @Remotion.
+
+-   Added quotes to strings in ranges and tuples
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/766). Thanks @Remotion.
+
+-   Made `format_to` work with `basic_memory_buffer`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/776).
+
+-   Added `vformat_to_n` and `wchar_t` overload of `format_to_n`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/764,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/769).
+
+-   Made `is_range` and `is_tuple_like` part of public (experimental)
+    API to allow specialization for user-defined types
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/751,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/759). Thanks @drrlvn.
+
+-   Added more compilers to continuous integration and increased
+    `FMT_PEDANTIC` warning levels
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/736). Thanks @eliaskosunen.
+
+-   Fixed compilation with MSVC 2013.
+
+-   Fixed handling of user-defined types in `format_to`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/793).
+
+-   Forced linking of inline `vformat` functions into the library
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/795).
+
+-   Fixed incorrect call to on_align in `'{:}='`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/750).
+
+-   Fixed floating-point formatting to a non-back_insert_iterator with
+    sign & numeric alignment specified
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/756).
+
+-   Fixed formatting to an array with `format_to_n`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/778).
+
+-   Fixed formatting of more than 15 named arguments
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/754).
+
+-   Fixed handling of compile-time strings when including
+    `fmt/ostream.h`. (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/768).
+
+-   Fixed various compiler warnings and errors
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/742,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/748,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/752,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/770,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/775,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/779,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/780,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/790,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/792,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/800).
+    Thanks @Remotion, @gabime, @foonathan, @Dark-Passenger and @0x8000-0000.
+
+# 5.0.0 - 2018-05-21
+
+-   Added a requirement for partial C++11 support, most importantly
+    variadic templates and type traits, and dropped `FMT_VARIADIC_*`
+    emulation macros. Variadic templates are available since GCC 4.4,
+    Clang 2.9 and MSVC 18.0 (2013). For older compilers use {fmt}
+    [version 4.x](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases/tag/4.1.0)
+    which continues to be maintained and works with C++98 compilers.
+
+-   Renamed symbols to follow standard C++ naming conventions and
+    proposed a subset of the library for standardization in [P0645R2
+    Text Formatting](https://wg21.link/P0645).
+
+-   Implemented `constexpr` parsing of format strings and [compile-time
+    format string
+    checks](https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#compile-time-format-string-checks).
+    For example
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+    std::string s = format(fmt("{:d}"), "foo");
+    ```
+
+    gives a compile-time error because `d` is an invalid specifier for
+    strings ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/g/rnCy9Q)):
+
+        ...
+        <source>:4:19: note: in instantiation of function template specialization 'fmt::v5::format<S, char [4]>' requested here
+          std::string s = format(fmt("{:d}"), "foo");
+                          ^
+        format.h:1337:13: note: non-constexpr function 'on_error' cannot be used in a constant expression
+            handler.on_error("invalid type specifier");
+
+    Compile-time checks require relaxed `constexpr` (C++14 feature)
+    support. If the latter is not available, checks will be performed at
+    runtime.
+
+-   Separated format string parsing and formatting in the extension API
+    to enable compile-time format string processing. For example
+
+    ```c++
+    struct Answer {};
+
+    namespace fmt {
+    template <>
+    struct formatter<Answer> {
+      constexpr auto parse(parse_context& ctx) {
+        auto it = ctx.begin();
+        spec = *it;
+        if (spec != 'd' && spec != 's')
+          throw format_error("invalid specifier");
+        return ++it;
+      }
+
+      template <typename FormatContext>
+      auto format(Answer, FormatContext& ctx) {
+        return spec == 's' ?
+          format_to(ctx.begin(), "{}", "fourty-two") :
+          format_to(ctx.begin(), "{}", 42);
+      }
+
+      char spec = 0;
+    };
+    }
+
+    std::string s = format(fmt("{:x}"), Answer());
+    ```
+
+    gives a compile-time error due to invalid format specifier
+    ([godbolt](https://godbolt.org/g/2jQ1Dv)):
+
+        ...
+        <source>:12:45: error: expression '<throw-expression>' is not a constant expression
+               throw format_error("invalid specifier");
+
+-   Added [iterator
+    support](https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#output-iterator-support):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <vector>
+    #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+    std::vector<char> out;
+    fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out), "{}", 42);
+    ```
+
+-   Added the
+    [format_to_n](https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#_CPPv2N3fmt11format_to_nE8OutputItNSt6size_tE11string_viewDpRK4Args)
+    function that restricts the output to the specified number of
+    characters (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/298):
+
+    ```c++
+    char out[4];
+    fmt::format_to_n(out, sizeof(out), "{}", 12345);
+    // out == "1234" (without terminating '\0')
+    ```
+
+-   Added the [formatted_size](
+    https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#_CPPv2N3fmt14formatted_sizeE11string_viewDpRK4Args)
+    function for computing the output size:
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+    auto size = fmt::formatted_size("{}", 12345); // size == 5
+    ```
+
+-   Improved compile times by reducing dependencies on standard headers
+    and providing a lightweight [core
+    API](https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#core-api):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+    fmt::print("The answer is {}.", 42);
+    ```
+
+    See [Compile time and code
+    bloat](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt#compile-time-and-code-bloat).
+
+-   Added the [make_format_args](
+    https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#_CPPv2N3fmt16make_format_argsEDpRK4Args)
+    function for capturing formatting arguments:
+
+    ```c++
+    // Prints formatted error message.
+    void vreport_error(const char *format, fmt::format_args args) {
+      fmt::print("Error: ");
+      fmt::vprint(format, args);
+    }
+    template <typename... Args>
+    void report_error(const char *format, const Args & ... args) {
+      vreport_error(format, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+    }
+    ```
+
+-   Added the `make_printf_args` function for capturing `printf`
+    arguments (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/687,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/694). Thanks @Kronuz.
+
+-   Added prefix `v` to non-variadic functions taking `format_args` to
+    distinguish them from variadic ones:
+
+    ```c++
+    std::string vformat(string_view format_str, format_args args);
+
+    template <typename... Args>
+    std::string format(string_view format_str, const Args & ... args);
+    ```
+
+-   Added experimental support for formatting ranges, containers and
+    tuple-like types in `fmt/ranges.h`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/735):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/ranges.h>
+
+    std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3};
+    fmt::print("{}", v); // prints {1, 2, 3}
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @Remotion.
+
+-   Implemented `wchar_t` date and time formatting
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/712):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/time.h>
+
+    std::time_t t = std::time(nullptr);
+    auto s = fmt::format(L"The date is {:%Y-%m-%d}.", *std::localtime(&t));
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @DanielaE.
+
+-   Provided more wide string overloads
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/724). Thanks @DanielaE.
+
+-   Switched from a custom null-terminated string view class to
+    `string_view` in the format API and provided `fmt::string_view`
+    which implements a subset of `std::string_view` API for pre-C++17
+    systems.
+
+-   Added support for `std::experimental::string_view`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/607):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include <fmt/core.h>
+    #include <experimental/string_view>
+
+    fmt::print("{}", std::experimental::string_view("foo"));
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @virgiliofornazin.
+
+-   Allowed mixing named and automatic arguments:
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::format("{} {two}", 1, fmt::arg("two", 2));
+    ```
+
+-   Removed the write API in favor of the [format
+    API](https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#format-api) with compile-time
+    handling of format strings.
+
+-   Disallowed formatting of multibyte strings into a wide character
+    target (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/606).
+
+-   Improved documentation
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/515,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/614,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/617,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/661,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/680).
+    Thanks @ibell, @mihaitodor and @johnthagen.
+
+-   Implemented more efficient handling of large number of format
+    arguments.
+
+-   Introduced an inline namespace for symbol versioning.
+
+-   Added debug postfix `d` to the `fmt` library name
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/636).
+
+-   Removed unnecessary `fmt/` prefix in includes
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/397). Thanks @chronoxor.
+
+-   Moved `fmt/*.h` to `include/fmt/*.h` to prevent irrelevant files and
+    directories appearing on the include search paths when fmt is used
+    as a subproject and moved source files to the `src` directory.
+
+-   Added qmake project file `support/fmt.pro`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/641). Thanks @cowo78.
+
+-   Added Gradle build file `support/build.gradle`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/649). Thanks @luncliff.
+
+-   Removed `FMT_CPPFORMAT` CMake option.
+
+-   Fixed a name conflict with the macro `CHAR_WIDTH` in glibc
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/616). Thanks @aroig.
+
+-   Fixed handling of nested braces in `fmt::join`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/638).
+
+-   Added `SOURCELINK_SUFFIX` for compatibility with Sphinx 1.5
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/497). Thanks @ginggs.
+
+-   Added a missing `inline` in the header-only mode
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/626). Thanks @aroig.
+
+-   Fixed various compiler warnings
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/640,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/656,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/679,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/681,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/705,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/715,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/717,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/720,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/723,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/726,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/730,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/739).
+    Thanks @peterbell10, @LarsGullik, @foonathan, @eliaskosunen,
+    @christianparpart, @DanielaE and @mwinterb.
+
+-   Worked around an MSVC bug and fixed several warnings
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/653). Thanks @alabuzhev.
+
+-   Worked around GCC bug 67371
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/682).
+
+-   Fixed compilation with `-fno-exceptions`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/655). Thanks @chenxiaolong.
+
+-   Made `constexpr remove_prefix` gcc version check tighter
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/648).
+
+-   Renamed internal type enum constants to prevent collision with
+    poorly written C libraries
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/644).
+
+-   Added detection of `wostream operator<<`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/650).
+
+-   Fixed compilation on OpenBSD
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/660). Thanks @hubslave.
+
+-   Fixed compilation on FreeBSD 12
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/732). Thanks @dankm.
+
+-   Fixed compilation when there is a mismatch between `-std` options
+    between the library and user code
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/664).
+
+-   Fixed compilation with GCC 7 and `-std=c++11`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/734).
+
+-   Improved generated binary code on GCC 7 and older
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/668).
+
+-   Fixed handling of numeric alignment with no width
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/675).
+
+-   Fixed handling of empty strings in UTF8/16 converters
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/676). Thanks @vgalka-sl.
+
+-   Fixed formatting of an empty `string_view`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/689).
+
+-   Fixed detection of `string_view` on libc++
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/686).
+
+-   Fixed DLL issues (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/696).
+    Thanks @sebkoenig.
+
+-   Fixed compile checks for mixing narrow and wide strings
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/690).
+
+-   Disabled unsafe implicit conversion to `std::string`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/729).
+
+-   Fixed handling of reused format specs (as in `fmt::join`) for
+    pointers (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/725). Thanks @mwinterb.
+
+-   Fixed installation of `fmt/ranges.h`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/738). Thanks @sv1990.
+
+# 4.1.0 - 2017-12-20
+
+-   Added `fmt::to_wstring()` in addition to `fmt::to_string()`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/559). Thanks @alabuzhev.
+-   Added support for C++17 `std::string_view`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/571 and
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/578).
+    Thanks @thelostt and @mwinterb.
+-   Enabled stream exceptions to catch errors
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/581). Thanks @crusader-mike.
+-   Allowed formatting of class hierarchies with `fmt::format_arg()`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/547). Thanks @rollbear.
+-   Removed limitations on character types
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/563). Thanks @Yelnats321.
+-   Conditionally enabled use of `std::allocator_traits`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/583). Thanks @mwinterb.
+-   Added support for `const` variadic member function emulation with
+    `FMT_VARIADIC_CONST`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/591). Thanks @ludekvodicka.
+-   Various bugfixes: bad overflow check, unsupported implicit type
+    conversion when determining formatting function, test segfaults
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/551), ill-formed
+    macros (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/542) and
+    ambiguous overloads
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/580). Thanks @xylosper.
+-   Prevented warnings on MSVC
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/605,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/602, and
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/545), clang
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/582), GCC
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/573), various
+    conversion warnings (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/609,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/567,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/553 and
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/553), and added
+    `override` and `[[noreturn]]`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/549 and
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/555).
+    Thanks @alabuzhev, @virgiliofornazin, @alexanderbock, @yumetodo, @VaderY,
+    @jpcima, @thelostt and @Manu343726.
+-   Improved CMake: Used `GNUInstallDirs` to set installation location
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/610) and fixed warnings
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/536 and
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/556).
+    Thanks @mikecrowe, @evgen231 and @henryiii.
+
+# 4.0.0 - 2017-06-27
+
+-   Removed old compatibility headers `cppformat/*.h` and CMake options
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/527). Thanks @maddinat0r.
+
+-   Added `string.h` containing `fmt::to_string()` as alternative to
+    `std::to_string()` as well as other string writer functionality
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/326 and
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/441):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include "fmt/string.h"
+
+    std::string answer = fmt::to_string(42);
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @glebov-andrey.
+
+-   Moved `fmt::printf()` to new `printf.h` header and allowed `%s` as
+    generic specifier (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/453),
+    made `%.f` more conformant to regular `printf()`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/490), added custom
+    writer support (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/476)
+    and implemented missing custom argument formatting
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/339 and
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/340):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include "fmt/printf.h"
+
+    // %s format specifier can be used with any argument type.
+    fmt::printf("%s", 42);
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @mojoBrendan, @manylegged and @spacemoose.
+    See also https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/360,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/335 and
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/331.
+
+-   Added `container.h` containing a `BasicContainerWriter` to write to
+    containers like `std::vector`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/450). Thanks @polyvertex.
+
+-   Added `fmt::join()` function that takes a range and formats its
+    elements separated by a given string
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/466):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include "fmt/format.h"
+
+    std::vector<double> v = {1.2, 3.4, 5.6};
+    // Prints "(+01.20, +03.40, +05.60)".
+    fmt::print("({:+06.2f})", fmt::join(v.begin(), v.end(), ", "));
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @olivier80.
+
+-   Added support for custom formatting specifications to simplify
+    customization of built-in formatting
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/444). Thanks @polyvertex.
+    See also https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/439.
+
+-   Added `fmt::format_system_error()` for error code formatting
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/323 and
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/526). Thanks @maddinat0r.
+
+-   Added thread-safe `fmt::localtime()` and `fmt::gmtime()` as
+    replacement for the standard version to `time.h`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/396). Thanks @codicodi.
+
+-   Internal improvements to `NamedArg` and `ArgLists`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/389 and
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/390). Thanks @chronoxor.
+
+-   Fixed crash due to bug in `FormatBuf`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/493). Thanks @effzeh. See also
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/480 and
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/491.
+
+-   Fixed handling of wide strings in `fmt::StringWriter`.
+
+-   Improved compiler error messages
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/357).
+
+-   Fixed various warnings and issues with various compilers
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/494,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/499,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/483,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/485,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/482,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/475,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/473 and
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/414).
+    Thanks @chronoxor, @zhaohuaxishi, @pkestene, @dschmidt and @0x414c.
+
+-   Improved CMake: targets are now namespaced
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/511 and
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/513), supported
+    header-only `printf.h`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/354), fixed issue with
+    minimal supported library subset
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/418,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/419 and
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/420).
+    Thanks @bjoernthiel, @niosHD, @LogicalKnight and @alabuzhev.
+
+-   Improved documentation (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/393).
+    Thanks @pwm1234.
+
+# 3.0.2 - 2017-06-14
+
+-   Added `FMT_VERSION` macro
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/411).
+-   Used `FMT_NULL` instead of literal `0`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/409). Thanks @alabuzhev.
+-   Added extern templates for `format_float`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/413).
+-   Fixed implicit conversion issue
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/507).
+-   Fixed signbit detection
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/423).
+-   Fixed naming collision
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/425).
+-   Fixed missing intrinsic for C++/CLI
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/457). Thanks @calumr.
+-   Fixed Android detection
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/458). Thanks @Gachapen.
+-   Use lean `windows.h` if not in header-only mode
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/503). Thanks @Quentin01.
+-   Fixed issue with CMake exporting C++11 flag
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/455). Thanks @EricWF.
+-   Fixed issue with nvcc and MSVC compiler bug and MinGW
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/505).
+-   Fixed DLL issues (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/469 and
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/502).
+    Thanks @richardeakin and @AndreasSchoenle.
+-   Fixed test compilation under FreeBSD
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/433).
+-   Fixed various warnings
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/403,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/410 and
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/510).
+    Thanks @Lecetem, @chenhayat and @trozen.
+-   Worked around a broken `__builtin_clz` in clang with MS codegen
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/519).
+-   Removed redundant include
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/479).
+-   Fixed documentation issues.
+
+# 3.0.1 - 2016-11-01
+
+-   Fixed handling of thousands separator
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/353).
+-   Fixed handling of `unsigned char` strings
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/373).
+-   Corrected buffer growth when formatting time
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/367).
+-   Removed warnings under MSVC and clang
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/318,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/250, also merged
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/385 and
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/361).
+    Thanks @jcelerier and @nmoehrle.
+-   Fixed compilation issues under Android
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/327,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/345 and
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/381), FreeBSD
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/358), Cygwin
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/388), MinGW
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/355) as well as other
+    issues (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/350,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/355,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/348,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/402,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/405).
+    Thanks @dpantele, @hghwng, @arvedarved, @LogicalKnight and @JanHellwig.
+-   Fixed some documentation issues and extended specification
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/320,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/333,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/347,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/362). Thanks @smellman.
+
+# 3.0.0 - 2016-05-07
+
+-   The project has been renamed from C++ Format (cppformat) to fmt for
+    consistency with the used namespace and macro prefix
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/307). Library headers
+    are now located in the `fmt` directory:
+
+    ```c++
+    #include "fmt/format.h"
+    ```
+
+    Including `format.h` from the `cppformat` directory is deprecated
+    but works via a proxy header which will be removed in the next major
+    version.
+
+    The documentation is now available at <https://fmt.dev>.
+
+-   Added support for
+    [strftime](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/c/strftime)-like
+    [date and time
+    formatting](https://fmt.dev/3.0.0/api.html#date-and-time-formatting)
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/283):
+
+    ```c++
+    #include "fmt/time.h"
+
+    std::time_t t = std::time(nullptr);
+    // Prints "The date is 2016-04-29." (with the current date)
+    fmt::print("The date is {:%Y-%m-%d}.", *std::localtime(&t));
+    ```
+
+-   `std::ostream` support including formatting of user-defined types
+    that provide overloaded `operator<<` has been moved to
+    `fmt/ostream.h`:
+
+    ```c++
+    #include "fmt/ostream.h"
+
+    class Date {
+      int year_, month_, day_;
+    public:
+      Date(int year, int month, int day) : year_(year), month_(month), day_(day) {}
+
+      friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Date &d) {
+        return os << d.year_ << '-' << d.month_ << '-' << d.day_;
+      }
+    };
+
+    std::string s = fmt::format("The date is {}", Date(2012, 12, 9));
+    // s == "The date is 2012-12-9"
+    ```
+
+-   Added support for [custom argument
+    formatters](https://fmt.dev/3.0.0/api.html#argument-formatters)
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/235).
+
+-   Added support for locale-specific integer formatting with the `n`
+    specifier (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/305):
+
+    ```c++
+    std::setlocale(LC_ALL, "en_US.utf8");
+    fmt::print("cppformat: {:n}\n", 1234567); // prints 1,234,567
+    ```
+
+-   Sign is now preserved when formatting an integer with an incorrect
+    `printf` format specifier
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/265):
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::printf("%lld", -42); // prints -42
+    ```
+
+    Note that it would be an undefined behavior in `std::printf`.
+
+-   Length modifiers such as `ll` are now optional in printf formatting
+    functions and the correct type is determined automatically
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/255):
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::printf("%d", std::numeric_limits<long long>::max());
+    ```
+
+    Note that it would be an undefined behavior in `std::printf`.
+
+-   Added initial support for custom formatters
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/231).
+
+-   Fixed detection of user-defined literal support on Intel C++
+    compiler (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/311,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/312).
+    Thanks @dean0x7d and @speth.
+
+-   Reduced compile time
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/243,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/249,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/317):
+
+    ![](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/4831417/11614060/b9e826d2-9c36-11e5-8666-d4131bf503ef.png)
+
+    ![](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/4831417/11614080/6ac903cc-9c37-11e5-8165-26df6efae364.png)
+
+    Thanks @dean0x7d.
+
+-   Compile test fixes (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/313).
+    Thanks @dean0x7d.
+
+-   Documentation fixes (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/239,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/248,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/252,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/258,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/260,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/301,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/309).
+    Thanks @ReadmeCritic @Gachapen and @jwilk.
+
+-   Fixed compiler and sanitizer warnings
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/244,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/256,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/259,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/263,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/274,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/277,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/286,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/291,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/296,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/308).
+    Thanks @mwinterb, @pweiskircher and @Naios.
+
+-   Improved compatibility with Windows Store apps
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/280,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/285) Thanks @mwinterb.
+
+-   Added tests of compatibility with older C++ standards
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/273). Thanks @niosHD.
+
+-   Fixed Android build
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/271). Thanks @newnon.
+
+-   Changed `ArgMap` to be backed by a vector instead of a map.
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/261,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/262). Thanks @mwinterb.
+
+-   Added `fprintf` overload that writes to a `std::ostream`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/251).
+    Thanks @nickhutchinson.
+
+-   Export symbols when building a Windows DLL
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/245).
+    Thanks @macdems.
+
+-   Fixed compilation on Cygwin
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/304).
+
+-   Implemented a workaround for a bug in Apple LLVM version 4.2 of
+    clang (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/276).
+
+-   Implemented a workaround for Google Test bug
+    https://github.com/google/googletest/issues/705 on gcc 6
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/268). Thanks @octoploid.
+
+-   Removed Biicode support because the latter has been discontinued.
+
+# 2.1.1 - 2016-04-11
+
+-   The install location for generated CMake files is now configurable
+    via the `FMT_CMAKE_DIR` CMake variable
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/299). Thanks @niosHD.
+-   Documentation fixes
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/252).
+
+# 2.1.0 - 2016-03-21
+
+-   Project layout and build system improvements
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/267):
+
+    -   The code have been moved to the `cppformat` directory. Including
+        `format.h` from the top-level directory is deprecated but works
+        via a proxy header which will be removed in the next major
+        version.
+    -   C++ Format CMake targets now have proper interface definitions.
+    -   Installed version of the library now supports the header-only
+        configuration.
+    -   Targets `doc`, `install`, and `test` are now disabled if C++
+        Format is included as a CMake subproject. They can be enabled by
+        setting `FMT_DOC`, `FMT_INSTALL`, and `FMT_TEST` in the parent
+        project.
+
+    Thanks @niosHD.
+
+# 2.0.1 - 2016-03-13
+
+-   Improved CMake find and package support
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/264). Thanks @niosHD.
+-   Fix compile error with Android NDK and mingw32
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/241). Thanks @Gachapen.
+-   Documentation fixes
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/248,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/260).
+
+# 2.0.0 - 2015-12-01
+
+## General
+
+-   \[Breaking\] Named arguments
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/169,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/173,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/174):
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::print("The answer is {answer}.", fmt::arg("answer", 42));
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @jamboree.
+
+-   \[Experimental\] User-defined literals for format and named
+    arguments (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/204,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/206,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/207):
+
+    ```c++
+    using namespace fmt::literals;
+    fmt::print("The answer is {answer}.", "answer"_a=42);
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @dean0x7d.
+
+-   \[Breaking\] Formatting of more than 16 arguments is now supported
+    when using variadic templates
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/141). Thanks @Shauren.
+
+-   Runtime width specification
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/168):
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::format("{0:{1}}", 42, 5); // gives "   42"
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @jamboree.
+
+-   \[Breaking\] Enums are now formatted with an overloaded
+    `std::ostream` insertion operator (`operator<<`) if available
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/232).
+
+-   \[Breaking\] Changed default `bool` format to textual, \"true\" or
+    \"false\" (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/170):
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::print("{}", true); // prints "true"
+    ```
+
+    To print `bool` as a number use numeric format specifier such as
+    `d`:
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::print("{:d}", true); // prints "1"
+    ```
+
+-   `fmt::printf` and `fmt::sprintf` now support formatting of `bool`
+    with the `%s` specifier giving textual output, \"true\" or \"false\"
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/223):
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::printf("%s", true); // prints "true"
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @LarsGullik.
+
+-   \[Breaking\] `signed char` and `unsigned char` are now formatted as
+    integers by default
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/217).
+
+-   \[Breaking\] Pointers to C strings can now be formatted with the `p`
+    specifier (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/223):
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::print("{:p}", "test"); // prints pointer value
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @LarsGullik.
+
+-   \[Breaking\] `fmt::printf` and `fmt::sprintf` now print null
+    pointers as `(nil)` and null strings as `(null)` for consistency
+    with glibc (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/226).
+    Thanks @LarsGullik.
+
+-   \[Breaking\] `fmt::(s)printf` now supports formatting of objects of
+    user-defined types that provide an overloaded `std::ostream`
+    insertion operator (`operator<<`)
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/201):
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::printf("The date is %s", Date(2012, 12, 9));
+    ```
+
+-   \[Breaking\] The `Buffer` template is now part of the public API and
+    can be used to implement custom memory buffers
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/140). Thanks @polyvertex.
+
+-   \[Breaking\] Improved compatibility between `BasicStringRef` and
+    [std::experimental::basic_string_view](
+    http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/experimental/basic_string_view)
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/100,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/159,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/183):
+
+    -   Comparison operators now compare string content, not pointers
+    -   `BasicStringRef::c_str` replaced by `BasicStringRef::data`
+    -   `BasicStringRef` is no longer assumed to be null-terminated
+
+    References to null-terminated strings are now represented by a new
+    class, `BasicCStringRef`.
+
+-   Dependency on pthreads introduced by Google Test is now optional
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/185).
+
+-   New CMake options `FMT_DOC`, `FMT_INSTALL` and `FMT_TEST` to control
+    generation of `doc`, `install` and `test` targets respectively, on
+    by default (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/197,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/198,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/200). Thanks @maddinat0r.
+
+-   `noexcept` is now used when compiling with MSVC2015
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/215). Thanks @dmkrepo.
+
+-   Added an option to disable use of `windows.h` when
+    `FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H` is defined as 0 before including `format.h`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/171). Thanks @alfps.
+
+-   \[Breaking\] `windows.h` is now included with `NOMINMAX` unless
+    `FMT_WIN_MINMAX` is defined. This is done to prevent breaking code
+    using `std::min` and `std::max` and only affects the header-only
+    configuration (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/152,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/153,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/154). Thanks @DevO2012.
+
+-   Improved support for custom character types
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/171). Thanks @alfps.
+
+-   Added an option to disable use of IOStreams when `FMT_USE_IOSTREAMS`
+    is defined as 0 before including `format.h`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/205,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/208). Thanks @JodiTheTigger.
+
+-   Improved detection of `isnan`, `isinf` and `signbit`.
+
+## Optimization
+
+-   Made formatting of user-defined types more efficient with a custom
+    stream buffer (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/92,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/230). Thanks @NotImplemented.
+-   Further improved performance of `fmt::Writer` on integer formatting
+    and fixed a minor regression. Now it is \~7% faster than
+    `karma::generate` on Karma\'s benchmark
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/186).
+-   \[Breaking\] Reduced [compiled code
+    size](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt#compile-time-and-code-bloat)
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/143,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/149).
+
+## Distribution
+
+-   \[Breaking\] Headers are now installed in
+    `${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/include/cppformat`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/178). Thanks @jackyf.
+
+-   \[Breaking\] Changed the library name from `format` to `cppformat`
+    for consistency with the project name and to avoid potential
+    conflicts (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/178).
+    Thanks @jackyf.
+
+-   C++ Format is now available in [Debian](https://www.debian.org/)
+    GNU/Linux
+    ([stretch](https://packages.debian.org/source/stretch/cppformat),
+    [sid](https://packages.debian.org/source/sid/cppformat)) and derived
+    distributions such as
+    [Ubuntu](https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/cppformat) 15.10 and
+    later (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/155):
+
+        $ sudo apt-get install libcppformat1-dev
+
+    Thanks @jackyf.
+
+-   [Packages for Fedora and
+    RHEL](https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/package/cppformat/) are
+    now available. Thanks Dave Johansen.
+
+-   C++ Format can now be installed via [Homebrew](http://brew.sh/) on
+    OS X (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/157):
+
+        $ brew install cppformat
+
+    Thanks @ortho and Anatoliy Bulukin.
+
+## Documentation
+
+-   Migrated from ReadTheDocs to GitHub Pages for better responsiveness
+    and reliability (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/128).
+    New documentation address is <http://cppformat.github.io/>.
+-   Added [Building thedocumentation](
+    https://fmt.dev/2.0.0/usage.html#building-the-documentation)
+    section to the documentation.
+-   Documentation build script is now compatible with Python 3 and newer
+    pip versions. (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/189,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/209).
+    Thanks @JodiTheTigger and @xentec.
+-   Documentation fixes and improvements
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/36,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/75,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/125,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/160,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/161,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/162,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/165,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/210). 
+    Thanks @syohex.
+-   Fixed out-of-tree documentation build
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/177). Thanks @jackyf.
+
+## Fixes
+
+-   Fixed `initializer_list` detection
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/136). Thanks @Gachapen.
+
+-   \[Breaking\] Fixed formatting of enums with numeric format
+    specifiers in `fmt::(s)printf`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/131,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/139):
+
+    ```c++
+    enum { ANSWER = 42 };
+    fmt::printf("%d", ANSWER);
+    ```
+
+    Thanks @Naios.
+
+-   Improved compatibility with old versions of MinGW
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/129,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/130,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/132). Thanks @cstamford.
+
+-   Fixed a compile error on MSVC with disabled exceptions
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/144).
+
+-   Added a workaround for broken implementation of variadic templates
+    in MSVC2012 (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/148).
+
+-   Placed the anonymous namespace within `fmt` namespace for the
+    header-only configuration (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/171).
+    Thanks @alfps.
+
+-   Fixed issues reported by Coverity Scan
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/187,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/192).
+
+-   Implemented a workaround for a name lookup bug in MSVC2010
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/188).
+
+-   Fixed compiler warnings
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/95,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/96,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/114,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/135,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/142,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/145,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/146,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/158,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/163,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/175,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/190,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/191,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/194,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/196,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/216,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/218,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/220,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/229,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/233,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/234,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/236,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/281,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/289).
+    Thanks @seanmiddleditch, @dixlorenz, @CarterLi, @Naios, @fmatthew5876,
+    @LevskiWeng, @rpopescu, @gabime, @cubicool, @jkflying, @LogicalKnight,
+    @inguin and @Jopie64.
+
+-   Fixed portability issues (mostly causing test failures) on ARM,
+    ppc64, ppc64le, s390x and SunOS 5.11 i386
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/138,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/179,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/180,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/202,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/225, [Red Hat Bugzilla
+    Bug 1260297](https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1260297)).
+    Thanks @Naios, @jackyf and Dave Johansen.
+
+-   Fixed a name conflict with macro `free` defined in `crtdbg.h` when
+    `_CRTDBG_MAP_ALLOC` is set (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/211).
+
+-   Fixed shared library build on OS X
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/212). Thanks @dean0x7d.
+
+-   Fixed an overload conflict on MSVC when `/Zc:wchar_t-` option is
+    specified (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/214).
+    Thanks @slavanap.
+
+-   Improved compatibility with MSVC 2008
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/236). Thanks @Jopie64.
+
+-   Improved compatibility with bcc32
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/227).
+
+-   Fixed `static_assert` detection on Clang
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/228). Thanks @dean0x7d.
+
+# 1.1.0 - 2015-03-06
+
+-   Added `BasicArrayWriter`, a class template that provides operations
+    for formatting and writing data into a fixed-size array
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/105 and
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/122):
+
+    ```c++
+    char buffer[100];
+    fmt::ArrayWriter w(buffer);
+    w.write("The answer is {}", 42);
+    ```
+
+-   Added [0 A.D.](http://play0ad.com/) and [PenUltima Online
+    (POL)](http://www.polserver.com/) to the list of notable projects
+    using C++ Format.
+
+-   C++ Format now uses MSVC intrinsics for better formatting performance
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/115,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/116,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/118 and
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/121). Previously these
+    optimizations where only used on GCC and Clang.
+    Thanks @CarterLi and @objectx.
+
+-   CMake install target
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/119). Thanks @TrentHouliston.
+
+    You can now install C++ Format with `make install` command.
+
+-   Improved [Biicode](http://www.biicode.com/) support
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/98 and
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/104).
+    Thanks @MariadeAnton and @franramirez688.
+
+-   Improved support for building with [Android NDK](
+    https://developer.android.com/tools/sdk/ndk/index.html)
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/107). Thanks @newnon.
+
+    The [android-ndk-example](https://github.com/fmtlib/android-ndk-example)
+    repository provides and example of using C++ Format with Android NDK:
+
+    ![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/fmtlib/android-ndk-example/master/screenshot.png)
+
+-   Improved documentation of `SystemError` and `WindowsError`
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/54).
+
+-   Various code improvements
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/110,
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/111
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/112). Thanks @CarterLi.
+
+-   Improved compile-time errors when formatting wide into narrow
+    strings (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/117).
+
+-   Fixed `BasicWriter::write` without formatting arguments when C++11
+    support is disabled
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/109).
+
+-   Fixed header-only build on OS X with GCC 4.9
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/124).
+
+-   Fixed packaging issues (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/94).
+
+-   Added [changelog](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/ChangeLog.md)
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/103).
+
+# 1.0.0 - 2015-02-05
+
+-   Add support for a header-only configuration when `FMT_HEADER_ONLY`
+    is defined before including `format.h`:
+
+    ```c++
+    #define FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+    #include "format.h"
+    ```
+
+-   Compute string length in the constructor of `BasicStringRef` instead
+    of the `size` method
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/79). This eliminates
+    size computation for string literals on reasonable optimizing
+    compilers.
+
+-   Fix formatting of types with overloaded `operator <<` for
+    `std::wostream` (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/86):
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::format(L"The date is {0}", Date(2012, 12, 9));
+    ```
+
+-   Fix linkage of tests on Arch Linux
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/89).
+
+-   Allow precision specifier for non-float arguments
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/90):
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::print("{:.3}\n", "Carpet"); // prints "Car"
+    ```
+
+-   Fix build on Android NDK (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/93).
+
+-   Improvements to documentation build procedure.
+
+-   Remove `FMT_SHARED` CMake variable in favor of standard [BUILD_SHARED_LIBS](
+    http://www.cmake.org/cmake/help/v3.0/variable/BUILD_SHARED_LIBS.html).
+
+-   Fix error handling in `fmt::fprintf`.
+
+-   Fix a number of warnings.
+
+# 0.12.0 - 2014-10-25
+
+-   \[Breaking\] Improved separation between formatting and buffer
+    management. `Writer` is now a base class that cannot be instantiated
+    directly. The new `MemoryWriter` class implements the default buffer
+    management with small allocations done on stack. So `fmt::Writer`
+    should be replaced with `fmt::MemoryWriter` in variable
+    declarations.
+
+    Old code:
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::Writer w;
+    ```
+
+    New code:
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::MemoryWriter w;
+    ```
+
+    If you pass `fmt::Writer` by reference, you can continue to do so:
+
+    ```c++
+    void f(fmt::Writer &w);
+    ```
+
+    This doesn\'t affect the formatting API.
+
+-   Support for custom memory allocators
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/69)
+
+-   Formatting functions now accept [signed char]{.title-ref} and
+    [unsigned char]{.title-ref} strings as arguments
+    (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/73):
+
+    ```c++
+    auto s = format("GLSL version: {}", glGetString(GL_VERSION));
+    ```
+
+-   Reduced code bloat. According to the new [benchmark
+    results](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt#compile-time-and-code-bloat),
+    cppformat is close to `printf` and by the order of magnitude better
+    than Boost Format in terms of compiled code size.
+
+-   Improved appearance of the documentation on mobile by using the
+    [Sphinx Bootstrap
+    theme](http://ryan-roemer.github.io/sphinx-bootstrap-theme/):
+
+    | Old | New |
+    | --- | --- |
+    | ![](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/576385/4792130/cd256436-5de3-11e4-9a62-c077d0c2b003.png) | ![](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/576385/4792131/cd29896c-5de3-11e4-8f59-cac952942bf0.png) |
+
+# 0.11.0 - 2014-08-21
+
+-   Safe printf implementation with a POSIX extension for positional
+    arguments:
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::printf("Elapsed time: %.2f seconds", 1.23);
+    fmt::printf("%1$s, %3$d %2$s", weekday, month, day);
+    ```
+
+-   Arguments of `char` type can now be formatted as integers (Issue
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/55):
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::format("0x{0:02X}", 'a');
+    ```
+
+-   Deprecated parts of the API removed.
+
+-   The library is now built and tested on MinGW with Appveyor in
+    addition to existing test platforms Linux/GCC, OS X/Clang,
+    Windows/MSVC.
+
+# 0.10.0 - 2014-07-01
+
+**Improved API**
+
+-   All formatting methods are now implemented as variadic functions
+    instead of using `operator<<` for feeding arbitrary arguments into a
+    temporary formatter object. This works both with C++11 where
+    variadic templates are used and with older standards where variadic
+    functions are emulated by providing lightweight wrapper functions
+    defined with the `FMT_VARIADIC` macro. You can use this macro for
+    defining your own portable variadic functions:
+
+    ```c++
+    void report_error(const char *format, const fmt::ArgList &args) {
+      fmt::print("Error: {}");
+      fmt::print(format, args);
+    }
+    FMT_VARIADIC(void, report_error, const char *)
+
+    report_error("file not found: {}", path);
+    ```
+
+    Apart from a more natural syntax, this also improves performance as
+    there is no need to construct temporary formatter objects and
+    control arguments\' lifetimes. Because the wrapper functions are
+    very lightweight, this doesn\'t cause code bloat even in pre-C++11
+    mode.
+
+-   Simplified common case of formatting an `std::string`. Now it
+    requires a single function call:
+
+    ```c++
+    std::string s = format("The answer is {}.", 42);
+    ```
+
+    Previously it required 2 function calls:
+
+    ```c++
+    std::string s = str(Format("The answer is {}.") << 42);
+    ```
+
+    Instead of unsafe `c_str` function, `fmt::Writer` should be used
+    directly to bypass creation of `std::string`:
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::Writer w;
+    w.write("The answer is {}.", 42);
+    w.c_str();  // returns a C string
+    ```
+
+    This doesn\'t do dynamic memory allocation for small strings and is
+    less error prone as the lifetime of the string is the same as for
+    `std::string::c_str` which is well understood (hopefully).
+
+-   Improved consistency in naming functions that are a part of the
+    public API. Now all public functions are lowercase following the
+    standard library conventions. Previously it was a combination of
+    lowercase and CapitalizedWords. Issue
+    https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/50.
+
+-   Old functions are marked as deprecated and will be removed in the
+    next release.
+
+**Other Changes**
+
+-   Experimental support for printf format specifications (work in
+    progress):
+
+    ```c++
+    fmt::printf("The answer is %d.", 42);
+    std::string s = fmt::sprintf("Look, a %s!", "string");
+    ```
+
+-   Support for hexadecimal floating point format specifiers `a` and
+    `A`:
+
+    ```c++
+    print("{:a}", -42.0); // Prints -0x1.5p+5
+    print("{:A}", -42.0); // Prints -0X1.5P+5
+    ```
+
+-   CMake option `FMT_SHARED` that specifies whether to build format as
+    a shared library (off by default).
+
+# 0.9.0 - 2014-05-13
+
+-   More efficient implementation of variadic formatting functions.
+
+-   `Writer::Format` now has a variadic overload:
+
+    ```c++
+    Writer out;
+    out.Format("Look, I'm {}!", "variadic");
+    ```
+
+-   For efficiency and consistency with other overloads, variadic
+    overload of the `Format` function now returns `Writer` instead of
+    `std::string`. Use the `str` function to convert it to
+    `std::string`:
+
+    ```c++
+    std::string s = str(Format("Look, I'm {}!", "variadic"));
+    ```
+
+-   Replaced formatter actions with output sinks: `NoAction` -\>
+    `NullSink`, `Write` -\> `FileSink`, `ColorWriter` -\>
+    `ANSITerminalSink`. This improves naming consistency and shouldn\'t
+    affect client code unless these classes are used directly which
+    should be rarely needed.
+
+-   Added `ThrowSystemError` function that formats a message and throws
+    `SystemError` containing the formatted message and system-specific
+    error description. For example, the following code
+
+    ```c++
+    FILE *f = fopen(filename, "r");
+    if (!f)
+      ThrowSystemError(errno, "Failed to open file '{}'") << filename;
+    ```
+
+    will throw `SystemError` exception with description \"Failed to open
+    file \'\<filename\>\': No such file or directory\" if file doesn\'t
+    exist.
+
+-   Support for AppVeyor continuous integration platform.
+
+-   `Format` now throws `SystemError` in case of I/O errors.
+
+-   Improve test infrastructure. Print functions are now tested by
+    redirecting the output to a pipe.
+
+# 0.8.0 - 2014-04-14
+
+-   Initial release
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/LICENSE b/c/vendor/fmt/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1cd1ef9269
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich and {fmt} contributors
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+--- Optional exception to the license ---
+
+As an exception, if, as a result of your compiling your source code, portions
+of this Software are embedded into a machine-executable object form of such
+source code, you may redistribute such embedded portions in such object form
+without including the above copyright and permission notices.
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/README.md b/c/vendor/fmt/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dcfb16ec22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,490 @@
+<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/156254208-f5b743a9-88cf-439d-b0c0-923d53e8d551.png" alt="{fmt}" width="25%"/>
+
+[![image](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/workflows/linux/badge.svg)](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/actions?query=workflow%3Alinux)
+[![image](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/workflows/macos/badge.svg)](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/actions?query=workflow%3Amacos)
+[![image](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/workflows/windows/badge.svg)](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/actions?query=workflow%3Awindows)
+[![fmt is continuously fuzzed at oss-fuzz](https://oss-fuzz-build-logs.storage.googleapis.com/badges/fmt.svg)](https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/list?\%0Acolspec=ID%20Type%20Component%20Status%20Proj%20Reported%20Owner%20\%0ASummary&q=proj%3Dfmt&can=1)
+[![Ask questions at StackOverflow with the tag fmt](https://img.shields.io/badge/stackoverflow-fmt-blue.svg)](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/fmt)
+[![image](https://api.securityscorecards.dev/projects/github.com/fmtlib/fmt/badge)](https://securityscorecards.dev/viewer/?uri=github.com/fmtlib/fmt)
+
+**{fmt}** is an open-source formatting library providing a fast and safe
+alternative to C stdio and C++ iostreams.
+
+If you like this project, please consider donating to one of the funds
+that help victims of the war in Ukraine: <https://www.stopputin.net/>.
+
+[Documentation](https://fmt.dev)
+
+[Cheat Sheets](https://hackingcpp.com/cpp/libs/fmt.html)
+
+Q&A: ask questions on [StackOverflow with the tag
+fmt](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/fmt).
+
+Try {fmt} in [Compiler Explorer](https://godbolt.org/z/Eq5763).
+
+# Features
+
+- Simple [format API](https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html) with positional
+  arguments for localization
+- Implementation of [C++20
+  std::format](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/format) and
+  [C++23 std::print](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/print)
+- [Format string syntax](https://fmt.dev/latest/syntax.html) similar
+  to Python\'s
+  [format](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format)
+- Fast IEEE 754 floating-point formatter with correct rounding,
+  shortness and round-trip guarantees using the
+  [Dragonbox](https://github.com/jk-jeon/dragonbox) algorithm
+- Portable Unicode support
+- Safe [printf
+  implementation](https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#printf-formatting)
+  including the POSIX extension for positional arguments
+- Extensibility: [support for user-defined
+  types](https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#formatting-user-defined-types)
+- High performance: faster than common standard library
+  implementations of `(s)printf`, iostreams, `to_string` and
+  `to_chars`, see [Speed tests](#speed-tests) and [Converting a
+  hundred million integers to strings per
+  second](http://www.zverovich.net/2020/06/13/fast-int-to-string-revisited.html)
+- Small code size both in terms of source code with the minimum
+  configuration consisting of just three files, `core.h`, `format.h`
+  and `format-inl.h`, and compiled code; see [Compile time and code
+  bloat](#compile-time-and-code-bloat)
+- Reliability: the library has an extensive set of
+  [tests](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/tree/master/test) and is
+  [continuously fuzzed](https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/list?colspec=ID%20Type%20Component%20Status%20Proj%20Reported%20Owner%20Summary&q=proj%3Dfmt&can=1)
+- Safety: the library is fully type-safe, errors in format strings can
+  be reported at compile time, automatic memory management prevents
+  buffer overflow errors
+- Ease of use: small self-contained code base, no external
+  dependencies, permissive MIT
+  [license](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/LICENSE.rst)
+- [Portability](https://fmt.dev/latest/index.html#portability) with
+  consistent output across platforms and support for older compilers
+- Clean warning-free codebase even on high warning levels such as
+  `-Wall -Wextra -pedantic`
+- Locale independence by default
+- Optional header-only configuration enabled with the
+  `FMT_HEADER_ONLY` macro
+
+See the [documentation](https://fmt.dev) for more details.
+
+# Examples
+
+**Print to stdout** ([run](https://godbolt.org/z/Tevcjh))
+
+``` c++
+#include <fmt/core.h>
+
+int main() {
+  fmt::print("Hello, world!\n");
+}
+```
+
+**Format a string** ([run](https://godbolt.org/z/oK8h33))
+
+``` c++
+std::string s = fmt::format("The answer is {}.", 42);
+// s == "The answer is 42."
+```
+
+**Format a string using positional arguments**
+([run](https://godbolt.org/z/Yn7Txe))
+
+``` c++
+std::string s = fmt::format("I'd rather be {1} than {0}.", "right", "happy");
+// s == "I'd rather be happy than right."
+```
+
+**Print dates and times** ([run](https://godbolt.org/z/c31ExdY3W))
+
+``` c++
+#include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+int main() {
+  auto now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+  fmt::print("Date and time: {}\n", now);
+  fmt::print("Time: {:%H:%M}\n", now);
+}
+```
+
+Output:
+
+    Date and time: 2023-12-26 19:10:31.557195597
+    Time: 19:10
+
+**Print a container** ([run](https://godbolt.org/z/MxM1YqjE7))
+
+``` c++
+#include <vector>
+#include <fmt/ranges.h>
+
+int main() {
+  std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3};
+  fmt::print("{}\n", v);
+}
+```
+
+Output:
+
+    [1, 2, 3]
+
+**Check a format string at compile time**
+
+``` c++
+std::string s = fmt::format("{:d}", "I am not a number");
+```
+
+This gives a compile-time error in C++20 because `d` is an invalid
+format specifier for a string.
+
+**Write a file from a single thread**
+
+``` c++
+#include <fmt/os.h>
+
+int main() {
+  auto out = fmt::output_file("guide.txt");
+  out.print("Don't {}", "Panic");
+}
+```
+
+This can be [5 to 9 times faster than
+fprintf](http://www.zverovich.net/2020/08/04/optimal-file-buffer-size.html).
+
+**Print with colors and text styles**
+
+``` c++
+#include <fmt/color.h>
+
+int main() {
+  fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::crimson) | fmt::emphasis::bold,
+             "Hello, {}!\n", "world");
+  fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::floral_white) | bg(fmt::color::slate_gray) |
+             fmt::emphasis::underline, "Olá, {}!\n", "Mundo");
+  fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::steel_blue) | fmt::emphasis::italic,
+             "你好{}！\n", "世界");
+}
+```
+
+Output on a modern terminal with Unicode support:
+
+![image](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/assets/%0A576385/2a93c904-d6fa-4aa6-b453-2618e1c327d7)
+
+# Benchmarks
+
+## Speed tests
+
+| Library           | Method        | Run Time, s |
+|-------------------|---------------|-------------|
+| libc              | printf        |   0.91      |
+| libc++            | std::ostream  |   2.49      |
+| {fmt} 9.1         | fmt::print    |   0.74      |
+| Boost Format 1.80 | boost::format |   6.26      |
+| Folly Format      | folly::format |   1.87      |
+
+{fmt} is the fastest of the benchmarked methods, \~20% faster than
+`printf`.
+
+The above results were generated by building `tinyformat_test.cpp` on
+macOS 12.6.1 with `clang++ -O3 -DNDEBUG -DSPEED_TEST -DHAVE_FORMAT`, and
+taking the best of three runs. In the test, the format string
+`"%0.10f:%04d:%+g:%s:%p:%c:%%\n"` or equivalent is filled 2,000,000
+times with output sent to `/dev/null`; for further details refer to the
+[source](https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/src/tinyformat-test.cc).
+
+{fmt} is up to 20-30x faster than `std::ostringstream` and `sprintf` on
+IEEE754 `float` and `double` formatting
+([dtoa-benchmark](https://github.com/fmtlib/dtoa-benchmark)) and faster
+than [double-conversion](https://github.com/google/double-conversion)
+and [ryu](https://github.com/ulfjack/ryu):
+
+[![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/95684665-11719600-0ba8-11eb-8e5b-972ff4e49428.png)](https://fmt.dev/unknown_mac64_clang12.0.html)
+
+## Compile time and code bloat
+
+The script
+[bloat-test.py](https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/bloat-test.py)
+from [format-benchmark](https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark)
+tests compile time and code bloat for nontrivial projects. It generates
+100 translation units and uses `printf()` or its alternative five times
+in each to simulate a medium-sized project. The resulting executable
+size and compile time (Apple LLVM version 8.1.0 (clang-802.0.42), macOS
+Sierra, best of three) is shown in the following tables.
+
+**Optimized build (-O3)**
+
+| Method        | Compile Time, s | Executable size, KiB | Stripped size, KiB |
+|---------------|-----------------|----------------------|--------------------|
+| printf        |   2.6           |   29                 |   26               |
+| printf+string |   16.4          |   29                 |   26               |
+| iostreams     |   31.1          |   59                 |   55               |
+| {fmt}         |   19.0          |   37                 |   34               |
+| Boost Format  |   91.9          |   226                |   203              |
+| Folly Format  |   115.7         |   101                |   88               |
+
+As you can see, {fmt} has 60% less overhead in terms of resulting binary
+code size compared to iostreams and comes pretty close to `printf`.
+Boost Format and Folly Format have the largest overheads.
+
+`printf+string` is the same as `printf` but with an extra `<string>`
+include to measure the overhead of the latter.
+
+**Non-optimized build**
+
+| Method        | Compile Time, s | Executable size, KiB | Stripped size, KiB |
+|---------------|-----------------|----------------------|--------------------|
+| printf        |   2.2           |   33                 |   30               |
+| printf+string |   16.0          |   33                 |   30               |
+| iostreams     |   28.3          |   56                 |   52               |
+| {fmt}         |   18.2          |   59                 |   50               |
+| Boost Format  |   54.1          |   365                |   303              |
+| Folly Format  |   79.9          |   445                |   430              |
+
+`libc`, `lib(std)c++`, and `libfmt` are all linked as shared libraries
+to compare formatting function overhead only. Boost Format is a
+header-only library so it doesn\'t provide any linkage options.
+
+## Running the tests
+
+Please refer to [Building the
+library](https://fmt.dev/latest/usage.html#building-the-library) for
+instructions on how to build the library and run the unit tests.
+
+Benchmarks reside in a separate repository,
+[format-benchmarks](https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark), so to
+run the benchmarks you first need to clone this repository and generate
+Makefiles with CMake:
+
+    $ git clone --recursive https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark.git
+    $ cd format-benchmark
+    $ cmake .
+
+Then you can run the speed test:
+
+    $ make speed-test
+
+or the bloat test:
+
+    $ make bloat-test
+
+# Migrating code
+
+[clang-tidy](https://clang.llvm.org/extra/clang-tidy/) v17 (not yet
+released) provides the
+[modernize-use-std-print](https://clang.llvm.org/extra/clang-tidy/checks/modernize/use-std-print.html)
+check that is capable of converting occurrences of `printf` and
+`fprintf` to `fmt::print` if configured to do so. (By default it
+converts to `std::print`.)
+
+# Notable projects using this library
+
+- [0 A.D.](https://play0ad.com/): a free, open-source, cross-platform
+  real-time strategy game
+- [AMPL/MP](https://github.com/ampl/mp): an open-source library for
+  mathematical programming
+- [Apple's FoundationDB](https://github.com/apple/foundationdb): an open-source,
+  distributed, transactional key-value store
+- [Aseprite](https://github.com/aseprite/aseprite): animated sprite
+  editor & pixel art tool
+- [AvioBook](https://www.aviobook.aero/en): a comprehensive aircraft
+  operations suite
+- [Blizzard Battle.net](https://battle.net/): an online gaming
+  platform
+- [Celestia](https://celestia.space/): real-time 3D visualization of
+  space
+- [Ceph](https://ceph.com/): a scalable distributed storage system
+- [ccache](https://ccache.dev/): a compiler cache
+- [ClickHouse](https://github.com/ClickHouse/ClickHouse): an
+  analytical database management system
+- [Contour](https://github.com/contour-terminal/contour/): a modern
+  terminal emulator
+- [CUAUV](https://cuauv.org/): Cornell University\'s autonomous
+  underwater vehicle
+- [Drake](https://drake.mit.edu/): a planning, control, and analysis
+  toolbox for nonlinear dynamical systems (MIT)
+- [Envoy](https://lyft.github.io/envoy/): C++ L7 proxy and
+  communication bus (Lyft)
+- [FiveM](https://fivem.net/): a modification framework for GTA V
+- [fmtlog](https://github.com/MengRao/fmtlog): a performant
+  fmtlib-style logging library with latency in nanoseconds
+- [Folly](https://github.com/facebook/folly): Facebook open-source
+  library
+- [GemRB](https://gemrb.org/): a portable open-source implementation
+  of Bioware's Infinity Engine
+- [Grand Mountain
+  Adventure](https://store.steampowered.com/app/1247360/Grand_Mountain_Adventure/):
+  a beautiful open-world ski & snowboarding game
+- [HarpyWar/pvpgn](https://github.com/pvpgn/pvpgn-server): Player vs
+  Player Gaming Network with tweaks
+- [KBEngine](https://github.com/kbengine/kbengine): an open-source
+  MMOG server engine
+- [Keypirinha](https://keypirinha.com/): a semantic launcher for
+  Windows
+- [Kodi](https://kodi.tv/) (formerly xbmc): home theater software
+- [Knuth](https://kth.cash/): high-performance Bitcoin full-node
+- [libunicode](https://github.com/contour-terminal/libunicode/): a
+  modern C++17 Unicode library
+- [MariaDB](https://mariadb.org/): relational database management
+  system
+- [Microsoft Verona](https://github.com/microsoft/verona): research
+  programming language for concurrent ownership
+- [MongoDB](https://mongodb.com/): distributed document database
+- [MongoDB Smasher](https://github.com/duckie/mongo_smasher): a small
+  tool to generate randomized datasets
+- [OpenSpace](https://openspaceproject.com/): an open-source
+  astrovisualization framework
+- [PenUltima Online (POL)](https://www.polserver.com/): an MMO server,
+  compatible with most Ultima Online clients
+- [PyTorch](https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch): an open-source
+  machine learning library
+- [quasardb](https://www.quasardb.net/): a distributed,
+  high-performance, associative database
+- [Quill](https://github.com/odygrd/quill): asynchronous low-latency
+  logging library
+- [QKW](https://github.com/ravijanjam/qkw): generalizing aliasing to
+  simplify navigation, and executing complex multi-line terminal
+  command sequences
+- [redis-cerberus](https://github.com/HunanTV/redis-cerberus): a Redis
+  cluster proxy
+- [redpanda](https://vectorized.io/redpanda): a 10x faster Kafka®
+  replacement for mission-critical systems written in C++
+- [rpclib](http://rpclib.net/): a modern C++ msgpack-RPC server and
+  client library
+- [Salesforce Analytics
+  Cloud](https://www.salesforce.com/analytics-cloud/overview/):
+  business intelligence software
+- [Scylla](https://www.scylladb.com/): a Cassandra-compatible NoSQL
+  data store that can handle 1 million transactions per second on a
+  single server
+- [Seastar](http://www.seastar-project.org/): an advanced, open-source
+  C++ framework for high-performance server applications on modern
+  hardware
+- [spdlog](https://github.com/gabime/spdlog): super fast C++ logging
+  library
+- [Stellar](https://www.stellar.org/): financial platform
+- [Touch Surgery](https://www.touchsurgery.com/): surgery simulator
+- [TrinityCore](https://github.com/TrinityCore/TrinityCore):
+  open-source MMORPG framework
+- [🐙 userver framework](https://userver.tech/): open-source
+  asynchronous framework with a rich set of abstractions and database
+  drivers
+- [Windows Terminal](https://github.com/microsoft/terminal): the new
+  Windows terminal
+
+[More\...](https://github.com/search?q=fmtlib&type=Code)
+
+If you are aware of other projects using this library, please let me
+know by [email](mailto:victor.zverovich@gmail.com) or by submitting an
+[issue](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues).
+
+# Motivation
+
+So why yet another formatting library?
+
+There are plenty of methods for doing this task, from standard ones like
+the printf family of function and iostreams to Boost Format and
+FastFormat libraries. The reason for creating a new library is that
+every existing solution that I found either had serious issues or
+didn\'t provide all the features I needed.
+
+## printf
+
+The good thing about `printf` is that it is pretty fast and readily
+available being a part of the C standard library. The main drawback is
+that it doesn\'t support user-defined types. `printf` also has safety
+issues although they are somewhat mitigated with [\_\_attribute\_\_
+((format (printf,
+\...))](https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Function-Attributes.html) in
+GCC. There is a POSIX extension that adds positional arguments required
+for
+[i18n](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization)
+to `printf` but it is not a part of C99 and may not be available on some
+platforms.
+
+## iostreams
+
+The main issue with iostreams is best illustrated with an example:
+
+``` c++
+std::cout << std::setprecision(2) << std::fixed << 1.23456 << "\n";
+```
+
+which is a lot of typing compared to printf:
+
+``` c++
+printf("%.2f\n", 1.23456);
+```
+
+Matthew Wilson, the author of FastFormat, called this \"chevron hell\".
+iostreams don\'t support positional arguments by design.
+
+The good part is that iostreams support user-defined types and are safe
+although error handling is awkward.
+
+## Boost Format
+
+This is a very powerful library that supports both `printf`-like format
+strings and positional arguments. Its main drawback is performance.
+According to various benchmarks, it is much slower than other methods
+considered here. Boost Format also has excessive build times and severe
+code bloat issues (see [Benchmarks](#benchmarks)).
+
+## FastFormat
+
+This is an interesting library that is fast, safe, and has positional
+arguments. However, it has significant limitations, citing its author:
+
+> Three features that have no hope of being accommodated within the
+> current design are:
+>
+> - Leading zeros (or any other non-space padding)
+> - Octal/hexadecimal encoding
+> - Runtime width/alignment specification
+
+It is also quite big and has a heavy dependency, STLSoft, which might be
+too restrictive for using it in some projects.
+
+## Boost Spirit.Karma
+
+This is not a formatting library but I decided to include it here for
+completeness. As iostreams, it suffers from the problem of mixing
+verbatim text with arguments. The library is pretty fast, but slower on
+integer formatting than `fmt::format_to` with format string compilation
+on Karma\'s own benchmark, see [Converting a hundred million integers to
+strings per
+second](http://www.zverovich.net/2020/06/13/fast-int-to-string-revisited.html).
+
+# License
+
+{fmt} is distributed under the MIT
+[license](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/LICENSE).
+
+# Documentation License
+
+The [Format String Syntax](https://fmt.dev/latest/syntax.html) section
+in the documentation is based on the one from Python [string module
+documentation](https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#module-string).
+For this reason, the documentation is distributed under the Python
+Software Foundation license available in
+[doc/python-license.txt](https://raw.github.com/fmtlib/fmt/master/doc/python-license.txt).
+It only applies if you distribute the documentation of {fmt}.
+
+# Maintainers
+
+The {fmt} library is maintained by Victor Zverovich
+([vitaut](https://github.com/vitaut)) with contributions from many other
+people. See
+[Contributors](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/graphs/contributors) and
+[Releases](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases) for some of the
+names. Let us know if your contribution is not listed or mentioned
+incorrectly and we\'ll make it right.
+
+# Security Policy
+
+To report a security issue, please disclose it at [security
+advisory](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/security/advisories/new).
+
+This project is maintained by a team of volunteers on a
+reasonable-effort basis. As such, please give us at least 90 days to
+work on a fix before public exposure.
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/args.h b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/args.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad1654bbb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/args.h
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - dynamic argument lists
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_ARGS_H_
+#define FMT_ARGS_H_
+
+#include <functional>  // std::reference_wrapper
+#include <memory>      // std::unique_ptr
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "core.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename T> struct is_reference_wrapper : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct is_reference_wrapper<std::reference_wrapper<T>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T> auto unwrap(const T& v) -> const T& { return v; }
+template <typename T>
+auto unwrap(const std::reference_wrapper<T>& v) -> const T& {
+  return static_cast<const T&>(v);
+}
+
+class dynamic_arg_list {
+  // Workaround for clang's -Wweak-vtables. Unlike for regular classes, for
+  // templates it doesn't complain about inability to deduce single translation
+  // unit for placing vtable. So storage_node_base is made a fake template.
+  template <typename = void> struct node {
+    virtual ~node() = default;
+    std::unique_ptr<node<>> next;
+  };
+
+  template <typename T> struct typed_node : node<> {
+    T value;
+
+    template <typename Arg>
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR typed_node(const Arg& arg) : value(arg) {}
+
+    template <typename Char>
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR typed_node(const basic_string_view<Char>& arg)
+        : value(arg.data(), arg.size()) {}
+  };
+
+  std::unique_ptr<node<>> head_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename T, typename Arg> auto push(const Arg& arg) -> const T& {
+    auto new_node = std::unique_ptr<typed_node<T>>(new typed_node<T>(arg));
+    auto& value = new_node->value;
+    new_node->next = std::move(head_);
+    head_ = std::move(new_node);
+    return value;
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace detail
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A dynamic version of `fmt::format_arg_store`.
+  It's equipped with a storage to potentially temporary objects which lifetimes
+  could be shorter than the format arguments object.
+
+  It can be implicitly converted into `~fmt::basic_format_args` for passing
+  into type-erased formatting functions such as `~fmt::vformat`.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Context>
+class dynamic_format_arg_store
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
+    // Workaround a GCC template argument substitution bug.
+    : public basic_format_args<Context>
+#endif
+{
+ private:
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  template <typename T> struct need_copy {
+    static constexpr detail::type mapped_type =
+        detail::mapped_type_constant<T, Context>::value;
+
+    enum {
+      value = !(detail::is_reference_wrapper<T>::value ||
+                std::is_same<T, basic_string_view<char_type>>::value ||
+                std::is_same<T, detail::std_string_view<char_type>>::value ||
+                (mapped_type != detail::type::cstring_type &&
+                 mapped_type != detail::type::string_type &&
+                 mapped_type != detail::type::custom_type))
+    };
+  };
+
+  template <typename T>
+  using stored_type = conditional_t<
+      std::is_convertible<T, std::basic_string<char_type>>::value &&
+          !detail::is_reference_wrapper<T>::value,
+      std::basic_string<char_type>, T>;
+
+  // Storage of basic_format_arg must be contiguous.
+  std::vector<basic_format_arg<Context>> data_;
+  std::vector<detail::named_arg_info<char_type>> named_info_;
+
+  // Storage of arguments not fitting into basic_format_arg must grow
+  // without relocation because items in data_ refer to it.
+  detail::dynamic_arg_list dynamic_args_;
+
+  friend class basic_format_args<Context>;
+
+  auto get_types() const -> unsigned long long {
+    return detail::is_unpacked_bit | data_.size() |
+           (named_info_.empty()
+                ? 0ULL
+                : static_cast<unsigned long long>(detail::has_named_args_bit));
+  }
+
+  auto data() const -> const basic_format_arg<Context>* {
+    return named_info_.empty() ? data_.data() : data_.data() + 1;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T> void emplace_arg(const T& arg) {
+    data_.emplace_back(detail::make_arg<Context>(arg));
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  void emplace_arg(const detail::named_arg<char_type, T>& arg) {
+    if (named_info_.empty()) {
+      constexpr const detail::named_arg_info<char_type>* zero_ptr{nullptr};
+      data_.insert(data_.begin(), {zero_ptr, 0});
+    }
+    data_.emplace_back(detail::make_arg<Context>(detail::unwrap(arg.value)));
+    auto pop_one = [](std::vector<basic_format_arg<Context>>* data) {
+      data->pop_back();
+    };
+    std::unique_ptr<std::vector<basic_format_arg<Context>>, decltype(pop_one)>
+        guard{&data_, pop_one};
+    named_info_.push_back({arg.name, static_cast<int>(data_.size() - 2u)});
+    data_[0].value_.named_args = {named_info_.data(), named_info_.size()};
+    guard.release();
+  }
+
+ public:
+  constexpr dynamic_format_arg_store() = default;
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Adds an argument into the dynamic store for later passing to a formatting
+    function.
+
+    Note that custom types and string types (but not string views) are copied
+    into the store dynamically allocating memory if necessary.
+
+    **Example**::
+
+      fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store<fmt::format_context> store;
+      store.push_back(42);
+      store.push_back("abc");
+      store.push_back(1.5f);
+      std::string result = fmt::vformat("{} and {} and {}", store);
+    \endrst
+  */
+  template <typename T> void push_back(const T& arg) {
+    if (detail::const_check(need_copy<T>::value))
+      emplace_arg(dynamic_args_.push<stored_type<T>>(arg));
+    else
+      emplace_arg(detail::unwrap(arg));
+  }
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Adds a reference to the argument into the dynamic store for later passing to
+    a formatting function.
+
+    **Example**::
+
+      fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store<fmt::format_context> store;
+      char band[] = "Rolling Stones";
+      store.push_back(std::cref(band));
+      band[9] = 'c'; // Changing str affects the output.
+      std::string result = fmt::vformat("{}", store);
+      // result == "Rolling Scones"
+    \endrst
+  */
+  template <typename T> void push_back(std::reference_wrapper<T> arg) {
+    static_assert(
+        need_copy<T>::value,
+        "objects of built-in types and string views are always copied");
+    emplace_arg(arg.get());
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Adds named argument into the dynamic store for later passing to a formatting
+    function. ``std::reference_wrapper`` is supported to avoid copying of the
+    argument. The name is always copied into the store.
+  */
+  template <typename T>
+  void push_back(const detail::named_arg<char_type, T>& arg) {
+    const char_type* arg_name =
+        dynamic_args_.push<std::basic_string<char_type>>(arg.name).c_str();
+    if (detail::const_check(need_copy<T>::value)) {
+      emplace_arg(
+          fmt::arg(arg_name, dynamic_args_.push<stored_type<T>>(arg.value)));
+    } else {
+      emplace_arg(fmt::arg(arg_name, arg.value));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Erase all elements from the store */
+  void clear() {
+    data_.clear();
+    named_info_.clear();
+    dynamic_args_ = detail::dynamic_arg_list();
+  }
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Reserves space to store at least *new_cap* arguments including
+    *new_cap_named* named arguments.
+    \endrst
+  */
+  void reserve(size_t new_cap, size_t new_cap_named) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(new_cap >= new_cap_named,
+               "Set of arguments includes set of named arguments");
+    data_.reserve(new_cap);
+    named_info_.reserve(new_cap_named);
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_ARGS_H_
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/chrono.h b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/chrono.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9d54574e16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/chrono.h
@@ -0,0 +1,2240 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - chrono support
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_CHRONO_H_
+#define FMT_CHRONO_H_
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cmath>    // std::isfinite
+#include <cstring>  // std::memcpy
+#include <ctime>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <locale>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#include "ostream.h"  // formatbuf
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+// Check if std::chrono::local_t is available.
+#ifndef FMT_USE_LOCAL_TIME
+#  ifdef __cpp_lib_chrono
+#    define FMT_USE_LOCAL_TIME (__cpp_lib_chrono >= 201907L)
+#  else
+#    define FMT_USE_LOCAL_TIME 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Check if std::chrono::utc_timestamp is available.
+#ifndef FMT_USE_UTC_TIME
+#  ifdef __cpp_lib_chrono
+#    define FMT_USE_UTC_TIME (__cpp_lib_chrono >= 201907L)
+#  else
+#    define FMT_USE_UTC_TIME 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Enable tzset.
+#ifndef FMT_USE_TZSET
+// UWP doesn't provide _tzset.
+#  if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE("winapifamily.h")
+#    include <winapifamily.h>
+#  endif
+#  if defined(_WIN32) && (!defined(WINAPI_FAMILY) || \
+                          (WINAPI_FAMILY == WINAPI_FAMILY_DESKTOP_APP))
+#    define FMT_USE_TZSET 1
+#  else
+#    define FMT_USE_TZSET 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Enable safe chrono durations, unless explicitly disabled.
+#ifndef FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
+#  define FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST 1
+#endif
+#if FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
+
+// For conversion between std::chrono::durations without undefined
+// behaviour or erroneous results.
+// This is a stripped down version of duration_cast, for inclusion in fmt.
+// See https://github.com/pauldreik/safe_duration_cast
+//
+// Copyright Paul Dreik 2019
+namespace safe_duration_cast {
+
+template <typename To, typename From,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<From, To>::value &&
+                        std::numeric_limits<From>::is_signed ==
+                            std::numeric_limits<To>::is_signed)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec)
+    -> To {
+  ec = 0;
+  using F = std::numeric_limits<From>;
+  using T = std::numeric_limits<To>;
+  static_assert(F::is_integer, "From must be integral");
+  static_assert(T::is_integer, "To must be integral");
+
+  // A and B are both signed, or both unsigned.
+  if (detail::const_check(F::digits <= T::digits)) {
+    // From fits in To without any problem.
+  } else {
+    // From does not always fit in To, resort to a dynamic check.
+    if (from < (T::min)() || from > (T::max)()) {
+      // outside range.
+      ec = 1;
+      return {};
+    }
+  }
+  return static_cast<To>(from);
+}
+
+/**
+ * converts From to To, without loss. If the dynamic value of from
+ * can't be converted to To without loss, ec is set.
+ */
+template <typename To, typename From,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<From, To>::value &&
+                        std::numeric_limits<From>::is_signed !=
+                            std::numeric_limits<To>::is_signed)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec)
+    -> To {
+  ec = 0;
+  using F = std::numeric_limits<From>;
+  using T = std::numeric_limits<To>;
+  static_assert(F::is_integer, "From must be integral");
+  static_assert(T::is_integer, "To must be integral");
+
+  if (detail::const_check(F::is_signed && !T::is_signed)) {
+    // From may be negative, not allowed!
+    if (fmt::detail::is_negative(from)) {
+      ec = 1;
+      return {};
+    }
+    // From is positive. Can it always fit in To?
+    if (detail::const_check(F::digits > T::digits) &&
+        from > static_cast<From>(detail::max_value<To>())) {
+      ec = 1;
+      return {};
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (detail::const_check(!F::is_signed && T::is_signed &&
+                          F::digits >= T::digits) &&
+      from > static_cast<From>(detail::max_value<To>())) {
+    ec = 1;
+    return {};
+  }
+  return static_cast<To>(from);  // Lossless conversion.
+}
+
+template <typename To, typename From,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<From, To>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec)
+    -> To {
+  ec = 0;
+  return from;
+}  // function
+
+// clang-format off
+/**
+ * converts From to To if possible, otherwise ec is set.
+ *
+ * input                            |    output
+ * ---------------------------------|---------------
+ * NaN                              | NaN
+ * Inf                              | Inf
+ * normal, fits in output           | converted (possibly lossy)
+ * normal, does not fit in output   | ec is set
+ * subnormal                        | best effort
+ * -Inf                             | -Inf
+ */
+// clang-format on
+template <typename To, typename From,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<From, To>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto safe_float_conversion(const From from, int& ec) -> To {
+  ec = 0;
+  using T = std::numeric_limits<To>;
+  static_assert(std::is_floating_point<From>::value, "From must be floating");
+  static_assert(std::is_floating_point<To>::value, "To must be floating");
+
+  // catch the only happy case
+  if (std::isfinite(from)) {
+    if (from >= T::lowest() && from <= (T::max)()) {
+      return static_cast<To>(from);
+    }
+    // not within range.
+    ec = 1;
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  // nan and inf will be preserved
+  return static_cast<To>(from);
+}  // function
+
+template <typename To, typename From,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<From, To>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto safe_float_conversion(const From from, int& ec) -> To {
+  ec = 0;
+  static_assert(std::is_floating_point<From>::value, "From must be floating");
+  return from;
+}
+
+/**
+ * safe duration cast between integral durations
+ */
+template <typename To, typename FromRep, typename FromPeriod,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<FromRep>::value),
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<typename To::rep>::value)>
+auto safe_duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from,
+                        int& ec) -> To {
+  using From = std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod>;
+  ec = 0;
+  // the basic idea is that we need to convert from count() in the from type
+  // to count() in the To type, by multiplying it with this:
+  struct Factor
+      : std::ratio_divide<typename From::period, typename To::period> {};
+
+  static_assert(Factor::num > 0, "num must be positive");
+  static_assert(Factor::den > 0, "den must be positive");
+
+  // the conversion is like this: multiply from.count() with Factor::num
+  // /Factor::den and convert it to To::rep, all this without
+  // overflow/underflow. let's start by finding a suitable type that can hold
+  // both To, From and Factor::num
+  using IntermediateRep =
+      typename std::common_type<typename From::rep, typename To::rep,
+                                decltype(Factor::num)>::type;
+
+  // safe conversion to IntermediateRep
+  IntermediateRep count =
+      lossless_integral_conversion<IntermediateRep>(from.count(), ec);
+  if (ec) return {};
+  // multiply with Factor::num without overflow or underflow
+  if (detail::const_check(Factor::num != 1)) {
+    const auto max1 = detail::max_value<IntermediateRep>() / Factor::num;
+    if (count > max1) {
+      ec = 1;
+      return {};
+    }
+    const auto min1 =
+        (std::numeric_limits<IntermediateRep>::min)() / Factor::num;
+    if (detail::const_check(!std::is_unsigned<IntermediateRep>::value) &&
+        count < min1) {
+      ec = 1;
+      return {};
+    }
+    count *= Factor::num;
+  }
+
+  if (detail::const_check(Factor::den != 1)) count /= Factor::den;
+  auto tocount = lossless_integral_conversion<typename To::rep>(count, ec);
+  return ec ? To() : To(tocount);
+}
+
+/**
+ * safe duration_cast between floating point durations
+ */
+template <typename To, typename FromRep, typename FromPeriod,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<FromRep>::value),
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<typename To::rep>::value)>
+auto safe_duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from,
+                        int& ec) -> To {
+  using From = std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod>;
+  ec = 0;
+  if (std::isnan(from.count())) {
+    // nan in, gives nan out. easy.
+    return To{std::numeric_limits<typename To::rep>::quiet_NaN()};
+  }
+  // maybe we should also check if from is denormal, and decide what to do about
+  // it.
+
+  // +-inf should be preserved.
+  if (std::isinf(from.count())) {
+    return To{from.count()};
+  }
+
+  // the basic idea is that we need to convert from count() in the from type
+  // to count() in the To type, by multiplying it with this:
+  struct Factor
+      : std::ratio_divide<typename From::period, typename To::period> {};
+
+  static_assert(Factor::num > 0, "num must be positive");
+  static_assert(Factor::den > 0, "den must be positive");
+
+  // the conversion is like this: multiply from.count() with Factor::num
+  // /Factor::den and convert it to To::rep, all this without
+  // overflow/underflow. let's start by finding a suitable type that can hold
+  // both To, From and Factor::num
+  using IntermediateRep =
+      typename std::common_type<typename From::rep, typename To::rep,
+                                decltype(Factor::num)>::type;
+
+  // force conversion of From::rep -> IntermediateRep to be safe,
+  // even if it will never happen be narrowing in this context.
+  IntermediateRep count =
+      safe_float_conversion<IntermediateRep>(from.count(), ec);
+  if (ec) {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  // multiply with Factor::num without overflow or underflow
+  if (detail::const_check(Factor::num != 1)) {
+    constexpr auto max1 = detail::max_value<IntermediateRep>() /
+                          static_cast<IntermediateRep>(Factor::num);
+    if (count > max1) {
+      ec = 1;
+      return {};
+    }
+    constexpr auto min1 = std::numeric_limits<IntermediateRep>::lowest() /
+                          static_cast<IntermediateRep>(Factor::num);
+    if (count < min1) {
+      ec = 1;
+      return {};
+    }
+    count *= static_cast<IntermediateRep>(Factor::num);
+  }
+
+  // this can't go wrong, right? den>0 is checked earlier.
+  if (detail::const_check(Factor::den != 1)) {
+    using common_t = typename std::common_type<IntermediateRep, intmax_t>::type;
+    count /= static_cast<common_t>(Factor::den);
+  }
+
+  // convert to the to type, safely
+  using ToRep = typename To::rep;
+
+  const ToRep tocount = safe_float_conversion<ToRep>(count, ec);
+  if (ec) {
+    return {};
+  }
+  return To{tocount};
+}
+}  // namespace safe_duration_cast
+#endif
+
+// Prevents expansion of a preceding token as a function-style macro.
+// Usage: f FMT_NOMACRO()
+#define FMT_NOMACRO
+
+namespace detail {
+template <typename T = void> struct null {};
+inline auto localtime_r FMT_NOMACRO(...) -> null<> { return null<>(); }
+inline auto localtime_s(...) -> null<> { return null<>(); }
+inline auto gmtime_r(...) -> null<> { return null<>(); }
+inline auto gmtime_s(...) -> null<> { return null<>(); }
+
+inline auto get_classic_locale() -> const std::locale& {
+  static const auto& locale = std::locale::classic();
+  return locale;
+}
+
+template <typename CodeUnit> struct codecvt_result {
+  static constexpr const size_t max_size = 32;
+  CodeUnit buf[max_size];
+  CodeUnit* end;
+};
+
+template <typename CodeUnit>
+void write_codecvt(codecvt_result<CodeUnit>& out, string_view in_buf,
+                   const std::locale& loc) {
+#if FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#  pragma clang diagnostic push
+#  pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated"
+  auto& f = std::use_facet<std::codecvt<CodeUnit, char, std::mbstate_t>>(loc);
+#  pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#else
+  auto& f = std::use_facet<std::codecvt<CodeUnit, char, std::mbstate_t>>(loc);
+#endif
+  auto mb = std::mbstate_t();
+  const char* from_next = nullptr;
+  auto result = f.in(mb, in_buf.begin(), in_buf.end(), from_next,
+                     std::begin(out.buf), std::end(out.buf), out.end);
+  if (result != std::codecvt_base::ok)
+    FMT_THROW(format_error("failed to format time"));
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+auto write_encoded_tm_str(OutputIt out, string_view in, const std::locale& loc)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  if (detail::is_utf8() && loc != get_classic_locale()) {
+    // char16_t and char32_t codecvts are broken in MSVC (linkage errors) and
+    // gcc-4.
+#if FMT_MSC_VERSION != 0 || \
+    (defined(__GLIBCXX__) && !defined(_GLIBCXX_USE_DUAL_ABI))
+    // The _GLIBCXX_USE_DUAL_ABI macro is always defined in libstdc++ from gcc-5
+    // and newer.
+    using code_unit = wchar_t;
+#else
+    using code_unit = char32_t;
+#endif
+
+    using unit_t = codecvt_result<code_unit>;
+    unit_t unit;
+    write_codecvt(unit, in, loc);
+    // In UTF-8 is used one to four one-byte code units.
+    auto u =
+        to_utf8<code_unit, basic_memory_buffer<char, unit_t::max_size * 4>>();
+    if (!u.convert({unit.buf, to_unsigned(unit.end - unit.buf)}))
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("failed to format time"));
+    return copy_str<char>(u.c_str(), u.c_str() + u.size(), out);
+  }
+  return copy_str<char>(in.data(), in.data() + in.size(), out);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
+auto write_tm_str(OutputIt out, string_view sv, const std::locale& loc)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  codecvt_result<Char> unit;
+  write_codecvt(unit, sv, loc);
+  return copy_str<Char>(unit.buf, unit.end, out);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
+auto write_tm_str(OutputIt out, string_view sv, const std::locale& loc)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  return write_encoded_tm_str(out, sv, loc);
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+inline void do_write(buffer<Char>& buf, const std::tm& time,
+                     const std::locale& loc, char format, char modifier) {
+  auto&& format_buf = formatbuf<std::basic_streambuf<Char>>(buf);
+  auto&& os = std::basic_ostream<Char>(&format_buf);
+  os.imbue(loc);
+  const auto& facet = std::use_facet<std::time_put<Char>>(loc);
+  auto end = facet.put(os, os, Char(' '), &time, format, modifier);
+  if (end.failed()) FMT_THROW(format_error("failed to format time"));
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
+auto write(OutputIt out, const std::tm& time, const std::locale& loc,
+           char format, char modifier = 0) -> OutputIt {
+  auto&& buf = get_buffer<Char>(out);
+  do_write<Char>(buf, time, loc, format, modifier);
+  return get_iterator(buf, out);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
+auto write(OutputIt out, const std::tm& time, const std::locale& loc,
+           char format, char modifier = 0) -> OutputIt {
+  auto&& buf = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+  do_write<char>(buf, time, loc, format, modifier);
+  return write_encoded_tm_str(out, string_view(buf.data(), buf.size()), loc);
+}
+
+template <typename Rep1, typename Rep2>
+struct is_same_arithmetic_type
+    : public std::integral_constant<bool,
+                                    (std::is_integral<Rep1>::value &&
+                                     std::is_integral<Rep2>::value) ||
+                                        (std::is_floating_point<Rep1>::value &&
+                                         std::is_floating_point<Rep2>::value)> {
+};
+
+template <
+    typename To, typename FromRep, typename FromPeriod,
+    FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_same_arithmetic_type<FromRep, typename To::rep>::value)>
+auto fmt_duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from) -> To {
+#if FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
+  // Throwing version of safe_duration_cast is only available for
+  // integer to integer or float to float casts.
+  int ec;
+  To to = safe_duration_cast::safe_duration_cast<To>(from, ec);
+  if (ec) FMT_THROW(format_error("cannot format duration"));
+  return to;
+#else
+  // Standard duration cast, may overflow.
+  return std::chrono::duration_cast<To>(from);
+#endif
+}
+
+template <
+    typename To, typename FromRep, typename FromPeriod,
+    FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_same_arithmetic_type<FromRep, typename To::rep>::value)>
+auto fmt_duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from) -> To {
+  // Mixed integer <-> float cast is not supported by safe_duration_cast.
+  return std::chrono::duration_cast<To>(from);
+}
+
+template <typename Duration>
+auto to_time_t(
+    std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock, Duration> time_point)
+    -> std::time_t {
+  // Cannot use std::chrono::system_clock::to_time_t since this would first
+  // require a cast to std::chrono::system_clock::time_point, which could
+  // overflow.
+  return fmt_duration_cast<std::chrono::duration<std::time_t>>(
+             time_point.time_since_epoch())
+      .count();
+}
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+
+/**
+  Converts given time since epoch as ``std::time_t`` value into calendar time,
+  expressed in local time. Unlike ``std::localtime``, this function is
+  thread-safe on most platforms.
+ */
+inline auto localtime(std::time_t time) -> std::tm {
+  struct dispatcher {
+    std::time_t time_;
+    std::tm tm_;
+
+    dispatcher(std::time_t t) : time_(t) {}
+
+    auto run() -> bool {
+      using namespace fmt::detail;
+      return handle(localtime_r(&time_, &tm_));
+    }
+
+    auto handle(std::tm* tm) -> bool { return tm != nullptr; }
+
+    auto handle(detail::null<>) -> bool {
+      using namespace fmt::detail;
+      return fallback(localtime_s(&tm_, &time_));
+    }
+
+    auto fallback(int res) -> bool { return res == 0; }
+
+#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION
+    auto fallback(detail::null<>) -> bool {
+      using namespace fmt::detail;
+      std::tm* tm = std::localtime(&time_);
+      if (tm) tm_ = *tm;
+      return tm != nullptr;
+    }
+#endif
+  };
+  dispatcher lt(time);
+  // Too big time values may be unsupported.
+  if (!lt.run()) FMT_THROW(format_error("time_t value out of range"));
+  return lt.tm_;
+}
+
+#if FMT_USE_LOCAL_TIME
+template <typename Duration>
+inline auto localtime(std::chrono::local_time<Duration> time) -> std::tm {
+  return localtime(
+      detail::to_time_t(std::chrono::current_zone()->to_sys(time)));
+}
+#endif
+
+/**
+  Converts given time since epoch as ``std::time_t`` value into calendar time,
+  expressed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Unlike ``std::gmtime``, this
+  function is thread-safe on most platforms.
+ */
+inline auto gmtime(std::time_t time) -> std::tm {
+  struct dispatcher {
+    std::time_t time_;
+    std::tm tm_;
+
+    dispatcher(std::time_t t) : time_(t) {}
+
+    auto run() -> bool {
+      using namespace fmt::detail;
+      return handle(gmtime_r(&time_, &tm_));
+    }
+
+    auto handle(std::tm* tm) -> bool { return tm != nullptr; }
+
+    auto handle(detail::null<>) -> bool {
+      using namespace fmt::detail;
+      return fallback(gmtime_s(&tm_, &time_));
+    }
+
+    auto fallback(int res) -> bool { return res == 0; }
+
+#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION
+    auto fallback(detail::null<>) -> bool {
+      std::tm* tm = std::gmtime(&time_);
+      if (tm) tm_ = *tm;
+      return tm != nullptr;
+    }
+#endif
+  };
+  auto gt = dispatcher(time);
+  // Too big time values may be unsupported.
+  if (!gt.run()) FMT_THROW(format_error("time_t value out of range"));
+  return gt.tm_;
+}
+
+template <typename Duration>
+inline auto gmtime(
+    std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock, Duration> time_point)
+    -> std::tm {
+  return gmtime(detail::to_time_t(time_point));
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+// Writes two-digit numbers a, b and c separated by sep to buf.
+// The method by Pavel Novikov based on
+// https://johnnylee-sde.github.io/Fast-unsigned-integer-to-time-string/.
+inline void write_digit2_separated(char* buf, unsigned a, unsigned b,
+                                   unsigned c, char sep) {
+  unsigned long long digits =
+      a | (b << 24) | (static_cast<unsigned long long>(c) << 48);
+  // Convert each value to BCD.
+  // We have x = a * 10 + b and we want to convert it to BCD y = a * 16 + b.
+  // The difference is
+  //   y - x = a * 6
+  // a can be found from x:
+  //   a = floor(x / 10)
+  // then
+  //   y = x + a * 6 = x + floor(x / 10) * 6
+  // floor(x / 10) is (x * 205) >> 11 (needs 16 bits).
+  digits += (((digits * 205) >> 11) & 0x000f00000f00000f) * 6;
+  // Put low nibbles to high bytes and high nibbles to low bytes.
+  digits = ((digits & 0x00f00000f00000f0) >> 4) |
+           ((digits & 0x000f00000f00000f) << 8);
+  auto usep = static_cast<unsigned long long>(sep);
+  // Add ASCII '0' to each digit byte and insert separators.
+  digits |= 0x3030003030003030 | (usep << 16) | (usep << 40);
+
+  constexpr const size_t len = 8;
+  if (const_check(is_big_endian())) {
+    char tmp[len];
+    std::memcpy(tmp, &digits, len);
+    std::reverse_copy(tmp, tmp + len, buf);
+  } else {
+    std::memcpy(buf, &digits, len);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Period>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto get_units() -> const char* {
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::atto>::value) return "as";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::femto>::value) return "fs";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::pico>::value) return "ps";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::nano>::value) return "ns";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::micro>::value) return "µs";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::milli>::value) return "ms";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::centi>::value) return "cs";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::deci>::value) return "ds";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::ratio<1>>::value) return "s";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::deca>::value) return "das";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::hecto>::value) return "hs";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::kilo>::value) return "ks";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::mega>::value) return "Ms";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::giga>::value) return "Gs";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::tera>::value) return "Ts";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::peta>::value) return "Ps";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::exa>::value) return "Es";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::ratio<60>>::value) return "min";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::ratio<3600>>::value) return "h";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::ratio<86400>>::value) return "d";
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+enum class numeric_system {
+  standard,
+  // Alternative numeric system, e.g. 十二 instead of 12 in ja_JP locale.
+  alternative
+};
+
+// Glibc extensions for formatting numeric values.
+enum class pad_type {
+  unspecified,
+  // Do not pad a numeric result string.
+  none,
+  // Pad a numeric result string with zeros even if the conversion specifier
+  // character uses space-padding by default.
+  zero,
+  // Pad a numeric result string with spaces.
+  space,
+};
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+auto write_padding(OutputIt out, pad_type pad, int width) -> OutputIt {
+  if (pad == pad_type::none) return out;
+  return std::fill_n(out, width, pad == pad_type::space ? ' ' : '0');
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+auto write_padding(OutputIt out, pad_type pad) -> OutputIt {
+  if (pad != pad_type::none) *out++ = pad == pad_type::space ? ' ' : '0';
+  return out;
+}
+
+// Parses a put_time-like format string and invokes handler actions.
+template <typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_chrono_format(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                       Handler&& handler) -> const Char* {
+  if (begin == end || *begin == '}') return begin;
+  if (*begin != '%') FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
+  auto ptr = begin;
+  pad_type pad = pad_type::unspecified;
+  while (ptr != end) {
+    auto c = *ptr;
+    if (c == '}') break;
+    if (c != '%') {
+      ++ptr;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (begin != ptr) handler.on_text(begin, ptr);
+    ++ptr;  // consume '%'
+    if (ptr == end) FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
+    c = *ptr;
+    switch (c) {
+    case '_':
+      pad = pad_type::space;
+      ++ptr;
+      break;
+    case '-':
+      pad = pad_type::none;
+      ++ptr;
+      break;
+    case '0':
+      pad = pad_type::zero;
+      ++ptr;
+      break;
+    }
+    if (ptr == end) FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
+    c = *ptr++;
+    switch (c) {
+    case '%':
+      handler.on_text(ptr - 1, ptr);
+      break;
+    case 'n': {
+      const Char newline[] = {'\n'};
+      handler.on_text(newline, newline + 1);
+      break;
+    }
+    case 't': {
+      const Char tab[] = {'\t'};
+      handler.on_text(tab, tab + 1);
+      break;
+    }
+    // Year:
+    case 'Y':
+      handler.on_year(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'y':
+      handler.on_short_year(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'C':
+      handler.on_century(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'G':
+      handler.on_iso_week_based_year();
+      break;
+    case 'g':
+      handler.on_iso_week_based_short_year();
+      break;
+    // Day of the week:
+    case 'a':
+      handler.on_abbr_weekday();
+      break;
+    case 'A':
+      handler.on_full_weekday();
+      break;
+    case 'w':
+      handler.on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'u':
+      handler.on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    // Month:
+    case 'b':
+    case 'h':
+      handler.on_abbr_month();
+      break;
+    case 'B':
+      handler.on_full_month();
+      break;
+    case 'm':
+      handler.on_dec_month(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    // Day of the year/month:
+    case 'U':
+      handler.on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'W':
+      handler.on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'V':
+      handler.on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'j':
+      handler.on_day_of_year();
+      break;
+    case 'd':
+      handler.on_day_of_month(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'e':
+      handler.on_day_of_month_space(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    // Hour, minute, second:
+    case 'H':
+      handler.on_24_hour(numeric_system::standard, pad);
+      break;
+    case 'I':
+      handler.on_12_hour(numeric_system::standard, pad);
+      break;
+    case 'M':
+      handler.on_minute(numeric_system::standard, pad);
+      break;
+    case 'S':
+      handler.on_second(numeric_system::standard, pad);
+      break;
+    // Other:
+    case 'c':
+      handler.on_datetime(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'x':
+      handler.on_loc_date(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'X':
+      handler.on_loc_time(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'D':
+      handler.on_us_date();
+      break;
+    case 'F':
+      handler.on_iso_date();
+      break;
+    case 'r':
+      handler.on_12_hour_time();
+      break;
+    case 'R':
+      handler.on_24_hour_time();
+      break;
+    case 'T':
+      handler.on_iso_time();
+      break;
+    case 'p':
+      handler.on_am_pm();
+      break;
+    case 'Q':
+      handler.on_duration_value();
+      break;
+    case 'q':
+      handler.on_duration_unit();
+      break;
+    case 'z':
+      handler.on_utc_offset(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'Z':
+      handler.on_tz_name();
+      break;
+    // Alternative representation:
+    case 'E': {
+      if (ptr == end) FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
+      c = *ptr++;
+      switch (c) {
+      case 'Y':
+        handler.on_year(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'y':
+        handler.on_offset_year();
+        break;
+      case 'C':
+        handler.on_century(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'c':
+        handler.on_datetime(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'x':
+        handler.on_loc_date(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'X':
+        handler.on_loc_time(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'z':
+        handler.on_utc_offset(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      default:
+        FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    case 'O':
+      if (ptr == end) FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
+      c = *ptr++;
+      switch (c) {
+      case 'y':
+        handler.on_short_year(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'm':
+        handler.on_dec_month(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'U':
+        handler.on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'W':
+        handler.on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'V':
+        handler.on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'd':
+        handler.on_day_of_month(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'e':
+        handler.on_day_of_month_space(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'w':
+        handler.on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'u':
+        handler.on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'H':
+        handler.on_24_hour(numeric_system::alternative, pad);
+        break;
+      case 'I':
+        handler.on_12_hour(numeric_system::alternative, pad);
+        break;
+      case 'M':
+        handler.on_minute(numeric_system::alternative, pad);
+        break;
+      case 'S':
+        handler.on_second(numeric_system::alternative, pad);
+        break;
+      case 'z':
+        handler.on_utc_offset(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      default:
+        FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
+      }
+      break;
+    default:
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
+    }
+    begin = ptr;
+  }
+  if (begin != ptr) handler.on_text(begin, ptr);
+  return ptr;
+}
+
+template <typename Derived> struct null_chrono_spec_handler {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void unsupported() {
+    static_cast<Derived*>(this)->unsupported();
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_year(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_short_year(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_offset_year() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_century(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_based_year() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_based_short_year() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_abbr_weekday() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_full_weekday() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_abbr_month() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_full_month() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec_month(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_year() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_month(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_month_space(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_minute(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_second(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_datetime(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_loc_date(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_loc_time(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_us_date() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_date() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour_time() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour_time() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_time() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_am_pm() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_duration_value() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_duration_unit() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_utc_offset(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_tz_name() { unsupported(); }
+};
+
+struct tm_format_checker : null_chrono_spec_handler<tm_format_checker> {
+  FMT_NORETURN void unsupported() { FMT_THROW(format_error("no format")); }
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char*, const Char*) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_year(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_short_year(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_offset_year() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_century(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_based_year() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_based_short_year() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_abbr_weekday() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_full_weekday() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_abbr_month() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_full_month() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec_month(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_year() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_month(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_month_space(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_minute(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_second(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_datetime(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_loc_date(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_loc_time(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_us_date() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_date() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour_time() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour_time() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_time() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_am_pm() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_utc_offset(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_tz_name() {}
+};
+
+inline auto tm_wday_full_name(int wday) -> const char* {
+  static constexpr const char* full_name_list[] = {
+      "Sunday",   "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday",
+      "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday"};
+  return wday >= 0 && wday <= 6 ? full_name_list[wday] : "?";
+}
+inline auto tm_wday_short_name(int wday) -> const char* {
+  static constexpr const char* short_name_list[] = {"Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed",
+                                                    "Thu", "Fri", "Sat"};
+  return wday >= 0 && wday <= 6 ? short_name_list[wday] : "???";
+}
+
+inline auto tm_mon_full_name(int mon) -> const char* {
+  static constexpr const char* full_name_list[] = {
+      "January", "February", "March",     "April",   "May",      "June",
+      "July",    "August",   "September", "October", "November", "December"};
+  return mon >= 0 && mon <= 11 ? full_name_list[mon] : "?";
+}
+inline auto tm_mon_short_name(int mon) -> const char* {
+  static constexpr const char* short_name_list[] = {
+      "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
+      "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec",
+  };
+  return mon >= 0 && mon <= 11 ? short_name_list[mon] : "???";
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename = void>
+struct has_member_data_tm_gmtoff : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct has_member_data_tm_gmtoff<T, void_t<decltype(T::tm_gmtoff)>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T, typename = void>
+struct has_member_data_tm_zone : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct has_member_data_tm_zone<T, void_t<decltype(T::tm_zone)>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+#if FMT_USE_TZSET
+inline void tzset_once() {
+  static bool init = []() -> bool {
+    _tzset();
+    return true;
+  }();
+  ignore_unused(init);
+}
+#endif
+
+// Converts value to Int and checks that it's in the range [0, upper).
+template <typename T, typename Int, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+inline auto to_nonnegative_int(T value, Int upper) -> Int {
+  if (!std::is_unsigned<Int>::value &&
+      (value < 0 || to_unsigned(value) > to_unsigned(upper))) {
+    FMT_THROW(fmt::format_error("chrono value is out of range"));
+  }
+  return static_cast<Int>(value);
+}
+template <typename T, typename Int, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+inline auto to_nonnegative_int(T value, Int upper) -> Int {
+  if (value < 0 || value > static_cast<T>(upper))
+    FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid value"));
+  return static_cast<Int>(value);
+}
+
+constexpr auto pow10(std::uint32_t n) -> long long {
+  return n == 0 ? 1 : 10 * pow10(n - 1);
+}
+
+// Counts the number of fractional digits in the range [0, 18] according to the
+// C++20 spec. If more than 18 fractional digits are required then returns 6 for
+// microseconds precision.
+template <long long Num, long long Den, int N = 0,
+          bool Enabled = (N < 19) && (Num <= max_value<long long>() / 10)>
+struct count_fractional_digits {
+  static constexpr int value =
+      Num % Den == 0 ? N : count_fractional_digits<Num * 10, Den, N + 1>::value;
+};
+
+// Base case that doesn't instantiate any more templates
+// in order to avoid overflow.
+template <long long Num, long long Den, int N>
+struct count_fractional_digits<Num, Den, N, false> {
+  static constexpr int value = (Num % Den == 0) ? N : 6;
+};
+
+// Format subseconds which are given as an integer type with an appropriate
+// number of digits.
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename Duration>
+void write_fractional_seconds(OutputIt& out, Duration d, int precision = -1) {
+  constexpr auto num_fractional_digits =
+      count_fractional_digits<Duration::period::num,
+                              Duration::period::den>::value;
+
+  using subsecond_precision = std::chrono::duration<
+      typename std::common_type<typename Duration::rep,
+                                std::chrono::seconds::rep>::type,
+      std::ratio<1, detail::pow10(num_fractional_digits)>>;
+
+  const auto fractional = d - fmt_duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(d);
+  const auto subseconds =
+      std::chrono::treat_as_floating_point<
+          typename subsecond_precision::rep>::value
+          ? fractional.count()
+          : fmt_duration_cast<subsecond_precision>(fractional).count();
+  auto n = static_cast<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<long long>>(subseconds);
+  const int num_digits = detail::count_digits(n);
+
+  int leading_zeroes = (std::max)(0, num_fractional_digits - num_digits);
+  if (precision < 0) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(!std::is_floating_point<typename Duration::rep>::value, "");
+    if (std::ratio_less<typename subsecond_precision::period,
+                        std::chrono::seconds::period>::value) {
+      *out++ = '.';
+      out = std::fill_n(out, leading_zeroes, '0');
+      out = format_decimal<Char>(out, n, num_digits).end;
+    }
+  } else {
+    *out++ = '.';
+    leading_zeroes = (std::min)(leading_zeroes, precision);
+    out = std::fill_n(out, leading_zeroes, '0');
+    int remaining = precision - leading_zeroes;
+    if (remaining != 0 && remaining < num_digits) {
+      n /= to_unsigned(detail::pow10(to_unsigned(num_digits - remaining)));
+      out = format_decimal<Char>(out, n, remaining).end;
+      return;
+    }
+    out = format_decimal<Char>(out, n, num_digits).end;
+    remaining -= num_digits;
+    out = std::fill_n(out, remaining, '0');
+  }
+}
+
+// Format subseconds which are given as a floating point type with an
+// appropriate number of digits. We cannot pass the Duration here, as we
+// explicitly need to pass the Rep value in the chrono_formatter.
+template <typename Duration>
+void write_floating_seconds(memory_buffer& buf, Duration duration,
+                            int num_fractional_digits = -1) {
+  using rep = typename Duration::rep;
+  FMT_ASSERT(std::is_floating_point<rep>::value, "");
+
+  auto val = duration.count();
+
+  if (num_fractional_digits < 0) {
+    // For `std::round` with fallback to `round`:
+    // On some toolchains `std::round` is not available (e.g. GCC 6).
+    using namespace std;
+    num_fractional_digits =
+        count_fractional_digits<Duration::period::num,
+                                Duration::period::den>::value;
+    if (num_fractional_digits < 6 && static_cast<rep>(round(val)) != val)
+      num_fractional_digits = 6;
+  }
+
+  fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(buf), FMT_STRING("{:.{}f}"),
+                 std::fmod(val * static_cast<rep>(Duration::period::num) /
+                               static_cast<rep>(Duration::period::den),
+                           static_cast<rep>(60)),
+                 num_fractional_digits);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char,
+          typename Duration = std::chrono::seconds>
+class tm_writer {
+ private:
+  static constexpr int days_per_week = 7;
+
+  const std::locale& loc_;
+  const bool is_classic_;
+  OutputIt out_;
+  const Duration* subsecs_;
+  const std::tm& tm_;
+
+  auto tm_sec() const noexcept -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_sec >= 0 && tm_.tm_sec <= 61, "");
+    return tm_.tm_sec;
+  }
+  auto tm_min() const noexcept -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_min >= 0 && tm_.tm_min <= 59, "");
+    return tm_.tm_min;
+  }
+  auto tm_hour() const noexcept -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_hour >= 0 && tm_.tm_hour <= 23, "");
+    return tm_.tm_hour;
+  }
+  auto tm_mday() const noexcept -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_mday >= 1 && tm_.tm_mday <= 31, "");
+    return tm_.tm_mday;
+  }
+  auto tm_mon() const noexcept -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_mon >= 0 && tm_.tm_mon <= 11, "");
+    return tm_.tm_mon;
+  }
+  auto tm_year() const noexcept -> long long { return 1900ll + tm_.tm_year; }
+  auto tm_wday() const noexcept -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_wday >= 0 && tm_.tm_wday <= 6, "");
+    return tm_.tm_wday;
+  }
+  auto tm_yday() const noexcept -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_yday >= 0 && tm_.tm_yday <= 365, "");
+    return tm_.tm_yday;
+  }
+
+  auto tm_hour12() const noexcept -> int {
+    const auto h = tm_hour();
+    const auto z = h < 12 ? h : h - 12;
+    return z == 0 ? 12 : z;
+  }
+
+  // POSIX and the C Standard are unclear or inconsistent about what %C and %y
+  // do if the year is negative or exceeds 9999. Use the convention that %C
+  // concatenated with %y yields the same output as %Y, and that %Y contains at
+  // least 4 characters, with more only if necessary.
+  auto split_year_lower(long long year) const noexcept -> int {
+    auto l = year % 100;
+    if (l < 0) l = -l;  // l in [0, 99]
+    return static_cast<int>(l);
+  }
+
+  // Algorithm: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_week_date.
+  auto iso_year_weeks(long long curr_year) const noexcept -> int {
+    const auto prev_year = curr_year - 1;
+    const auto curr_p =
+        (curr_year + curr_year / 4 - curr_year / 100 + curr_year / 400) %
+        days_per_week;
+    const auto prev_p =
+        (prev_year + prev_year / 4 - prev_year / 100 + prev_year / 400) %
+        days_per_week;
+    return 52 + ((curr_p == 4 || prev_p == 3) ? 1 : 0);
+  }
+  auto iso_week_num(int tm_yday, int tm_wday) const noexcept -> int {
+    return (tm_yday + 11 - (tm_wday == 0 ? days_per_week : tm_wday)) /
+           days_per_week;
+  }
+  auto tm_iso_week_year() const noexcept -> long long {
+    const auto year = tm_year();
+    const auto w = iso_week_num(tm_yday(), tm_wday());
+    if (w < 1) return year - 1;
+    if (w > iso_year_weeks(year)) return year + 1;
+    return year;
+  }
+  auto tm_iso_week_of_year() const noexcept -> int {
+    const auto year = tm_year();
+    const auto w = iso_week_num(tm_yday(), tm_wday());
+    if (w < 1) return iso_year_weeks(year - 1);
+    if (w > iso_year_weeks(year)) return 1;
+    return w;
+  }
+
+  void write1(int value) {
+    *out_++ = static_cast<char>('0' + to_unsigned(value) % 10);
+  }
+  void write2(int value) {
+    const char* d = digits2(to_unsigned(value) % 100);
+    *out_++ = *d++;
+    *out_++ = *d;
+  }
+  void write2(int value, pad_type pad) {
+    unsigned int v = to_unsigned(value) % 100;
+    if (v >= 10) {
+      const char* d = digits2(v);
+      *out_++ = *d++;
+      *out_++ = *d;
+    } else {
+      out_ = detail::write_padding(out_, pad);
+      *out_++ = static_cast<char>('0' + v);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void write_year_extended(long long year) {
+    // At least 4 characters.
+    int width = 4;
+    if (year < 0) {
+      *out_++ = '-';
+      year = 0 - year;
+      --width;
+    }
+    uint32_or_64_or_128_t<long long> n = to_unsigned(year);
+    const int num_digits = count_digits(n);
+    if (width > num_digits) out_ = std::fill_n(out_, width - num_digits, '0');
+    out_ = format_decimal<Char>(out_, n, num_digits).end;
+  }
+  void write_year(long long year) {
+    if (year >= 0 && year < 10000) {
+      write2(static_cast<int>(year / 100));
+      write2(static_cast<int>(year % 100));
+    } else {
+      write_year_extended(year);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void write_utc_offset(long offset, numeric_system ns) {
+    if (offset < 0) {
+      *out_++ = '-';
+      offset = -offset;
+    } else {
+      *out_++ = '+';
+    }
+    offset /= 60;
+    write2(static_cast<int>(offset / 60));
+    if (ns != numeric_system::standard) *out_++ = ':';
+    write2(static_cast<int>(offset % 60));
+  }
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(has_member_data_tm_gmtoff<T>::value)>
+  void format_utc_offset_impl(const T& tm, numeric_system ns) {
+    write_utc_offset(tm.tm_gmtoff, ns);
+  }
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!has_member_data_tm_gmtoff<T>::value)>
+  void format_utc_offset_impl(const T& tm, numeric_system ns) {
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(_UCRT)
+#  if FMT_USE_TZSET
+    tzset_once();
+#  endif
+    long offset = 0;
+    _get_timezone(&offset);
+    if (tm.tm_isdst) {
+      long dstbias = 0;
+      _get_dstbias(&dstbias);
+      offset += dstbias;
+    }
+    write_utc_offset(-offset, ns);
+#else
+    if (ns == numeric_system::standard) return format_localized('z');
+
+    // Extract timezone offset from timezone conversion functions.
+    std::tm gtm = tm;
+    std::time_t gt = std::mktime(&gtm);
+    std::tm ltm = gmtime(gt);
+    std::time_t lt = std::mktime(&ltm);
+    long offset = gt - lt;
+    write_utc_offset(offset, ns);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(has_member_data_tm_zone<T>::value)>
+  void format_tz_name_impl(const T& tm) {
+    if (is_classic_)
+      out_ = write_tm_str<Char>(out_, tm.tm_zone, loc_);
+    else
+      format_localized('Z');
+  }
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!has_member_data_tm_zone<T>::value)>
+  void format_tz_name_impl(const T&) {
+    format_localized('Z');
+  }
+
+  void format_localized(char format, char modifier = 0) {
+    out_ = write<Char>(out_, tm_, loc_, format, modifier);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  tm_writer(const std::locale& loc, OutputIt out, const std::tm& tm,
+            const Duration* subsecs = nullptr)
+      : loc_(loc),
+        is_classic_(loc_ == get_classic_locale()),
+        out_(out),
+        subsecs_(subsecs),
+        tm_(tm) {}
+
+  auto out() const -> OutputIt { return out_; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
+    out_ = copy_str<Char>(begin, end, out_);
+  }
+
+  void on_abbr_weekday() {
+    if (is_classic_)
+      out_ = write(out_, tm_wday_short_name(tm_wday()));
+    else
+      format_localized('a');
+  }
+  void on_full_weekday() {
+    if (is_classic_)
+      out_ = write(out_, tm_wday_full_name(tm_wday()));
+    else
+      format_localized('A');
+  }
+  void on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard) return write1(tm_wday());
+    format_localized('w', 'O');
+  }
+  void on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard) {
+      auto wday = tm_wday();
+      write1(wday == 0 ? days_per_week : wday);
+    } else {
+      format_localized('u', 'O');
+    }
+  }
+
+  void on_abbr_month() {
+    if (is_classic_)
+      out_ = write(out_, tm_mon_short_name(tm_mon()));
+    else
+      format_localized('b');
+  }
+  void on_full_month() {
+    if (is_classic_)
+      out_ = write(out_, tm_mon_full_name(tm_mon()));
+    else
+      format_localized('B');
+  }
+
+  void on_datetime(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_) {
+      on_abbr_weekday();
+      *out_++ = ' ';
+      on_abbr_month();
+      *out_++ = ' ';
+      on_day_of_month_space(numeric_system::standard);
+      *out_++ = ' ';
+      on_iso_time();
+      *out_++ = ' ';
+      on_year(numeric_system::standard);
+    } else {
+      format_localized('c', ns == numeric_system::standard ? '\0' : 'E');
+    }
+  }
+  void on_loc_date(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_)
+      on_us_date();
+    else
+      format_localized('x', ns == numeric_system::standard ? '\0' : 'E');
+  }
+  void on_loc_time(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_)
+      on_iso_time();
+    else
+      format_localized('X', ns == numeric_system::standard ? '\0' : 'E');
+  }
+  void on_us_date() {
+    char buf[8];
+    write_digit2_separated(buf, to_unsigned(tm_mon() + 1),
+                           to_unsigned(tm_mday()),
+                           to_unsigned(split_year_lower(tm_year())), '/');
+    out_ = copy_str<Char>(std::begin(buf), std::end(buf), out_);
+  }
+  void on_iso_date() {
+    auto year = tm_year();
+    char buf[10];
+    size_t offset = 0;
+    if (year >= 0 && year < 10000) {
+      copy2(buf, digits2(static_cast<size_t>(year / 100)));
+    } else {
+      offset = 4;
+      write_year_extended(year);
+      year = 0;
+    }
+    write_digit2_separated(buf + 2, static_cast<unsigned>(year % 100),
+                           to_unsigned(tm_mon() + 1), to_unsigned(tm_mday()),
+                           '-');
+    out_ = copy_str<Char>(std::begin(buf) + offset, std::end(buf), out_);
+  }
+
+  void on_utc_offset(numeric_system ns) { format_utc_offset_impl(tm_, ns); }
+  void on_tz_name() { format_tz_name_impl(tm_); }
+
+  void on_year(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write_year(tm_year());
+    format_localized('Y', 'E');
+  }
+  void on_short_year(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write2(split_year_lower(tm_year()));
+    format_localized('y', 'O');
+  }
+  void on_offset_year() {
+    if (is_classic_) return write2(split_year_lower(tm_year()));
+    format_localized('y', 'E');
+  }
+
+  void on_century(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard) {
+      auto year = tm_year();
+      auto upper = year / 100;
+      if (year >= -99 && year < 0) {
+        // Zero upper on negative year.
+        *out_++ = '-';
+        *out_++ = '0';
+      } else if (upper >= 0 && upper < 100) {
+        write2(static_cast<int>(upper));
+      } else {
+        out_ = write<Char>(out_, upper);
+      }
+    } else {
+      format_localized('C', 'E');
+    }
+  }
+
+  void on_dec_month(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write2(tm_mon() + 1);
+    format_localized('m', 'O');
+  }
+
+  void on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write2((tm_yday() + days_per_week - tm_wday()) / days_per_week);
+    format_localized('U', 'O');
+  }
+  void on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard) {
+      auto wday = tm_wday();
+      write2((tm_yday() + days_per_week -
+              (wday == 0 ? (days_per_week - 1) : (wday - 1))) /
+             days_per_week);
+    } else {
+      format_localized('W', 'O');
+    }
+  }
+  void on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write2(tm_iso_week_of_year());
+    format_localized('V', 'O');
+  }
+
+  void on_iso_week_based_year() { write_year(tm_iso_week_year()); }
+  void on_iso_week_based_short_year() {
+    write2(split_year_lower(tm_iso_week_year()));
+  }
+
+  void on_day_of_year() {
+    auto yday = tm_yday() + 1;
+    write1(yday / 100);
+    write2(yday % 100);
+  }
+  void on_day_of_month(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard) return write2(tm_mday());
+    format_localized('d', 'O');
+  }
+  void on_day_of_month_space(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard) {
+      auto mday = to_unsigned(tm_mday()) % 100;
+      const char* d2 = digits2(mday);
+      *out_++ = mday < 10 ? ' ' : d2[0];
+      *out_++ = d2[1];
+    } else {
+      format_localized('e', 'O');
+    }
+  }
+
+  void on_24_hour(numeric_system ns, pad_type pad) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write2(tm_hour(), pad);
+    format_localized('H', 'O');
+  }
+  void on_12_hour(numeric_system ns, pad_type pad) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write2(tm_hour12(), pad);
+    format_localized('I', 'O');
+  }
+  void on_minute(numeric_system ns, pad_type pad) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write2(tm_min(), pad);
+    format_localized('M', 'O');
+  }
+
+  void on_second(numeric_system ns, pad_type pad) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard) {
+      write2(tm_sec(), pad);
+      if (subsecs_) {
+        if (std::is_floating_point<typename Duration::rep>::value) {
+          auto buf = memory_buffer();
+          write_floating_seconds(buf, *subsecs_);
+          if (buf.size() > 1) {
+            // Remove the leading "0", write something like ".123".
+            out_ = std::copy(buf.begin() + 1, buf.end(), out_);
+          }
+        } else {
+          write_fractional_seconds<Char>(out_, *subsecs_);
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Currently no formatting of subseconds when a locale is set.
+      format_localized('S', 'O');
+    }
+  }
+
+  void on_12_hour_time() {
+    if (is_classic_) {
+      char buf[8];
+      write_digit2_separated(buf, to_unsigned(tm_hour12()),
+                             to_unsigned(tm_min()), to_unsigned(tm_sec()), ':');
+      out_ = copy_str<Char>(std::begin(buf), std::end(buf), out_);
+      *out_++ = ' ';
+      on_am_pm();
+    } else {
+      format_localized('r');
+    }
+  }
+  void on_24_hour_time() {
+    write2(tm_hour());
+    *out_++ = ':';
+    write2(tm_min());
+  }
+  void on_iso_time() {
+    on_24_hour_time();
+    *out_++ = ':';
+    on_second(numeric_system::standard, pad_type::unspecified);
+  }
+
+  void on_am_pm() {
+    if (is_classic_) {
+      *out_++ = tm_hour() < 12 ? 'A' : 'P';
+      *out_++ = 'M';
+    } else {
+      format_localized('p');
+    }
+  }
+
+  // These apply to chrono durations but not tm.
+  void on_duration_value() {}
+  void on_duration_unit() {}
+};
+
+struct chrono_format_checker : null_chrono_spec_handler<chrono_format_checker> {
+  bool has_precision_integral = false;
+
+  FMT_NORETURN void unsupported() { FMT_THROW(format_error("no date")); }
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char*, const Char*) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_year() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_minute(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_second(numeric_system, pad_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour_time() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour_time() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_time() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_am_pm() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_duration_value() const {
+    if (has_precision_integral) {
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("precision not allowed for this argument type"));
+    }
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_duration_unit() {}
+};
+
+template <typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value&& has_isfinite<T>::value)>
+inline auto isfinite(T) -> bool {
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+inline auto mod(T x, int y) -> T {
+  return x % static_cast<T>(y);
+}
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+inline auto mod(T x, int y) -> T {
+  return std::fmod(x, static_cast<T>(y));
+}
+
+// If T is an integral type, maps T to its unsigned counterpart, otherwise
+// leaves it unchanged (unlike std::make_unsigned).
+template <typename T, bool INTEGRAL = std::is_integral<T>::value>
+struct make_unsigned_or_unchanged {
+  using type = T;
+};
+
+template <typename T> struct make_unsigned_or_unchanged<T, true> {
+  using type = typename std::make_unsigned<T>::type;
+};
+
+template <typename Rep, typename Period,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<Rep>::value)>
+inline auto get_milliseconds(std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> d)
+    -> std::chrono::duration<Rep, std::milli> {
+  // this may overflow and/or the result may not fit in the
+  // target type.
+#if FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
+  using CommonSecondsType =
+      typename std::common_type<decltype(d), std::chrono::seconds>::type;
+  const auto d_as_common = fmt_duration_cast<CommonSecondsType>(d);
+  const auto d_as_whole_seconds =
+      fmt_duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(d_as_common);
+  // this conversion should be nonproblematic
+  const auto diff = d_as_common - d_as_whole_seconds;
+  const auto ms =
+      fmt_duration_cast<std::chrono::duration<Rep, std::milli>>(diff);
+  return ms;
+#else
+  auto s = fmt_duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(d);
+  return fmt_duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(d - s);
+#endif
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Rep, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<Rep>::value)>
+auto format_duration_value(OutputIt out, Rep val, int) -> OutputIt {
+  return write<Char>(out, val);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Rep, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<Rep>::value)>
+auto format_duration_value(OutputIt out, Rep val, int precision) -> OutputIt {
+  auto specs = format_specs<Char>();
+  specs.precision = precision;
+  specs.type = precision >= 0 ? presentation_type::fixed_lower
+                              : presentation_type::general_lower;
+  return write<Char>(out, val, specs);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+auto copy_unit(string_view unit, OutputIt out, Char) -> OutputIt {
+  return std::copy(unit.begin(), unit.end(), out);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+auto copy_unit(string_view unit, OutputIt out, wchar_t) -> OutputIt {
+  // This works when wchar_t is UTF-32 because units only contain characters
+  // that have the same representation in UTF-16 and UTF-32.
+  utf8_to_utf16 u(unit);
+  return std::copy(u.c_str(), u.c_str() + u.size(), out);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Period, typename OutputIt>
+auto format_duration_unit(OutputIt out) -> OutputIt {
+  if (const char* unit = get_units<Period>())
+    return copy_unit(string_view(unit), out, Char());
+  *out++ = '[';
+  out = write<Char>(out, Period::num);
+  if (const_check(Period::den != 1)) {
+    *out++ = '/';
+    out = write<Char>(out, Period::den);
+  }
+  *out++ = ']';
+  *out++ = 's';
+  return out;
+}
+
+class get_locale {
+ private:
+  union {
+    std::locale locale_;
+  };
+  bool has_locale_ = false;
+
+ public:
+  get_locale(bool localized, locale_ref loc) : has_locale_(localized) {
+    if (localized)
+      ::new (&locale_) std::locale(loc.template get<std::locale>());
+  }
+  ~get_locale() {
+    if (has_locale_) locale_.~locale();
+  }
+  operator const std::locale&() const {
+    return has_locale_ ? locale_ : get_classic_locale();
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename FormatContext, typename OutputIt, typename Rep,
+          typename Period>
+struct chrono_formatter {
+  FormatContext& context;
+  OutputIt out;
+  int precision;
+  bool localized = false;
+  // rep is unsigned to avoid overflow.
+  using rep =
+      conditional_t<std::is_integral<Rep>::value && sizeof(Rep) < sizeof(int),
+                    unsigned, typename make_unsigned_or_unchanged<Rep>::type>;
+  rep val;
+  using seconds = std::chrono::duration<rep>;
+  seconds s;
+  using milliseconds = std::chrono::duration<rep, std::milli>;
+  bool negative;
+
+  using char_type = typename FormatContext::char_type;
+  using tm_writer_type = tm_writer<OutputIt, char_type>;
+
+  chrono_formatter(FormatContext& ctx, OutputIt o,
+                   std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> d)
+      : context(ctx),
+        out(o),
+        val(static_cast<rep>(d.count())),
+        negative(false) {
+    if (d.count() < 0) {
+      val = 0 - val;
+      negative = true;
+    }
+
+    // this may overflow and/or the result may not fit in the
+    // target type.
+    // might need checked conversion (rep!=Rep)
+    s = fmt_duration_cast<seconds>(std::chrono::duration<rep, Period>(val));
+  }
+
+  // returns true if nan or inf, writes to out.
+  auto handle_nan_inf() -> bool {
+    if (isfinite(val)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (isnan(val)) {
+      write_nan();
+      return true;
+    }
+    // must be +-inf
+    if (val > 0) {
+      write_pinf();
+    } else {
+      write_ninf();
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  auto days() const -> Rep { return static_cast<Rep>(s.count() / 86400); }
+  auto hour() const -> Rep {
+    return static_cast<Rep>(mod((s.count() / 3600), 24));
+  }
+
+  auto hour12() const -> Rep {
+    Rep hour = static_cast<Rep>(mod((s.count() / 3600), 12));
+    return hour <= 0 ? 12 : hour;
+  }
+
+  auto minute() const -> Rep {
+    return static_cast<Rep>(mod((s.count() / 60), 60));
+  }
+  auto second() const -> Rep { return static_cast<Rep>(mod(s.count(), 60)); }
+
+  auto time() const -> std::tm {
+    auto time = std::tm();
+    time.tm_hour = to_nonnegative_int(hour(), 24);
+    time.tm_min = to_nonnegative_int(minute(), 60);
+    time.tm_sec = to_nonnegative_int(second(), 60);
+    return time;
+  }
+
+  void write_sign() {
+    if (negative) {
+      *out++ = '-';
+      negative = false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  void write(Rep value, int width, pad_type pad = pad_type::unspecified) {
+    write_sign();
+    if (isnan(value)) return write_nan();
+    uint32_or_64_or_128_t<int> n =
+        to_unsigned(to_nonnegative_int(value, max_value<int>()));
+    int num_digits = detail::count_digits(n);
+    if (width > num_digits) {
+      out = detail::write_padding(out, pad, width - num_digits);
+    }
+    out = format_decimal<char_type>(out, n, num_digits).end;
+  }
+
+  void write_nan() { std::copy_n("nan", 3, out); }
+  void write_pinf() { std::copy_n("inf", 3, out); }
+  void write_ninf() { std::copy_n("-inf", 4, out); }
+
+  template <typename Callback, typename... Args>
+  void format_tm(const tm& time, Callback cb, Args... args) {
+    if (isnan(val)) return write_nan();
+    get_locale loc(localized, context.locale());
+    auto w = tm_writer_type(loc, out, time);
+    (w.*cb)(args...);
+    out = w.out();
+  }
+
+  void on_text(const char_type* begin, const char_type* end) {
+    std::copy(begin, end, out);
+  }
+
+  // These are not implemented because durations don't have date information.
+  void on_abbr_weekday() {}
+  void on_full_weekday() {}
+  void on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_abbr_month() {}
+  void on_full_month() {}
+  void on_datetime(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_loc_date(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_loc_time(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_us_date() {}
+  void on_iso_date() {}
+  void on_utc_offset(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_tz_name() {}
+  void on_year(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_short_year(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_offset_year() {}
+  void on_century(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_iso_week_based_year() {}
+  void on_iso_week_based_short_year() {}
+  void on_dec_month(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_day_of_month(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_day_of_month_space(numeric_system) {}
+
+  void on_day_of_year() {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+    write(days(), 0);
+  }
+
+  void on_24_hour(numeric_system ns, pad_type pad) {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+
+    if (ns == numeric_system::standard) return write(hour(), 2, pad);
+    auto time = tm();
+    time.tm_hour = to_nonnegative_int(hour(), 24);
+    format_tm(time, &tm_writer_type::on_24_hour, ns, pad);
+  }
+
+  void on_12_hour(numeric_system ns, pad_type pad) {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+
+    if (ns == numeric_system::standard) return write(hour12(), 2, pad);
+    auto time = tm();
+    time.tm_hour = to_nonnegative_int(hour12(), 12);
+    format_tm(time, &tm_writer_type::on_12_hour, ns, pad);
+  }
+
+  void on_minute(numeric_system ns, pad_type pad) {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+
+    if (ns == numeric_system::standard) return write(minute(), 2, pad);
+    auto time = tm();
+    time.tm_min = to_nonnegative_int(minute(), 60);
+    format_tm(time, &tm_writer_type::on_minute, ns, pad);
+  }
+
+  void on_second(numeric_system ns, pad_type pad) {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+
+    if (ns == numeric_system::standard) {
+      if (std::is_floating_point<rep>::value) {
+        auto buf = memory_buffer();
+        write_floating_seconds(buf, std::chrono::duration<rep, Period>(val),
+                               precision);
+        if (negative) *out++ = '-';
+        if (buf.size() < 2 || buf[1] == '.') {
+          out = detail::write_padding(out, pad);
+        }
+        out = std::copy(buf.begin(), buf.end(), out);
+      } else {
+        write(second(), 2, pad);
+        write_fractional_seconds<char_type>(
+            out, std::chrono::duration<rep, Period>(val), precision);
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    auto time = tm();
+    time.tm_sec = to_nonnegative_int(second(), 60);
+    format_tm(time, &tm_writer_type::on_second, ns, pad);
+  }
+
+  void on_12_hour_time() {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+    format_tm(time(), &tm_writer_type::on_12_hour_time);
+  }
+
+  void on_24_hour_time() {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) {
+      *out++ = ':';
+      handle_nan_inf();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    write(hour(), 2);
+    *out++ = ':';
+    write(minute(), 2);
+  }
+
+  void on_iso_time() {
+    on_24_hour_time();
+    *out++ = ':';
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+    on_second(numeric_system::standard, pad_type::unspecified);
+  }
+
+  void on_am_pm() {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+    format_tm(time(), &tm_writer_type::on_am_pm);
+  }
+
+  void on_duration_value() {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+    write_sign();
+    out = format_duration_value<char_type>(out, val, precision);
+  }
+
+  void on_duration_unit() {
+    out = format_duration_unit<char_type, Period>(out);
+  }
+};
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+#if defined(__cpp_lib_chrono) && __cpp_lib_chrono >= 201907
+using weekday = std::chrono::weekday;
+#else
+// A fallback version of weekday.
+class weekday {
+ private:
+  unsigned char value;
+
+ public:
+  weekday() = default;
+  explicit constexpr weekday(unsigned wd) noexcept
+      : value(static_cast<unsigned char>(wd != 7 ? wd : 0)) {}
+  constexpr auto c_encoding() const noexcept -> unsigned { return value; }
+};
+
+class year_month_day {};
+#endif
+
+// A rudimentary weekday formatter.
+template <typename Char> struct formatter<weekday, Char> {
+ private:
+  bool localized = false;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx)
+      -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    auto begin = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
+    if (begin != end && *begin == 'L') {
+      ++begin;
+      localized = true;
+    }
+    return begin;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(weekday wd, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto time = std::tm();
+    time.tm_wday = static_cast<int>(wd.c_encoding());
+    detail::get_locale loc(localized, ctx.locale());
+    auto w = detail::tm_writer<decltype(ctx.out()), Char>(loc, ctx.out(), time);
+    w.on_abbr_weekday();
+    return w.out();
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Rep, typename Period, typename Char>
+struct formatter<std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>, Char> {
+ private:
+  format_specs<Char> specs_;
+  detail::arg_ref<Char> width_ref_;
+  detail::arg_ref<Char> precision_ref_;
+  bool localized_ = false;
+  basic_string_view<Char> format_str_;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx)
+      -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    auto it = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
+    if (it == end || *it == '}') return it;
+
+    it = detail::parse_align(it, end, specs_);
+    if (it == end) return it;
+
+    it = detail::parse_dynamic_spec(it, end, specs_.width, width_ref_, ctx);
+    if (it == end) return it;
+
+    auto checker = detail::chrono_format_checker();
+    if (*it == '.') {
+      checker.has_precision_integral = !std::is_floating_point<Rep>::value;
+      it = detail::parse_precision(it, end, specs_.precision, precision_ref_,
+                                   ctx);
+    }
+    if (it != end && *it == 'L') {
+      localized_ = true;
+      ++it;
+    }
+    end = detail::parse_chrono_format(it, end, checker);
+    format_str_ = {it, detail::to_unsigned(end - it)};
+    return end;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> d, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto specs = specs_;
+    auto precision = specs.precision;
+    specs.precision = -1;
+    auto begin = format_str_.begin(), end = format_str_.end();
+    // As a possible future optimization, we could avoid extra copying if width
+    // is not specified.
+    auto buf = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+    auto out = std::back_inserter(buf);
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::width_checker>(specs.width, width_ref_,
+                                                       ctx);
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::precision_checker>(precision,
+                                                           precision_ref_, ctx);
+    if (begin == end || *begin == '}') {
+      out = detail::format_duration_value<Char>(out, d.count(), precision);
+      detail::format_duration_unit<Char, Period>(out);
+    } else {
+      using chrono_formatter =
+          detail::chrono_formatter<FormatContext, decltype(out), Rep, Period>;
+      auto f = chrono_formatter(ctx, out, d);
+      f.precision = precision;
+      f.localized = localized_;
+      detail::parse_chrono_format(begin, end, f);
+    }
+    return detail::write(
+        ctx.out(), basic_string_view<Char>(buf.data(), buf.size()), specs);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename Duration>
+struct formatter<std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock, Duration>,
+                 Char> : formatter<std::tm, Char> {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR formatter() {
+    this->format_str_ = detail::string_literal<Char, '%', 'F', ' ', '%', 'T'>{};
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock, Duration> val,
+              FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    using period = typename Duration::period;
+    if (detail::const_check(
+            period::num != 1 || period::den != 1 ||
+            std::is_floating_point<typename Duration::rep>::value)) {
+      const auto epoch = val.time_since_epoch();
+      auto subsecs = detail::fmt_duration_cast<Duration>(
+          epoch - detail::fmt_duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(epoch));
+
+      if (subsecs.count() < 0) {
+        auto second =
+            detail::fmt_duration_cast<Duration>(std::chrono::seconds(1));
+        if (epoch.count() < ((Duration::min)() + second).count())
+          FMT_THROW(format_error("duration is too small"));
+        subsecs += second;
+        val -= second;
+      }
+
+      return formatter<std::tm, Char>::do_format(gmtime(val), ctx, &subsecs);
+    }
+
+    return formatter<std::tm, Char>::format(gmtime(val), ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+#if FMT_USE_LOCAL_TIME
+template <typename Char, typename Duration>
+struct formatter<std::chrono::local_time<Duration>, Char>
+    : formatter<std::tm, Char> {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR formatter() {
+    this->format_str_ = detail::string_literal<Char, '%', 'F', ' ', '%', 'T'>{};
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(std::chrono::local_time<Duration> val, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    using period = typename Duration::period;
+    if (period::num != 1 || period::den != 1 ||
+        std::is_floating_point<typename Duration::rep>::value) {
+      const auto epoch = val.time_since_epoch();
+      const auto subsecs = detail::fmt_duration_cast<Duration>(
+          epoch - detail::fmt_duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(epoch));
+
+      return formatter<std::tm, Char>::do_format(localtime(val), ctx, &subsecs);
+    }
+
+    return formatter<std::tm, Char>::format(localtime(val), ctx);
+  }
+};
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_USE_UTC_TIME
+template <typename Char, typename Duration>
+struct formatter<std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::utc_clock, Duration>,
+                 Char>
+    : formatter<std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock, Duration>,
+                Char> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::utc_clock, Duration> val,
+              FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return formatter<
+        std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock, Duration>,
+        Char>::format(std::chrono::utc_clock::to_sys(val), ctx);
+  }
+};
+#endif
+
+template <typename Char> struct formatter<std::tm, Char> {
+ private:
+  format_specs<Char> specs_;
+  detail::arg_ref<Char> width_ref_;
+
+ protected:
+  basic_string_view<Char> format_str_;
+
+  template <typename FormatContext, typename Duration>
+  auto do_format(const std::tm& tm, FormatContext& ctx,
+                 const Duration* subsecs) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto specs = specs_;
+    auto buf = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+    auto out = std::back_inserter(buf);
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::width_checker>(specs.width, width_ref_,
+                                                       ctx);
+
+    auto loc_ref = ctx.locale();
+    detail::get_locale loc(static_cast<bool>(loc_ref), loc_ref);
+    auto w =
+        detail::tm_writer<decltype(out), Char, Duration>(loc, out, tm, subsecs);
+    detail::parse_chrono_format(format_str_.begin(), format_str_.end(), w);
+    return detail::write(
+        ctx.out(), basic_string_view<Char>(buf.data(), buf.size()), specs);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx)
+      -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    auto it = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
+    if (it == end || *it == '}') return it;
+
+    it = detail::parse_align(it, end, specs_);
+    if (it == end) return it;
+
+    it = detail::parse_dynamic_spec(it, end, specs_.width, width_ref_, ctx);
+    if (it == end) return it;
+
+    end = detail::parse_chrono_format(it, end, detail::tm_format_checker());
+    // Replace the default format_str only if the new spec is not empty.
+    if (end != it) format_str_ = {it, detail::to_unsigned(end - it)};
+    return end;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::tm& tm, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return do_format<FormatContext, std::chrono::seconds>(tm, ctx, nullptr);
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_CHRONO_H_
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/color.h b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/color.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..367849a86a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/color.h
@@ -0,0 +1,643 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - color support
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2018 - present, Victor Zverovich and fmt contributors
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_COLOR_H_
+#define FMT_COLOR_H_
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+
+enum class color : uint32_t {
+  alice_blue = 0xF0F8FF,               // rgb(240,248,255)
+  antique_white = 0xFAEBD7,            // rgb(250,235,215)
+  aqua = 0x00FFFF,                     // rgb(0,255,255)
+  aquamarine = 0x7FFFD4,               // rgb(127,255,212)
+  azure = 0xF0FFFF,                    // rgb(240,255,255)
+  beige = 0xF5F5DC,                    // rgb(245,245,220)
+  bisque = 0xFFE4C4,                   // rgb(255,228,196)
+  black = 0x000000,                    // rgb(0,0,0)
+  blanched_almond = 0xFFEBCD,          // rgb(255,235,205)
+  blue = 0x0000FF,                     // rgb(0,0,255)
+  blue_violet = 0x8A2BE2,              // rgb(138,43,226)
+  brown = 0xA52A2A,                    // rgb(165,42,42)
+  burly_wood = 0xDEB887,               // rgb(222,184,135)
+  cadet_blue = 0x5F9EA0,               // rgb(95,158,160)
+  chartreuse = 0x7FFF00,               // rgb(127,255,0)
+  chocolate = 0xD2691E,                // rgb(210,105,30)
+  coral = 0xFF7F50,                    // rgb(255,127,80)
+  cornflower_blue = 0x6495ED,          // rgb(100,149,237)
+  cornsilk = 0xFFF8DC,                 // rgb(255,248,220)
+  crimson = 0xDC143C,                  // rgb(220,20,60)
+  cyan = 0x00FFFF,                     // rgb(0,255,255)
+  dark_blue = 0x00008B,                // rgb(0,0,139)
+  dark_cyan = 0x008B8B,                // rgb(0,139,139)
+  dark_golden_rod = 0xB8860B,          // rgb(184,134,11)
+  dark_gray = 0xA9A9A9,                // rgb(169,169,169)
+  dark_green = 0x006400,               // rgb(0,100,0)
+  dark_khaki = 0xBDB76B,               // rgb(189,183,107)
+  dark_magenta = 0x8B008B,             // rgb(139,0,139)
+  dark_olive_green = 0x556B2F,         // rgb(85,107,47)
+  dark_orange = 0xFF8C00,              // rgb(255,140,0)
+  dark_orchid = 0x9932CC,              // rgb(153,50,204)
+  dark_red = 0x8B0000,                 // rgb(139,0,0)
+  dark_salmon = 0xE9967A,              // rgb(233,150,122)
+  dark_sea_green = 0x8FBC8F,           // rgb(143,188,143)
+  dark_slate_blue = 0x483D8B,          // rgb(72,61,139)
+  dark_slate_gray = 0x2F4F4F,          // rgb(47,79,79)
+  dark_turquoise = 0x00CED1,           // rgb(0,206,209)
+  dark_violet = 0x9400D3,              // rgb(148,0,211)
+  deep_pink = 0xFF1493,                // rgb(255,20,147)
+  deep_sky_blue = 0x00BFFF,            // rgb(0,191,255)
+  dim_gray = 0x696969,                 // rgb(105,105,105)
+  dodger_blue = 0x1E90FF,              // rgb(30,144,255)
+  fire_brick = 0xB22222,               // rgb(178,34,34)
+  floral_white = 0xFFFAF0,             // rgb(255,250,240)
+  forest_green = 0x228B22,             // rgb(34,139,34)
+  fuchsia = 0xFF00FF,                  // rgb(255,0,255)
+  gainsboro = 0xDCDCDC,                // rgb(220,220,220)
+  ghost_white = 0xF8F8FF,              // rgb(248,248,255)
+  gold = 0xFFD700,                     // rgb(255,215,0)
+  golden_rod = 0xDAA520,               // rgb(218,165,32)
+  gray = 0x808080,                     // rgb(128,128,128)
+  green = 0x008000,                    // rgb(0,128,0)
+  green_yellow = 0xADFF2F,             // rgb(173,255,47)
+  honey_dew = 0xF0FFF0,                // rgb(240,255,240)
+  hot_pink = 0xFF69B4,                 // rgb(255,105,180)
+  indian_red = 0xCD5C5C,               // rgb(205,92,92)
+  indigo = 0x4B0082,                   // rgb(75,0,130)
+  ivory = 0xFFFFF0,                    // rgb(255,255,240)
+  khaki = 0xF0E68C,                    // rgb(240,230,140)
+  lavender = 0xE6E6FA,                 // rgb(230,230,250)
+  lavender_blush = 0xFFF0F5,           // rgb(255,240,245)
+  lawn_green = 0x7CFC00,               // rgb(124,252,0)
+  lemon_chiffon = 0xFFFACD,            // rgb(255,250,205)
+  light_blue = 0xADD8E6,               // rgb(173,216,230)
+  light_coral = 0xF08080,              // rgb(240,128,128)
+  light_cyan = 0xE0FFFF,               // rgb(224,255,255)
+  light_golden_rod_yellow = 0xFAFAD2,  // rgb(250,250,210)
+  light_gray = 0xD3D3D3,               // rgb(211,211,211)
+  light_green = 0x90EE90,              // rgb(144,238,144)
+  light_pink = 0xFFB6C1,               // rgb(255,182,193)
+  light_salmon = 0xFFA07A,             // rgb(255,160,122)
+  light_sea_green = 0x20B2AA,          // rgb(32,178,170)
+  light_sky_blue = 0x87CEFA,           // rgb(135,206,250)
+  light_slate_gray = 0x778899,         // rgb(119,136,153)
+  light_steel_blue = 0xB0C4DE,         // rgb(176,196,222)
+  light_yellow = 0xFFFFE0,             // rgb(255,255,224)
+  lime = 0x00FF00,                     // rgb(0,255,0)
+  lime_green = 0x32CD32,               // rgb(50,205,50)
+  linen = 0xFAF0E6,                    // rgb(250,240,230)
+  magenta = 0xFF00FF,                  // rgb(255,0,255)
+  maroon = 0x800000,                   // rgb(128,0,0)
+  medium_aquamarine = 0x66CDAA,        // rgb(102,205,170)
+  medium_blue = 0x0000CD,              // rgb(0,0,205)
+  medium_orchid = 0xBA55D3,            // rgb(186,85,211)
+  medium_purple = 0x9370DB,            // rgb(147,112,219)
+  medium_sea_green = 0x3CB371,         // rgb(60,179,113)
+  medium_slate_blue = 0x7B68EE,        // rgb(123,104,238)
+  medium_spring_green = 0x00FA9A,      // rgb(0,250,154)
+  medium_turquoise = 0x48D1CC,         // rgb(72,209,204)
+  medium_violet_red = 0xC71585,        // rgb(199,21,133)
+  midnight_blue = 0x191970,            // rgb(25,25,112)
+  mint_cream = 0xF5FFFA,               // rgb(245,255,250)
+  misty_rose = 0xFFE4E1,               // rgb(255,228,225)
+  moccasin = 0xFFE4B5,                 // rgb(255,228,181)
+  navajo_white = 0xFFDEAD,             // rgb(255,222,173)
+  navy = 0x000080,                     // rgb(0,0,128)
+  old_lace = 0xFDF5E6,                 // rgb(253,245,230)
+  olive = 0x808000,                    // rgb(128,128,0)
+  olive_drab = 0x6B8E23,               // rgb(107,142,35)
+  orange = 0xFFA500,                   // rgb(255,165,0)
+  orange_red = 0xFF4500,               // rgb(255,69,0)
+  orchid = 0xDA70D6,                   // rgb(218,112,214)
+  pale_golden_rod = 0xEEE8AA,          // rgb(238,232,170)
+  pale_green = 0x98FB98,               // rgb(152,251,152)
+  pale_turquoise = 0xAFEEEE,           // rgb(175,238,238)
+  pale_violet_red = 0xDB7093,          // rgb(219,112,147)
+  papaya_whip = 0xFFEFD5,              // rgb(255,239,213)
+  peach_puff = 0xFFDAB9,               // rgb(255,218,185)
+  peru = 0xCD853F,                     // rgb(205,133,63)
+  pink = 0xFFC0CB,                     // rgb(255,192,203)
+  plum = 0xDDA0DD,                     // rgb(221,160,221)
+  powder_blue = 0xB0E0E6,              // rgb(176,224,230)
+  purple = 0x800080,                   // rgb(128,0,128)
+  rebecca_purple = 0x663399,           // rgb(102,51,153)
+  red = 0xFF0000,                      // rgb(255,0,0)
+  rosy_brown = 0xBC8F8F,               // rgb(188,143,143)
+  royal_blue = 0x4169E1,               // rgb(65,105,225)
+  saddle_brown = 0x8B4513,             // rgb(139,69,19)
+  salmon = 0xFA8072,                   // rgb(250,128,114)
+  sandy_brown = 0xF4A460,              // rgb(244,164,96)
+  sea_green = 0x2E8B57,                // rgb(46,139,87)
+  sea_shell = 0xFFF5EE,                // rgb(255,245,238)
+  sienna = 0xA0522D,                   // rgb(160,82,45)
+  silver = 0xC0C0C0,                   // rgb(192,192,192)
+  sky_blue = 0x87CEEB,                 // rgb(135,206,235)
+  slate_blue = 0x6A5ACD,               // rgb(106,90,205)
+  slate_gray = 0x708090,               // rgb(112,128,144)
+  snow = 0xFFFAFA,                     // rgb(255,250,250)
+  spring_green = 0x00FF7F,             // rgb(0,255,127)
+  steel_blue = 0x4682B4,               // rgb(70,130,180)
+  tan = 0xD2B48C,                      // rgb(210,180,140)
+  teal = 0x008080,                     // rgb(0,128,128)
+  thistle = 0xD8BFD8,                  // rgb(216,191,216)
+  tomato = 0xFF6347,                   // rgb(255,99,71)
+  turquoise = 0x40E0D0,                // rgb(64,224,208)
+  violet = 0xEE82EE,                   // rgb(238,130,238)
+  wheat = 0xF5DEB3,                    // rgb(245,222,179)
+  white = 0xFFFFFF,                    // rgb(255,255,255)
+  white_smoke = 0xF5F5F5,              // rgb(245,245,245)
+  yellow = 0xFFFF00,                   // rgb(255,255,0)
+  yellow_green = 0x9ACD32              // rgb(154,205,50)
+};                                     // enum class color
+
+enum class terminal_color : uint8_t {
+  black = 30,
+  red,
+  green,
+  yellow,
+  blue,
+  magenta,
+  cyan,
+  white,
+  bright_black = 90,
+  bright_red,
+  bright_green,
+  bright_yellow,
+  bright_blue,
+  bright_magenta,
+  bright_cyan,
+  bright_white
+};
+
+enum class emphasis : uint8_t {
+  bold = 1,
+  faint = 1 << 1,
+  italic = 1 << 2,
+  underline = 1 << 3,
+  blink = 1 << 4,
+  reverse = 1 << 5,
+  conceal = 1 << 6,
+  strikethrough = 1 << 7,
+};
+
+// rgb is a struct for red, green and blue colors.
+// Using the name "rgb" makes some editors show the color in a tooltip.
+struct rgb {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb() : r(0), g(0), b(0) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb(uint8_t r_, uint8_t g_, uint8_t b_) : r(r_), g(g_), b(b_) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb(uint32_t hex)
+      : r((hex >> 16) & 0xFF), g((hex >> 8) & 0xFF), b(hex & 0xFF) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb(color hex)
+      : r((uint32_t(hex) >> 16) & 0xFF),
+        g((uint32_t(hex) >> 8) & 0xFF),
+        b(uint32_t(hex) & 0xFF) {}
+  uint8_t r;
+  uint8_t g;
+  uint8_t b;
+};
+
+namespace detail {
+
+// color is a struct of either a rgb color or a terminal color.
+struct color_type {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type() noexcept : is_rgb(), value{} {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type(color rgb_color) noexcept : is_rgb(true), value{} {
+    value.rgb_color = static_cast<uint32_t>(rgb_color);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type(rgb rgb_color) noexcept : is_rgb(true), value{} {
+    value.rgb_color = (static_cast<uint32_t>(rgb_color.r) << 16) |
+                      (static_cast<uint32_t>(rgb_color.g) << 8) | rgb_color.b;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type(terminal_color term_color) noexcept
+      : is_rgb(), value{} {
+    value.term_color = static_cast<uint8_t>(term_color);
+  }
+  bool is_rgb;
+  union color_union {
+    uint8_t term_color;
+    uint32_t rgb_color;
+  } value;
+};
+}  // namespace detail
+
+/** A text style consisting of foreground and background colors and emphasis. */
+class text_style {
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style(emphasis em = emphasis()) noexcept
+      : set_foreground_color(), set_background_color(), ems(em) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator|=(const text_style& rhs) -> text_style& {
+    if (!set_foreground_color) {
+      set_foreground_color = rhs.set_foreground_color;
+      foreground_color = rhs.foreground_color;
+    } else if (rhs.set_foreground_color) {
+      if (!foreground_color.is_rgb || !rhs.foreground_color.is_rgb)
+        FMT_THROW(format_error("can't OR a terminal color"));
+      foreground_color.value.rgb_color |= rhs.foreground_color.value.rgb_color;
+    }
+
+    if (!set_background_color) {
+      set_background_color = rhs.set_background_color;
+      background_color = rhs.background_color;
+    } else if (rhs.set_background_color) {
+      if (!background_color.is_rgb || !rhs.background_color.is_rgb)
+        FMT_THROW(format_error("can't OR a terminal color"));
+      background_color.value.rgb_color |= rhs.background_color.value.rgb_color;
+    }
+
+    ems = static_cast<emphasis>(static_cast<uint8_t>(ems) |
+                                static_cast<uint8_t>(rhs.ems));
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator|(text_style lhs, const text_style& rhs)
+      -> text_style {
+    return lhs |= rhs;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto has_foreground() const noexcept -> bool {
+    return set_foreground_color;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto has_background() const noexcept -> bool {
+    return set_background_color;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto has_emphasis() const noexcept -> bool {
+    return static_cast<uint8_t>(ems) != 0;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get_foreground() const noexcept -> detail::color_type {
+    FMT_ASSERT(has_foreground(), "no foreground specified for this style");
+    return foreground_color;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get_background() const noexcept -> detail::color_type {
+    FMT_ASSERT(has_background(), "no background specified for this style");
+    return background_color;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get_emphasis() const noexcept -> emphasis {
+    FMT_ASSERT(has_emphasis(), "no emphasis specified for this style");
+    return ems;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style(bool is_foreground,
+                           detail::color_type text_color) noexcept
+      : set_foreground_color(), set_background_color(), ems() {
+    if (is_foreground) {
+      foreground_color = text_color;
+      set_foreground_color = true;
+    } else {
+      background_color = text_color;
+      set_background_color = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR auto fg(detail::color_type foreground) noexcept
+      -> text_style;
+
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR auto bg(detail::color_type background) noexcept
+      -> text_style;
+
+  detail::color_type foreground_color;
+  detail::color_type background_color;
+  bool set_foreground_color;
+  bool set_background_color;
+  emphasis ems;
+};
+
+/** Creates a text style from the foreground (text) color. */
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto fg(detail::color_type foreground) noexcept
+    -> text_style {
+  return text_style(true, foreground);
+}
+
+/** Creates a text style from the background color. */
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto bg(detail::color_type background) noexcept
+    -> text_style {
+  return text_style(false, background);
+}
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto operator|(emphasis lhs, emphasis rhs) noexcept
+    -> text_style {
+  return text_style(lhs) | rhs;
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename Char> struct ansi_color_escape {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape(detail::color_type text_color,
+                                  const char* esc) noexcept {
+    // If we have a terminal color, we need to output another escape code
+    // sequence.
+    if (!text_color.is_rgb) {
+      bool is_background = esc == string_view("\x1b[48;2;");
+      uint32_t value = text_color.value.term_color;
+      // Background ASCII codes are the same as the foreground ones but with
+      // 10 more.
+      if (is_background) value += 10u;
+
+      size_t index = 0;
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('\x1b');
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('[');
+
+      if (value >= 100u) {
+        buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('1');
+        value %= 100u;
+      }
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('0' + value / 10u);
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('0' + value % 10u);
+
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('m');
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('\0');
+      return;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
+      buffer[i] = static_cast<Char>(esc[i]);
+    }
+    rgb color(text_color.value.rgb_color);
+    to_esc(color.r, buffer + 7, ';');
+    to_esc(color.g, buffer + 11, ';');
+    to_esc(color.b, buffer + 15, 'm');
+    buffer[19] = static_cast<Char>(0);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape(emphasis em) noexcept {
+    uint8_t em_codes[num_emphases] = {};
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::bold)) em_codes[0] = 1;
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::faint)) em_codes[1] = 2;
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::italic)) em_codes[2] = 3;
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::underline)) em_codes[3] = 4;
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::blink)) em_codes[4] = 5;
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::reverse)) em_codes[5] = 7;
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::conceal)) em_codes[6] = 8;
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::strikethrough)) em_codes[7] = 9;
+
+    size_t index = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_emphases; ++i) {
+      if (!em_codes[i]) continue;
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('\x1b');
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('[');
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('0' + em_codes[i]);
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('m');
+    }
+    buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>(0);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR operator const Char*() const noexcept { return buffer; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto begin() const noexcept -> const Char* { return buffer; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS auto end() const noexcept -> const Char* {
+    return buffer + std::char_traits<Char>::length(buffer);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  static constexpr size_t num_emphases = 8;
+  Char buffer[7u + 3u * num_emphases + 1u];
+
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR void to_esc(uint8_t c, Char* out,
+                                   char delimiter) noexcept {
+    out[0] = static_cast<Char>('0' + c / 100);
+    out[1] = static_cast<Char>('0' + c / 10 % 10);
+    out[2] = static_cast<Char>('0' + c % 10);
+    out[3] = static_cast<Char>(delimiter);
+  }
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR auto has_emphasis(emphasis em, emphasis mask) noexcept
+      -> bool {
+    return static_cast<uint8_t>(em) & static_cast<uint8_t>(mask);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_foreground_color(detail::color_type foreground) noexcept
+    -> ansi_color_escape<Char> {
+  return ansi_color_escape<Char>(foreground, "\x1b[38;2;");
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_background_color(detail::color_type background) noexcept
+    -> ansi_color_escape<Char> {
+  return ansi_color_escape<Char>(background, "\x1b[48;2;");
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_emphasis(emphasis em) noexcept
+    -> ansi_color_escape<Char> {
+  return ansi_color_escape<Char>(em);
+}
+
+template <typename Char> inline void reset_color(buffer<Char>& buffer) {
+  auto reset_color = string_view("\x1b[0m");
+  buffer.append(reset_color.begin(), reset_color.end());
+}
+
+template <typename T> struct styled_arg : detail::view {
+  const T& value;
+  text_style style;
+  styled_arg(const T& v, text_style s) : value(v), style(s) {}
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+void vformat_to(buffer<Char>& buf, const text_style& ts,
+                basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+                basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
+  bool has_style = false;
+  if (ts.has_emphasis()) {
+    has_style = true;
+    auto emphasis = detail::make_emphasis<Char>(ts.get_emphasis());
+    buf.append(emphasis.begin(), emphasis.end());
+  }
+  if (ts.has_foreground()) {
+    has_style = true;
+    auto foreground = detail::make_foreground_color<Char>(ts.get_foreground());
+    buf.append(foreground.begin(), foreground.end());
+  }
+  if (ts.has_background()) {
+    has_style = true;
+    auto background = detail::make_background_color<Char>(ts.get_background());
+    buf.append(background.begin(), background.end());
+  }
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, format_str, args, {});
+  if (has_style) detail::reset_color<Char>(buf);
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+inline void vprint(std::FILE* f, const text_style& ts, string_view fmt,
+                   format_args args) {
+  // Legacy wide streams are not supported.
+  auto buf = memory_buffer();
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, ts, fmt, args);
+  if (detail::is_utf8()) {
+    detail::print(f, string_view(buf.begin(), buf.size()));
+    return;
+  }
+  buf.push_back('\0');
+  int result = std::fputs(buf.data(), f);
+  if (result < 0)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot write to file")));
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats a string and prints it to the specified file stream using ANSI
+  escape sequences to specify text formatting.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print(fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
+               "Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds", 1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_string<S>::value)>
+void print(std::FILE* f, const text_style& ts, const S& format_str,
+           const Args&... args) {
+  vprint(f, ts, format_str,
+         fmt::make_format_args<buffer_context<char_t<S>>>(args...));
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats a string and prints it to stdout using ANSI escape sequences to
+  specify text formatting.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print(fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
+               "Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds", 1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_string<S>::value)>
+void print(const text_style& ts, const S& format_str, const Args&... args) {
+  return print(stdout, ts, format_str, args...);
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline auto vformat(
+    const text_style& ts, const S& format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buf;
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, ts, detail::to_string_view(format_str), args);
+  return fmt::to_string(buf);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats arguments and returns the result as a string using ANSI
+  escape sequences to specify text formatting.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    #include <fmt/color.h>
+    std::string message = fmt::format(fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
+                                      "The answer is {}", 42);
+  \endrst
+*/
+template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline auto format(const text_style& ts, const S& format_str,
+                   const Args&... args) -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  return fmt::vformat(ts, detail::to_string_view(format_str),
+                      fmt::make_format_args<buffer_context<Char>>(args...));
+}
+
+/**
+  Formats a string with the given text_style and writes the output to ``out``.
+ */
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value)>
+auto vformat_to(OutputIt out, const text_style& ts,
+                basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+                basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  auto&& buf = detail::get_buffer<Char>(out);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, ts, format_str, args);
+  return detail::get_iterator(buf, out);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats arguments with the given text_style, writes the result to the output
+  iterator ``out`` and returns the iterator past the end of the output range.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    std::vector<char> out;
+    fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out),
+                   fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red), "{}", 42);
+  \endrst
+*/
+template <
+    typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
+    bool enable = detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char_t<S>>::value &&
+                  detail::is_string<S>::value>
+inline auto format_to(OutputIt out, const text_style& ts, const S& format_str,
+                      Args&&... args) ->
+    typename std::enable_if<enable, OutputIt>::type {
+  return vformat_to(out, ts, detail::to_string_view(format_str),
+                    fmt::make_format_args<buffer_context<char_t<S>>>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<detail::styled_arg<T>, Char> : formatter<T, Char> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const detail::styled_arg<T>& arg, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    const auto& ts = arg.style;
+    const auto& value = arg.value;
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+
+    bool has_style = false;
+    if (ts.has_emphasis()) {
+      has_style = true;
+      auto emphasis = detail::make_emphasis<Char>(ts.get_emphasis());
+      out = std::copy(emphasis.begin(), emphasis.end(), out);
+    }
+    if (ts.has_foreground()) {
+      has_style = true;
+      auto foreground =
+          detail::make_foreground_color<Char>(ts.get_foreground());
+      out = std::copy(foreground.begin(), foreground.end(), out);
+    }
+    if (ts.has_background()) {
+      has_style = true;
+      auto background =
+          detail::make_background_color<Char>(ts.get_background());
+      out = std::copy(background.begin(), background.end(), out);
+    }
+    out = formatter<T, Char>::format(value, ctx);
+    if (has_style) {
+      auto reset_color = string_view("\x1b[0m");
+      out = std::copy(reset_color.begin(), reset_color.end(), out);
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns an argument that will be formatted using ANSI escape sequences,
+  to be used in a formatting function.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print("Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds",
+               fmt::styled(1.23, fmt::fg(fmt::color::green) |
+                                 fmt::bg(fmt::color::blue)));
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto styled(const T& value, text_style ts)
+    -> detail::styled_arg<remove_cvref_t<T>> {
+  return detail::styled_arg<remove_cvref_t<T>>{value, ts};
+}
+
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_COLOR_H_
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/compile.h b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/compile.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3b3f166e0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/compile.h
@@ -0,0 +1,535 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - experimental format string compilation
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich and fmt contributors
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_COMPILE_H_
+#define FMT_COMPILE_H_
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename Char, typename InputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto copy_str(InputIt begin, InputIt end,
+                                   counting_iterator it) -> counting_iterator {
+  return it + (end - begin);
+}
+
+// A compile-time string which is compiled into fast formatting code.
+class compiled_string {};
+
+template <typename S>
+struct is_compiled_string : std::is_base_of<compiled_string, S> {};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Converts a string literal *s* into a format string that will be parsed at
+  compile time and converted into efficient formatting code. Requires C++17
+  ``constexpr if`` compiler support.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    // Converts 42 into std::string using the most efficient method and no
+    // runtime format string processing.
+    std::string s = fmt::format(FMT_COMPILE("{}"), 42);
+  \endrst
+ */
+#if defined(__cpp_if_constexpr) && defined(__cpp_return_type_deduction)
+#  define FMT_COMPILE(s) \
+    FMT_STRING_IMPL(s, fmt::detail::compiled_string, explicit)
+#else
+#  define FMT_COMPILE(s) FMT_STRING(s)
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+template <typename Char, size_t N,
+          fmt::detail_exported::fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
+struct udl_compiled_string : compiled_string {
+  using char_type = Char;
+  explicit constexpr operator basic_string_view<char_type>() const {
+    return {Str.data, N - 1};
+  }
+};
+#endif
+
+template <typename T, typename... Tail>
+auto first(const T& value, const Tail&...) -> const T& {
+  return value;
+}
+
+#if defined(__cpp_if_constexpr) && defined(__cpp_return_type_deduction)
+template <typename... Args> struct type_list {};
+
+// Returns a reference to the argument at index N from [first, rest...].
+template <int N, typename T, typename... Args>
+constexpr const auto& get([[maybe_unused]] const T& first,
+                          [[maybe_unused]] const Args&... rest) {
+  static_assert(N < 1 + sizeof...(Args), "index is out of bounds");
+  if constexpr (N == 0)
+    return first;
+  else
+    return detail::get<N - 1>(rest...);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename... Args>
+constexpr int get_arg_index_by_name(basic_string_view<Char> name,
+                                    type_list<Args...>) {
+  return get_arg_index_by_name<Args...>(name);
+}
+
+template <int N, typename> struct get_type_impl;
+
+template <int N, typename... Args> struct get_type_impl<N, type_list<Args...>> {
+  using type =
+      remove_cvref_t<decltype(detail::get<N>(std::declval<Args>()...))>;
+};
+
+template <int N, typename T>
+using get_type = typename get_type_impl<N, T>::type;
+
+template <typename T> struct is_compiled_format : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename Char> struct text {
+  basic_string_view<Char> data;
+  using char_type = Char;
+
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
+  constexpr OutputIt format(OutputIt out, const Args&...) const {
+    return write<Char>(out, data);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct is_compiled_format<text<Char>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename Char>
+constexpr text<Char> make_text(basic_string_view<Char> s, size_t pos,
+                               size_t size) {
+  return {{&s[pos], size}};
+}
+
+template <typename Char> struct code_unit {
+  Char value;
+  using char_type = Char;
+
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
+  constexpr OutputIt format(OutputIt out, const Args&...) const {
+    *out++ = value;
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+// This ensures that the argument type is convertible to `const T&`.
+template <typename T, int N, typename... Args>
+constexpr const T& get_arg_checked(const Args&... args) {
+  const auto& arg = detail::get<N>(args...);
+  if constexpr (detail::is_named_arg<remove_cvref_t<decltype(arg)>>()) {
+    return arg.value;
+  } else {
+    return arg;
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct is_compiled_format<code_unit<Char>> : std::true_type {};
+
+// A replacement field that refers to argument N.
+template <typename Char, typename T, int N> struct field {
+  using char_type = Char;
+
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
+  constexpr OutputIt format(OutputIt out, const Args&... args) const {
+    const T& arg = get_arg_checked<T, N>(args...);
+    if constexpr (std::is_convertible_v<T, basic_string_view<Char>>) {
+      auto s = basic_string_view<Char>(arg);
+      return copy_str<Char>(s.begin(), s.end(), out);
+    }
+    return write<Char>(out, arg);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename T, int N>
+struct is_compiled_format<field<Char, T, N>> : std::true_type {};
+
+// A replacement field that refers to argument with name.
+template <typename Char> struct runtime_named_field {
+  using char_type = Char;
+  basic_string_view<Char> name;
+
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename T>
+  constexpr static bool try_format_argument(
+      OutputIt& out,
+      // [[maybe_unused]] due to unused-but-set-parameter warning in GCC 7,8,9
+      [[maybe_unused]] basic_string_view<Char> arg_name, const T& arg) {
+    if constexpr (is_named_arg<typename std::remove_cv<T>::type>::value) {
+      if (arg_name == arg.name) {
+        out = write<Char>(out, arg.value);
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
+  constexpr OutputIt format(OutputIt out, const Args&... args) const {
+    bool found = (try_format_argument(out, name, args) || ...);
+    if (!found) {
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("argument with specified name is not found"));
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct is_compiled_format<runtime_named_field<Char>> : std::true_type {};
+
+// A replacement field that refers to argument N and has format specifiers.
+template <typename Char, typename T, int N> struct spec_field {
+  using char_type = Char;
+  formatter<T, Char> fmt;
+
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE OutputIt format(OutputIt out,
+                                       const Args&... args) const {
+    const auto& vargs =
+        fmt::make_format_args<basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>>(args...);
+    basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char> ctx(out, vargs);
+    return fmt.format(get_arg_checked<T, N>(args...), ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename T, int N>
+struct is_compiled_format<spec_field<Char, T, N>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename L, typename R> struct concat {
+  L lhs;
+  R rhs;
+  using char_type = typename L::char_type;
+
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
+  constexpr OutputIt format(OutputIt out, const Args&... args) const {
+    out = lhs.format(out, args...);
+    return rhs.format(out, args...);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename L, typename R>
+struct is_compiled_format<concat<L, R>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename L, typename R>
+constexpr concat<L, R> make_concat(L lhs, R rhs) {
+  return {lhs, rhs};
+}
+
+struct unknown_format {};
+
+template <typename Char>
+constexpr size_t parse_text(basic_string_view<Char> str, size_t pos) {
+  for (size_t size = str.size(); pos != size; ++pos) {
+    if (str[pos] == '{' || str[pos] == '}') break;
+  }
+  return pos;
+}
+
+template <typename Args, size_t POS, int ID, typename S>
+constexpr auto compile_format_string(S format_str);
+
+template <typename Args, size_t POS, int ID, typename T, typename S>
+constexpr auto parse_tail(T head, S format_str) {
+  if constexpr (POS !=
+                basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>(format_str).size()) {
+    constexpr auto tail = compile_format_string<Args, POS, ID>(format_str);
+    if constexpr (std::is_same<remove_cvref_t<decltype(tail)>,
+                               unknown_format>())
+      return tail;
+    else
+      return make_concat(head, tail);
+  } else {
+    return head;
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Char> struct parse_specs_result {
+  formatter<T, Char> fmt;
+  size_t end;
+  int next_arg_id;
+};
+
+enum { manual_indexing_id = -1 };
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+constexpr parse_specs_result<T, Char> parse_specs(basic_string_view<Char> str,
+                                                  size_t pos, int next_arg_id) {
+  str.remove_prefix(pos);
+  auto ctx =
+      compile_parse_context<Char>(str, max_value<int>(), nullptr, next_arg_id);
+  auto f = formatter<T, Char>();
+  auto end = f.parse(ctx);
+  return {f, pos + fmt::detail::to_unsigned(end - str.data()),
+          next_arg_id == 0 ? manual_indexing_id : ctx.next_arg_id()};
+}
+
+template <typename Char> struct arg_id_handler {
+  arg_ref<Char> arg_id;
+
+  constexpr int on_auto() {
+    FMT_ASSERT(false, "handler cannot be used with automatic indexing");
+    return 0;
+  }
+  constexpr int on_index(int id) {
+    arg_id = arg_ref<Char>(id);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  constexpr int on_name(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
+    arg_id = arg_ref<Char>(id);
+    return 0;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char> struct parse_arg_id_result {
+  arg_ref<Char> arg_id;
+  const Char* arg_id_end;
+};
+
+template <int ID, typename Char>
+constexpr auto parse_arg_id(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
+  auto handler = arg_id_handler<Char>{arg_ref<Char>{}};
+  auto arg_id_end = parse_arg_id(begin, end, handler);
+  return parse_arg_id_result<Char>{handler.arg_id, arg_id_end};
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void> struct field_type {
+  using type = remove_cvref_t<T>;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct field_type<T, enable_if_t<detail::is_named_arg<T>::value>> {
+  using type = remove_cvref_t<decltype(T::value)>;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Args, size_t END_POS, int ARG_INDEX, int NEXT_ID,
+          typename S>
+constexpr auto parse_replacement_field_then_tail(S format_str) {
+  using char_type = typename S::char_type;
+  constexpr auto str = basic_string_view<char_type>(format_str);
+  constexpr char_type c = END_POS != str.size() ? str[END_POS] : char_type();
+  if constexpr (c == '}') {
+    return parse_tail<Args, END_POS + 1, NEXT_ID>(
+        field<char_type, typename field_type<T>::type, ARG_INDEX>(),
+        format_str);
+  } else if constexpr (c != ':') {
+    FMT_THROW(format_error("expected ':'"));
+  } else {
+    constexpr auto result = parse_specs<typename field_type<T>::type>(
+        str, END_POS + 1, NEXT_ID == manual_indexing_id ? 0 : NEXT_ID);
+    if constexpr (result.end >= str.size() || str[result.end] != '}') {
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("expected '}'"));
+      return 0;
+    } else {
+      return parse_tail<Args, result.end + 1, result.next_arg_id>(
+          spec_field<char_type, typename field_type<T>::type, ARG_INDEX>{
+              result.fmt},
+          format_str);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Compiles a non-empty format string and returns the compiled representation
+// or unknown_format() on unrecognized input.
+template <typename Args, size_t POS, int ID, typename S>
+constexpr auto compile_format_string(S format_str) {
+  using char_type = typename S::char_type;
+  constexpr auto str = basic_string_view<char_type>(format_str);
+  if constexpr (str[POS] == '{') {
+    if constexpr (POS + 1 == str.size())
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("unmatched '{' in format string"));
+    if constexpr (str[POS + 1] == '{') {
+      return parse_tail<Args, POS + 2, ID>(make_text(str, POS, 1), format_str);
+    } else if constexpr (str[POS + 1] == '}' || str[POS + 1] == ':') {
+      static_assert(ID != manual_indexing_id,
+                    "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
+      constexpr auto next_id =
+          ID != manual_indexing_id ? ID + 1 : manual_indexing_id;
+      return parse_replacement_field_then_tail<get_type<ID, Args>, Args,
+                                               POS + 1, ID, next_id>(
+          format_str);
+    } else {
+      constexpr auto arg_id_result =
+          parse_arg_id<ID>(str.data() + POS + 1, str.data() + str.size());
+      constexpr auto arg_id_end_pos = arg_id_result.arg_id_end - str.data();
+      constexpr char_type c =
+          arg_id_end_pos != str.size() ? str[arg_id_end_pos] : char_type();
+      static_assert(c == '}' || c == ':', "missing '}' in format string");
+      if constexpr (arg_id_result.arg_id.kind == arg_id_kind::index) {
+        static_assert(
+            ID == manual_indexing_id || ID == 0,
+            "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
+        constexpr auto arg_index = arg_id_result.arg_id.val.index;
+        return parse_replacement_field_then_tail<get_type<arg_index, Args>,
+                                                 Args, arg_id_end_pos,
+                                                 arg_index, manual_indexing_id>(
+            format_str);
+      } else if constexpr (arg_id_result.arg_id.kind == arg_id_kind::name) {
+        constexpr auto arg_index =
+            get_arg_index_by_name(arg_id_result.arg_id.val.name, Args{});
+        if constexpr (arg_index >= 0) {
+          constexpr auto next_id =
+              ID != manual_indexing_id ? ID + 1 : manual_indexing_id;
+          return parse_replacement_field_then_tail<
+              decltype(get_type<arg_index, Args>::value), Args, arg_id_end_pos,
+              arg_index, next_id>(format_str);
+        } else if constexpr (c == '}') {
+          return parse_tail<Args, arg_id_end_pos + 1, ID>(
+              runtime_named_field<char_type>{arg_id_result.arg_id.val.name},
+              format_str);
+        } else if constexpr (c == ':') {
+          return unknown_format();  // no type info for specs parsing
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  } else if constexpr (str[POS] == '}') {
+    if constexpr (POS + 1 == str.size())
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("unmatched '}' in format string"));
+    return parse_tail<Args, POS + 2, ID>(make_text(str, POS, 1), format_str);
+  } else {
+    constexpr auto end = parse_text(str, POS + 1);
+    if constexpr (end - POS > 1) {
+      return parse_tail<Args, end, ID>(make_text(str, POS, end - POS),
+                                       format_str);
+    } else {
+      return parse_tail<Args, end, ID>(code_unit<char_type>{str[POS]},
+                                       format_str);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename... Args, typename S,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+constexpr auto compile(S format_str) {
+  constexpr auto str = basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>(format_str);
+  if constexpr (str.size() == 0) {
+    return detail::make_text(str, 0, 0);
+  } else {
+    constexpr auto result =
+        detail::compile_format_string<detail::type_list<Args...>, 0, 0>(
+            format_str);
+    return result;
+  }
+}
+#endif  // defined(__cpp_if_constexpr) && defined(__cpp_return_type_deduction)
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+
+#if defined(__cpp_if_constexpr) && defined(__cpp_return_type_deduction)
+
+template <typename CompiledFormat, typename... Args,
+          typename Char = typename CompiledFormat::char_type,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_format<CompiledFormat>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE std::basic_string<Char> format(const CompiledFormat& cf,
+                                          const Args&... args) {
+  auto s = std::basic_string<Char>();
+  cf.format(std::back_inserter(s), args...);
+  return s;
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename CompiledFormat, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_format<CompiledFormat>::value)>
+constexpr FMT_INLINE OutputIt format_to(OutputIt out, const CompiledFormat& cf,
+                                        const Args&... args) {
+  return cf.format(out, args...);
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE std::basic_string<typename S::char_type> format(const S&,
+                                                           Args&&... args) {
+  if constexpr (std::is_same<typename S::char_type, char>::value) {
+    constexpr auto str = basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>(S());
+    if constexpr (str.size() == 2 && str[0] == '{' && str[1] == '}') {
+      const auto& first = detail::first(args...);
+      if constexpr (detail::is_named_arg<
+                        remove_cvref_t<decltype(first)>>::value) {
+        return fmt::to_string(first.value);
+      } else {
+        return fmt::to_string(first);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  constexpr auto compiled = detail::compile<Args...>(S());
+  if constexpr (std::is_same<remove_cvref_t<decltype(compiled)>,
+                             detail::unknown_format>()) {
+    return fmt::format(
+        static_cast<basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>>(S()),
+        std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  } else {
+    return fmt::format(compiled, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR OutputIt format_to(OutputIt out, const S&, Args&&... args) {
+  constexpr auto compiled = detail::compile<Args...>(S());
+  if constexpr (std::is_same<remove_cvref_t<decltype(compiled)>,
+                             detail::unknown_format>()) {
+    return fmt::format_to(
+        out, static_cast<basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>>(S()),
+        std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  } else {
+    return fmt::format_to(out, compiled, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+auto format_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n, const S& format_str, Args&&... args)
+    -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt> {
+  using traits = detail::fixed_buffer_traits;
+  auto buf = detail::iterator_buffer<OutputIt, char, traits>(out, n);
+  fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(buf), format_str,
+                 std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  return {buf.out(), buf.count()};
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto formatted_size(const S& format_str, const Args&... args)
+    -> size_t {
+  return fmt::format_to(detail::counting_iterator(), format_str, args...)
+      .count();
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+void print(std::FILE* f, const S& format_str, const Args&... args) {
+  memory_buffer buffer;
+  fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(buffer), format_str, args...);
+  detail::print(f, {buffer.data(), buffer.size()});
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+void print(const S& format_str, const Args&... args) {
+  print(stdout, format_str, args...);
+}
+
+#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+inline namespace literals {
+template <detail_exported::fixed_string Str> constexpr auto operator""_cf() {
+  using char_t = remove_cvref_t<decltype(Str.data[0])>;
+  return detail::udl_compiled_string<char_t, sizeof(Str.data) / sizeof(char_t),
+                                     Str>();
+}
+}  // namespace literals
+#endif
+
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_COMPILE_H_
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/core.h b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/core.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b51c1406a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/core.h
@@ -0,0 +1,2969 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - the core API for char/UTF-8
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_CORE_H_
+#define FMT_CORE_H_
+
+#include <cstddef>  // std::byte
+#include <cstdio>   // std::FILE
+#include <cstring>  // std::strlen
+#include <iterator>
+#include <limits>
+#include <memory>  // std::addressof
+#include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+// The fmt library version in the form major * 10000 + minor * 100 + patch.
+#define FMT_VERSION 100201
+
+#if defined(__clang__) && !defined(__ibmxl__)
+#  define FMT_CLANG_VERSION (__clang_major__ * 100 + __clang_minor__)
+#else
+#  define FMT_CLANG_VERSION 0
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && \
+    !defined(__NVCOMPILER)
+#  define FMT_GCC_VERSION (__GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__)
+#else
+#  define FMT_GCC_VERSION 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_GCC_PRAGMA
+// Workaround _Pragma bug https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=59884.
+#  if FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 504
+#    define FMT_GCC_PRAGMA(arg) _Pragma(arg)
+#  else
+#    define FMT_GCC_PRAGMA(arg)
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __ICL
+#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION __ICL
+#elif defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION __INTEL_COMPILER
+#else
+#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#  define FMT_MSC_VERSION _MSC_VER
+#  define FMT_MSC_WARNING(...) __pragma(warning(__VA_ARGS__))
+#else
+#  define FMT_MSC_VERSION 0
+#  define FMT_MSC_WARNING(...)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSVC_LANG
+#  define FMT_CPLUSPLUS _MSVC_LANG
+#else
+#  define FMT_CPLUSPLUS __cplusplus
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __has_feature
+#  define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) __has_feature(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__has_include) || FMT_ICC_VERSION >= 1600 || FMT_MSC_VERSION > 1900
+#  define FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(x) __has_include(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __has_cpp_attribute
+#  define FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) __has_cpp_attribute(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#define FMT_HAS_CPP14_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) \
+  (FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201402L && FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute))
+
+#define FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) \
+  (FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201703L && FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute))
+
+// Check if relaxed C++14 constexpr is supported.
+// GCC doesn't allow throw in constexpr until version 6 (bug 67371).
+#ifndef FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
+#  if (FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_relaxed_constexpr) || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1912 || \
+       (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 600 && FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201402L)) &&             \
+      !FMT_ICC_VERSION && (!defined(__NVCC__) || FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 202002L)
+#    define FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR 1
+#  else
+#    define FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+#if FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR constexpr
+#else
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR
+#endif
+
+#if (FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 202002L ||                                \
+     (FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201709L && FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 1002)) &&  \
+    ((!defined(_GLIBCXX_RELEASE) || _GLIBCXX_RELEASE >= 10) &&  \
+     (!defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION) || _LIBCPP_VERSION >= 10000) && \
+     (!FMT_MSC_VERSION || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1928)) &&          \
+    defined(__cpp_lib_is_constant_evaluated)
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR20 constexpr
+#else
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR20
+#endif
+
+// Check if constexpr std::char_traits<>::{compare,length} are supported.
+#if defined(__GLIBCXX__)
+#  if FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201703L && defined(_GLIBCXX_RELEASE) && \
+      _GLIBCXX_RELEASE >= 7  // GCC 7+ libstdc++ has _GLIBCXX_RELEASE.
+#    define FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS constexpr
+#  endif
+#elif defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION) && FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201703L && \
+    _LIBCPP_VERSION >= 4000
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS constexpr
+#elif FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1914 && FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201703L
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS constexpr
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS
+#endif
+
+// Check if exceptions are disabled.
+#ifndef FMT_EXCEPTIONS
+#  if (defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__EXCEPTIONS)) || \
+      (FMT_MSC_VERSION && !_HAS_EXCEPTIONS)
+#    define FMT_EXCEPTIONS 0
+#  else
+#    define FMT_EXCEPTIONS 1
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Disable [[noreturn]] on MSVC/NVCC because of bogus unreachable code warnings.
+#if FMT_EXCEPTIONS && FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(noreturn) && !FMT_MSC_VERSION && \
+    !defined(__NVCC__)
+#  define FMT_NORETURN [[noreturn]]
+#else
+#  define FMT_NORETURN
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_NODISCARD
+#  if FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(nodiscard)
+#    define FMT_NODISCARD [[nodiscard]]
+#  else
+#    define FMT_NODISCARD
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_INLINE
+#  if FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#    define FMT_INLINE inline __attribute__((always_inline))
+#  else
+#    define FMT_INLINE inline
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#  define FMT_UNCHECKED_ITERATOR(It) \
+    using _Unchecked_type = It  // Mark iterator as checked.
+#else
+#  define FMT_UNCHECKED_ITERATOR(It) using unchecked_type = It
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+#  define FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE \
+    namespace fmt {           \
+    inline namespace v10 {
+#  define FMT_END_NAMESPACE \
+    }                       \
+    }
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_EXPORT
+#  define FMT_EXPORT
+#  define FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+#  define FMT_END_EXPORT
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#  define FMT_VISIBILITY(value) __attribute__((visibility(value)))
+#else
+#  define FMT_VISIBILITY(value)
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(FMT_HEADER_ONLY) && defined(_WIN32)
+#  if defined(FMT_LIB_EXPORT)
+#    define FMT_API __declspec(dllexport)
+#  elif defined(FMT_SHARED)
+#    define FMT_API __declspec(dllimport)
+#  endif
+#elif defined(FMT_LIB_EXPORT) || defined(FMT_SHARED)
+#  define FMT_API FMT_VISIBILITY("default")
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_API
+#  define FMT_API
+#endif
+
+// libc++ supports string_view in pre-c++17.
+#if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<string_view>) && \
+    (FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201703L || defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION))
+#  include <string_view>
+#  define FMT_USE_STRING_VIEW
+#elif FMT_HAS_INCLUDE("experimental/string_view") && FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201402L
+#  include <experimental/string_view>
+#  define FMT_USE_EXPERIMENTAL_STRING_VIEW
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_UNICODE
+#  define FMT_UNICODE !FMT_MSC_VERSION
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_CONSTEVAL
+#  if ((FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 1000 || FMT_CLANG_VERSION >= 1101) && \
+       (!defined(__apple_build_version__) ||                     \
+        __apple_build_version__ >= 14000029L) &&                 \
+       FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 202002L) ||                              \
+      (defined(__cpp_consteval) &&                               \
+       (!FMT_MSC_VERSION || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1929))
+// consteval is broken in MSVC before VS2019 version 16.10 and Apple clang
+// before 14.
+#    define FMT_CONSTEVAL consteval
+#    define FMT_HAS_CONSTEVAL
+#  else
+#    define FMT_CONSTEVAL
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+#  if defined(__cpp_nontype_template_args) &&                  \
+      ((FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 903 && FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201709L) || \
+       __cpp_nontype_template_args >= 201911L) &&              \
+      !defined(__NVCOMPILER) && !defined(__LCC__)
+#    define FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS 1
+#  else
+#    define FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// GCC < 5 requires this-> in decltype
+#ifndef FMT_DECLTYPE_THIS
+#  if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 500
+#    define FMT_DECLTYPE_THIS this->
+#  else
+#    define FMT_DECLTYPE_THIS
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Enable minimal optimizations for more compact code in debug mode.
+FMT_GCC_PRAGMA("GCC push_options")
+#if !defined(__OPTIMIZE__) && !defined(__NVCOMPILER) && !defined(__LCC__) && \
+    !defined(__CUDACC__)
+FMT_GCC_PRAGMA("GCC optimize(\"Og\")")
+#endif
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+// Implementations of enable_if_t and other metafunctions for older systems.
+template <bool B, typename T = void>
+using enable_if_t = typename std::enable_if<B, T>::type;
+template <bool B, typename T, typename F>
+using conditional_t = typename std::conditional<B, T, F>::type;
+template <bool B> using bool_constant = std::integral_constant<bool, B>;
+template <typename T>
+using remove_reference_t = typename std::remove_reference<T>::type;
+template <typename T>
+using remove_const_t = typename std::remove_const<T>::type;
+template <typename T>
+using remove_cvref_t = typename std::remove_cv<remove_reference_t<T>>::type;
+template <typename T> struct type_identity {
+  using type = T;
+};
+template <typename T> using type_identity_t = typename type_identity<T>::type;
+template <typename T>
+using underlying_t = typename std::underlying_type<T>::type;
+
+// Checks whether T is a container with contiguous storage.
+template <typename T> struct is_contiguous : std::false_type {};
+template <typename Char>
+struct is_contiguous<std::basic_string<Char>> : std::true_type {};
+
+struct monostate {
+  constexpr monostate() {}
+};
+
+// An enable_if helper to be used in template parameters which results in much
+// shorter symbols: https://godbolt.org/z/sWw4vP. Extra parentheses are needed
+// to workaround a bug in MSVC 2019 (see #1140 and #1186).
+#ifdef FMT_DOC
+#  define FMT_ENABLE_IF(...)
+#else
+#  define FMT_ENABLE_IF(...) fmt::enable_if_t<(__VA_ARGS__), int> = 0
+#endif
+
+// This is defined in core.h instead of format.h to avoid injecting in std.
+// It is a template to avoid undesirable implicit conversions to std::byte.
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_byte
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<T, std::byte>::value)>
+inline auto format_as(T b) -> unsigned char {
+  return static_cast<unsigned char>(b);
+}
+#endif
+
+namespace detail {
+// Suppresses "unused variable" warnings with the method described in
+// https://herbsutter.com/2009/10/18/mailbag-shutting-up-compiler-warnings/.
+// (void)var does not work on many Intel compilers.
+template <typename... T> FMT_CONSTEXPR void ignore_unused(const T&...) {}
+
+constexpr FMT_INLINE auto is_constant_evaluated(
+    bool default_value = false) noexcept -> bool {
+// Workaround for incompatibility between libstdc++ consteval-based
+// std::is_constant_evaluated() implementation and clang-14.
+// https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3247
+#if FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 202002L && defined(_GLIBCXX_RELEASE) && \
+    _GLIBCXX_RELEASE >= 12 &&                                \
+    (FMT_CLANG_VERSION >= 1400 && FMT_CLANG_VERSION < 1500)
+  ignore_unused(default_value);
+  return __builtin_is_constant_evaluated();
+#elif defined(__cpp_lib_is_constant_evaluated)
+  ignore_unused(default_value);
+  return std::is_constant_evaluated();
+#else
+  return default_value;
+#endif
+}
+
+// Suppresses "conditional expression is constant" warnings.
+template <typename T> constexpr FMT_INLINE auto const_check(T value) -> T {
+  return value;
+}
+
+FMT_NORETURN FMT_API void assert_fail(const char* file, int line,
+                                      const char* message);
+
+#ifndef FMT_ASSERT
+#  ifdef NDEBUG
+// FMT_ASSERT is not empty to avoid -Wempty-body.
+#    define FMT_ASSERT(condition, message) \
+      fmt::detail::ignore_unused((condition), (message))
+#  else
+#    define FMT_ASSERT(condition, message)                                    \
+      ((condition) /* void() fails with -Winvalid-constexpr on clang 4.0.1 */ \
+           ? (void)0                                                          \
+           : fmt::detail::assert_fail(__FILE__, __LINE__, (message)))
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(FMT_USE_STRING_VIEW)
+template <typename Char> using std_string_view = std::basic_string_view<Char>;
+#elif defined(FMT_USE_EXPERIMENTAL_STRING_VIEW)
+template <typename Char>
+using std_string_view = std::experimental::basic_string_view<Char>;
+#else
+template <typename T> struct std_string_view {};
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_USE_INT128
+// Do nothing.
+#elif defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__) && !defined(__NVCC__) && \
+    !(FMT_CLANG_VERSION && FMT_MSC_VERSION)
+#  define FMT_USE_INT128 1
+using int128_opt = __int128_t;  // An optional native 128-bit integer.
+using uint128_opt = __uint128_t;
+template <typename T> inline auto convert_for_visit(T value) -> T {
+  return value;
+}
+#else
+#  define FMT_USE_INT128 0
+#endif
+#if !FMT_USE_INT128
+enum class int128_opt {};
+enum class uint128_opt {};
+// Reduce template instantiations.
+template <typename T> auto convert_for_visit(T) -> monostate { return {}; }
+#endif
+
+// Casts a nonnegative integer to unsigned.
+template <typename Int>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto to_unsigned(Int value) ->
+    typename std::make_unsigned<Int>::type {
+  FMT_ASSERT(std::is_unsigned<Int>::value || value >= 0, "negative value");
+  return static_cast<typename std::make_unsigned<Int>::type>(value);
+}
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto is_utf8() -> bool {
+  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 4566) constexpr unsigned char section[] = "\u00A7";
+
+  // Avoid buggy sign extensions in MSVC's constant evaluation mode (#2297).
+  using uchar = unsigned char;
+  return FMT_UNICODE || (sizeof(section) == 3 && uchar(section[0]) == 0xC2 &&
+                         uchar(section[1]) == 0xA7);
+}
+}  // namespace detail
+
+/**
+  An implementation of ``std::basic_string_view`` for pre-C++17. It provides a
+  subset of the API. ``fmt::basic_string_view`` is used for format strings even
+  if ``std::string_view`` is available to prevent issues when a library is
+  compiled with a different ``-std`` option than the client code (which is not
+  recommended).
+ */
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename Char> class basic_string_view {
+ private:
+  const Char* data_;
+  size_t size_;
+
+ public:
+  using value_type = Char;
+  using iterator = const Char*;
+
+  constexpr basic_string_view() noexcept : data_(nullptr), size_(0) {}
+
+  /** Constructs a string reference object from a C string and a size. */
+  constexpr basic_string_view(const Char* s, size_t count) noexcept
+      : data_(s), size_(count) {}
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Constructs a string reference object from a C string computing
+    the size with ``std::char_traits<Char>::length``.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS
+  FMT_INLINE
+  basic_string_view(const Char* s)
+      : data_(s),
+        size_(detail::const_check(std::is_same<Char, char>::value &&
+                                  !detail::is_constant_evaluated(true))
+                  ? std::strlen(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(s))
+                  : std::char_traits<Char>::length(s)) {}
+
+  /** Constructs a string reference from a ``std::basic_string`` object. */
+  template <typename Traits, typename Alloc>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view(
+      const std::basic_string<Char, Traits, Alloc>& s) noexcept
+      : data_(s.data()), size_(s.size()) {}
+
+  template <typename S, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<
+                                      S, detail::std_string_view<Char>>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view(S s) noexcept
+      : data_(s.data()), size_(s.size()) {}
+
+  /** Returns a pointer to the string data. */
+  constexpr auto data() const noexcept -> const Char* { return data_; }
+
+  /** Returns the string size. */
+  constexpr auto size() const noexcept -> size_t { return size_; }
+
+  constexpr auto begin() const noexcept -> iterator { return data_; }
+  constexpr auto end() const noexcept -> iterator { return data_ + size_; }
+
+  constexpr auto operator[](size_t pos) const noexcept -> const Char& {
+    return data_[pos];
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void remove_prefix(size_t n) noexcept {
+    data_ += n;
+    size_ -= n;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS auto starts_with(
+      basic_string_view<Char> sv) const noexcept -> bool {
+    return size_ >= sv.size_ &&
+           std::char_traits<Char>::compare(data_, sv.data_, sv.size_) == 0;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS auto starts_with(Char c) const noexcept -> bool {
+    return size_ >= 1 && std::char_traits<Char>::eq(*data_, c);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS auto starts_with(const Char* s) const -> bool {
+    return starts_with(basic_string_view<Char>(s));
+  }
+
+  // Lexicographically compare this string reference to other.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS auto compare(basic_string_view other) const -> int {
+    size_t str_size = size_ < other.size_ ? size_ : other.size_;
+    int result = std::char_traits<Char>::compare(data_, other.data_, str_size);
+    if (result == 0)
+      result = size_ == other.size_ ? 0 : (size_ < other.size_ ? -1 : 1);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS friend auto operator==(basic_string_view lhs,
+                                                   basic_string_view rhs)
+      -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) == 0;
+  }
+  friend auto operator!=(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) != 0;
+  }
+  friend auto operator<(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) < 0;
+  }
+  friend auto operator<=(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) <= 0;
+  }
+  friend auto operator>(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) > 0;
+  }
+  friend auto operator>=(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) >= 0;
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_EXPORT
+using string_view = basic_string_view<char>;
+
+/** Specifies if ``T`` is a character type. Can be specialized by users. */
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename T> struct is_char : std::false_type {};
+template <> struct is_char<char> : std::true_type {};
+
+namespace detail {
+
+// A base class for compile-time strings.
+struct compile_string {};
+
+template <typename S>
+struct is_compile_string : std::is_base_of<compile_string, S> {};
+
+template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_char<Char>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE auto to_string_view(const Char* s) -> basic_string_view<Char> {
+  return s;
+}
+template <typename Char, typename Traits, typename Alloc>
+inline auto to_string_view(const std::basic_string<Char, Traits, Alloc>& s)
+    -> basic_string_view<Char> {
+  return s;
+}
+template <typename Char>
+constexpr auto to_string_view(basic_string_view<Char> s)
+    -> basic_string_view<Char> {
+  return s;
+}
+template <typename Char,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_empty<std_string_view<Char>>::value)>
+inline auto to_string_view(std_string_view<Char> s) -> basic_string_view<Char> {
+  return s;
+}
+template <typename S, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_compile_string<S>::value)>
+constexpr auto to_string_view(const S& s)
+    -> basic_string_view<typename S::char_type> {
+  return basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>(s);
+}
+void to_string_view(...);
+
+// Specifies whether S is a string type convertible to fmt::basic_string_view.
+// It should be a constexpr function but MSVC 2017 fails to compile it in
+// enable_if and MSVC 2015 fails to compile it as an alias template.
+// ADL is intentionally disabled as to_string_view is not an extension point.
+template <typename S>
+struct is_string
+    : std::is_class<decltype(detail::to_string_view(std::declval<S>()))> {};
+
+template <typename S, typename = void> struct char_t_impl {};
+template <typename S> struct char_t_impl<S, enable_if_t<is_string<S>::value>> {
+  using result = decltype(to_string_view(std::declval<S>()));
+  using type = typename result::value_type;
+};
+
+enum class type {
+  none_type,
+  // Integer types should go first,
+  int_type,
+  uint_type,
+  long_long_type,
+  ulong_long_type,
+  int128_type,
+  uint128_type,
+  bool_type,
+  char_type,
+  last_integer_type = char_type,
+  // followed by floating-point types.
+  float_type,
+  double_type,
+  long_double_type,
+  last_numeric_type = long_double_type,
+  cstring_type,
+  string_type,
+  pointer_type,
+  custom_type
+};
+
+// Maps core type T to the corresponding type enum constant.
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct type_constant : std::integral_constant<type, type::custom_type> {};
+
+#define FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(Type, constant) \
+  template <typename Char>                \
+  struct type_constant<Type, Char>        \
+      : std::integral_constant<type, type::constant> {}
+
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(int, int_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(unsigned, uint_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(long long, long_long_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(unsigned long long, ulong_long_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(int128_opt, int128_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(uint128_opt, uint128_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(bool, bool_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(Char, char_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(float, float_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(double, double_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(long double, long_double_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(const Char*, cstring_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(basic_string_view<Char>, string_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(const void*, pointer_type);
+
+constexpr auto is_integral_type(type t) -> bool {
+  return t > type::none_type && t <= type::last_integer_type;
+}
+constexpr auto is_arithmetic_type(type t) -> bool {
+  return t > type::none_type && t <= type::last_numeric_type;
+}
+
+constexpr auto set(type rhs) -> int { return 1 << static_cast<int>(rhs); }
+constexpr auto in(type t, int set) -> bool {
+  return ((set >> static_cast<int>(t)) & 1) != 0;
+}
+
+// Bitsets of types.
+enum {
+  sint_set =
+      set(type::int_type) | set(type::long_long_type) | set(type::int128_type),
+  uint_set = set(type::uint_type) | set(type::ulong_long_type) |
+             set(type::uint128_type),
+  bool_set = set(type::bool_type),
+  char_set = set(type::char_type),
+  float_set = set(type::float_type) | set(type::double_type) |
+              set(type::long_double_type),
+  string_set = set(type::string_type),
+  cstring_set = set(type::cstring_type),
+  pointer_set = set(type::pointer_type)
+};
+
+// DEPRECATED!
+FMT_NORETURN FMT_API void throw_format_error(const char* message);
+
+struct error_handler {
+  constexpr error_handler() = default;
+
+  // This function is intentionally not constexpr to give a compile-time error.
+  FMT_NORETURN void on_error(const char* message) {
+    throw_format_error(message);
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace detail
+
+/** Throws ``format_error`` with a given message. */
+using detail::throw_format_error;
+
+/** String's character type. */
+template <typename S> using char_t = typename detail::char_t_impl<S>::type;
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Parsing context consisting of a format string range being parsed and an
+  argument counter for automatic indexing.
+  You can use the ``format_parse_context`` type alias for ``char`` instead.
+  \endrst
+ */
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename Char> class basic_format_parse_context {
+ private:
+  basic_string_view<Char> format_str_;
+  int next_arg_id_;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void do_check_arg_id(int id);
+
+ public:
+  using char_type = Char;
+  using iterator = const Char*;
+
+  explicit constexpr basic_format_parse_context(
+      basic_string_view<Char> format_str, int next_arg_id = 0)
+      : format_str_(format_str), next_arg_id_(next_arg_id) {}
+
+  /**
+    Returns an iterator to the beginning of the format string range being
+    parsed.
+   */
+  constexpr auto begin() const noexcept -> iterator {
+    return format_str_.begin();
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Returns an iterator past the end of the format string range being parsed.
+   */
+  constexpr auto end() const noexcept -> iterator { return format_str_.end(); }
+
+  /** Advances the begin iterator to ``it``. */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void advance_to(iterator it) {
+    format_str_.remove_prefix(detail::to_unsigned(it - begin()));
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Reports an error if using the manual argument indexing; otherwise returns
+    the next argument index and switches to the automatic indexing.
+   */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto next_arg_id() -> int {
+    if (next_arg_id_ < 0) {
+      detail::throw_format_error(
+          "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
+      return 0;
+    }
+    int id = next_arg_id_++;
+    do_check_arg_id(id);
+    return id;
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Reports an error if using the automatic argument indexing; otherwise
+    switches to the manual indexing.
+   */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id(int id) {
+    if (next_arg_id_ > 0) {
+      detail::throw_format_error(
+          "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
+      return;
+    }
+    next_arg_id_ = -1;
+    do_check_arg_id(id);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char>) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_dynamic_spec(int arg_id);
+};
+
+FMT_EXPORT
+using format_parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<char>;
+
+namespace detail {
+// A parse context with extra data used only in compile-time checks.
+template <typename Char>
+class compile_parse_context : public basic_format_parse_context<Char> {
+ private:
+  int num_args_;
+  const type* types_;
+  using base = basic_format_parse_context<Char>;
+
+ public:
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR compile_parse_context(
+      basic_string_view<Char> format_str, int num_args, const type* types,
+      int next_arg_id = 0)
+      : base(format_str, next_arg_id), num_args_(num_args), types_(types) {}
+
+  constexpr auto num_args() const -> int { return num_args_; }
+  constexpr auto arg_type(int id) const -> type { return types_[id]; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto next_arg_id() -> int {
+    int id = base::next_arg_id();
+    if (id >= num_args_) throw_format_error("argument not found");
+    return id;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id(int id) {
+    base::check_arg_id(id);
+    if (id >= num_args_) throw_format_error("argument not found");
+  }
+  using base::check_arg_id;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_dynamic_spec(int arg_id) {
+    detail::ignore_unused(arg_id);
+#if !defined(__LCC__)
+    if (arg_id < num_args_ && types_ && !is_integral_type(types_[arg_id]))
+      throw_format_error("width/precision is not integer");
+#endif
+  }
+};
+
+// Extracts a reference to the container from back_insert_iterator.
+template <typename Container>
+inline auto get_container(std::back_insert_iterator<Container> it)
+    -> Container& {
+  using base = std::back_insert_iterator<Container>;
+  struct accessor : base {
+    accessor(base b) : base(b) {}
+    using base::container;
+  };
+  return *accessor(it).container;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename InputIt, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto copy_str(InputIt begin, InputIt end, OutputIt out)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  while (begin != end) *out++ = static_cast<Char>(*begin++);
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename T, typename U,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+              std::is_same<remove_const_t<T>, U>::value&& is_char<U>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto copy_str(T* begin, T* end, U* out) -> U* {
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) return copy_str<Char, T*, U*>(begin, end, out);
+  auto size = to_unsigned(end - begin);
+  if (size > 0) memcpy(out, begin, size * sizeof(U));
+  return out + size;
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A contiguous memory buffer with an optional growing ability. It is an internal
+  class and shouldn't be used directly, only via `~fmt::basic_memory_buffer`.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T> class buffer {
+ private:
+  T* ptr_;
+  size_t size_;
+  size_t capacity_;
+
+ protected:
+  // Don't initialize ptr_ since it is not accessed to save a few cycles.
+  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 26495)
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR buffer(size_t sz) noexcept : size_(sz), capacity_(sz) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 buffer(T* p = nullptr, size_t sz = 0, size_t cap = 0) noexcept
+      : ptr_(p), size_(sz), capacity_(cap) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 ~buffer() = default;
+  buffer(buffer&&) = default;
+
+  /** Sets the buffer data and capacity. */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set(T* buf_data, size_t buf_capacity) noexcept {
+    ptr_ = buf_data;
+    capacity_ = buf_capacity;
+  }
+
+  /** Increases the buffer capacity to hold at least *capacity* elements. */
+  // DEPRECATED!
+  virtual FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void grow(size_t capacity) = 0;
+
+ public:
+  using value_type = T;
+  using const_reference = const T&;
+
+  buffer(const buffer&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const buffer&) = delete;
+
+  FMT_INLINE auto begin() noexcept -> T* { return ptr_; }
+  FMT_INLINE auto end() noexcept -> T* { return ptr_ + size_; }
+
+  FMT_INLINE auto begin() const noexcept -> const T* { return ptr_; }
+  FMT_INLINE auto end() const noexcept -> const T* { return ptr_ + size_; }
+
+  /** Returns the size of this buffer. */
+  constexpr auto size() const noexcept -> size_t { return size_; }
+
+  /** Returns the capacity of this buffer. */
+  constexpr auto capacity() const noexcept -> size_t { return capacity_; }
+
+  /** Returns a pointer to the buffer data (not null-terminated). */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto data() noexcept -> T* { return ptr_; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto data() const noexcept -> const T* { return ptr_; }
+
+  /** Clears this buffer. */
+  void clear() { size_ = 0; }
+
+  // Tries resizing the buffer to contain *count* elements. If T is a POD type
+  // the new elements may not be initialized.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void try_resize(size_t count) {
+    try_reserve(count);
+    size_ = count <= capacity_ ? count : capacity_;
+  }
+
+  // Tries increasing the buffer capacity to *new_capacity*. It can increase the
+  // capacity by a smaller amount than requested but guarantees there is space
+  // for at least one additional element either by increasing the capacity or by
+  // flushing the buffer if it is full.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void try_reserve(size_t new_capacity) {
+    if (new_capacity > capacity_) grow(new_capacity);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void push_back(const T& value) {
+    try_reserve(size_ + 1);
+    ptr_[size_++] = value;
+  }
+
+  /** Appends data to the end of the buffer. */
+  template <typename U> void append(const U* begin, const U* end);
+
+  template <typename Idx> FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator[](Idx index) -> T& {
+    return ptr_[index];
+  }
+  template <typename Idx>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator[](Idx index) const -> const T& {
+    return ptr_[index];
+  }
+};
+
+struct buffer_traits {
+  explicit buffer_traits(size_t) {}
+  auto count() const -> size_t { return 0; }
+  auto limit(size_t size) -> size_t { return size; }
+};
+
+class fixed_buffer_traits {
+ private:
+  size_t count_ = 0;
+  size_t limit_;
+
+ public:
+  explicit fixed_buffer_traits(size_t limit) : limit_(limit) {}
+  auto count() const -> size_t { return count_; }
+  auto limit(size_t size) -> size_t {
+    size_t n = limit_ > count_ ? limit_ - count_ : 0;
+    count_ += size;
+    return size < n ? size : n;
+  }
+};
+
+// A buffer that writes to an output iterator when flushed.
+template <typename OutputIt, typename T, typename Traits = buffer_traits>
+class iterator_buffer final : public Traits, public buffer<T> {
+ private:
+  OutputIt out_;
+  enum { buffer_size = 256 };
+  T data_[buffer_size];
+
+ protected:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void grow(size_t) override {
+    if (this->size() == buffer_size) flush();
+  }
+
+  void flush() {
+    auto size = this->size();
+    this->clear();
+    out_ = copy_str<T>(data_, data_ + this->limit(size), out_);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit iterator_buffer(OutputIt out, size_t n = buffer_size)
+      : Traits(n), buffer<T>(data_, 0, buffer_size), out_(out) {}
+  iterator_buffer(iterator_buffer&& other)
+      : Traits(other), buffer<T>(data_, 0, buffer_size), out_(other.out_) {}
+  ~iterator_buffer() { flush(); }
+
+  auto out() -> OutputIt {
+    flush();
+    return out_;
+  }
+  auto count() const -> size_t { return Traits::count() + this->size(); }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+class iterator_buffer<T*, T, fixed_buffer_traits> final
+    : public fixed_buffer_traits,
+      public buffer<T> {
+ private:
+  T* out_;
+  enum { buffer_size = 256 };
+  T data_[buffer_size];
+
+ protected:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void grow(size_t) override {
+    if (this->size() == this->capacity()) flush();
+  }
+
+  void flush() {
+    size_t n = this->limit(this->size());
+    if (this->data() == out_) {
+      out_ += n;
+      this->set(data_, buffer_size);
+    }
+    this->clear();
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit iterator_buffer(T* out, size_t n = buffer_size)
+      : fixed_buffer_traits(n), buffer<T>(out, 0, n), out_(out) {}
+  iterator_buffer(iterator_buffer&& other)
+      : fixed_buffer_traits(other),
+        buffer<T>(std::move(other)),
+        out_(other.out_) {
+    if (this->data() != out_) {
+      this->set(data_, buffer_size);
+      this->clear();
+    }
+  }
+  ~iterator_buffer() { flush(); }
+
+  auto out() -> T* {
+    flush();
+    return out_;
+  }
+  auto count() const -> size_t {
+    return fixed_buffer_traits::count() + this->size();
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T> class iterator_buffer<T*, T> final : public buffer<T> {
+ protected:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void grow(size_t) override {}
+
+ public:
+  explicit iterator_buffer(T* out, size_t = 0) : buffer<T>(out, 0, ~size_t()) {}
+
+  auto out() -> T* { return &*this->end(); }
+};
+
+// A buffer that writes to a container with the contiguous storage.
+template <typename Container>
+class iterator_buffer<std::back_insert_iterator<Container>,
+                      enable_if_t<is_contiguous<Container>::value,
+                                  typename Container::value_type>>
+    final : public buffer<typename Container::value_type> {
+ private:
+  Container& container_;
+
+ protected:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void grow(size_t capacity) override {
+    container_.resize(capacity);
+    this->set(&container_[0], capacity);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit iterator_buffer(Container& c)
+      : buffer<typename Container::value_type>(c.size()), container_(c) {}
+  explicit iterator_buffer(std::back_insert_iterator<Container> out, size_t = 0)
+      : iterator_buffer(get_container(out)) {}
+
+  auto out() -> std::back_insert_iterator<Container> {
+    return std::back_inserter(container_);
+  }
+};
+
+// A buffer that counts the number of code units written discarding the output.
+template <typename T = char> class counting_buffer final : public buffer<T> {
+ private:
+  enum { buffer_size = 256 };
+  T data_[buffer_size];
+  size_t count_ = 0;
+
+ protected:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void grow(size_t) override {
+    if (this->size() != buffer_size) return;
+    count_ += this->size();
+    this->clear();
+  }
+
+ public:
+  counting_buffer() : buffer<T>(data_, 0, buffer_size) {}
+
+  auto count() -> size_t { return count_ + this->size(); }
+};
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void basic_format_parse_context<Char>::do_check_arg_id(int id) {
+  // Argument id is only checked at compile-time during parsing because
+  // formatting has its own validation.
+  if (detail::is_constant_evaluated() &&
+      (!FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 1200)) {
+    using context = detail::compile_parse_context<Char>;
+    if (id >= static_cast<context*>(this)->num_args())
+      detail::throw_format_error("argument not found");
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void basic_format_parse_context<Char>::check_dynamic_spec(
+    int arg_id) {
+  if (detail::is_constant_evaluated() &&
+      (!FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 1200)) {
+    using context = detail::compile_parse_context<Char>;
+    static_cast<context*>(this)->check_dynamic_spec(arg_id);
+  }
+}
+
+FMT_EXPORT template <typename Context> class basic_format_arg;
+FMT_EXPORT template <typename Context> class basic_format_args;
+FMT_EXPORT template <typename Context> class dynamic_format_arg_store;
+
+// A formatter for objects of type T.
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename T, typename Char = char, typename Enable = void>
+struct formatter {
+  // A deleted default constructor indicates a disabled formatter.
+  formatter() = delete;
+};
+
+// Specifies if T has an enabled formatter specialization. A type can be
+// formattable even if it doesn't have a formatter e.g. via a conversion.
+template <typename T, typename Context>
+using has_formatter =
+    std::is_constructible<typename Context::template formatter_type<T>>;
+
+// An output iterator that appends to a buffer.
+// It is used to reduce symbol sizes for the common case.
+class appender : public std::back_insert_iterator<detail::buffer<char>> {
+  using base = std::back_insert_iterator<detail::buffer<char>>;
+
+ public:
+  using std::back_insert_iterator<detail::buffer<char>>::back_insert_iterator;
+  appender(base it) noexcept : base(it) {}
+  FMT_UNCHECKED_ITERATOR(appender);
+
+  auto operator++() noexcept -> appender& { return *this; }
+  auto operator++(int) noexcept -> appender { return *this; }
+};
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename Context, typename T>
+constexpr auto has_const_formatter_impl(T*)
+    -> decltype(typename Context::template formatter_type<T>().format(
+                    std::declval<const T&>(), std::declval<Context&>()),
+                true) {
+  return true;
+}
+template <typename Context>
+constexpr auto has_const_formatter_impl(...) -> bool {
+  return false;
+}
+template <typename T, typename Context>
+constexpr auto has_const_formatter() -> bool {
+  return has_const_formatter_impl<Context>(static_cast<T*>(nullptr));
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+using buffer_appender = conditional_t<std::is_same<T, char>::value, appender,
+                                      std::back_insert_iterator<buffer<T>>>;
+
+// Maps an output iterator to a buffer.
+template <typename T, typename OutputIt>
+auto get_buffer(OutputIt out) -> iterator_buffer<OutputIt, T> {
+  return iterator_buffer<OutputIt, T>(out);
+}
+template <typename T, typename Buf,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_base_of<buffer<char>, Buf>::value)>
+auto get_buffer(std::back_insert_iterator<Buf> out) -> buffer<char>& {
+  return get_container(out);
+}
+
+template <typename Buf, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_INLINE auto get_iterator(Buf& buf, OutputIt) -> decltype(buf.out()) {
+  return buf.out();
+}
+template <typename T, typename OutputIt>
+auto get_iterator(buffer<T>&, OutputIt out) -> OutputIt {
+  return out;
+}
+
+struct view {};
+
+template <typename Char, typename T> struct named_arg : view {
+  const Char* name;
+  const T& value;
+  named_arg(const Char* n, const T& v) : name(n), value(v) {}
+};
+
+template <typename Char> struct named_arg_info {
+  const Char* name;
+  int id;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char, size_t NUM_ARGS, size_t NUM_NAMED_ARGS>
+struct arg_data {
+  // args_[0].named_args points to named_args_ to avoid bloating format_args.
+  // +1 to workaround a bug in gcc 7.5 that causes duplicated-branches warning.
+  T args_[1 + (NUM_ARGS != 0 ? NUM_ARGS : +1)];
+  named_arg_info<Char> named_args_[NUM_NAMED_ARGS];
+
+  template <typename... U>
+  arg_data(const U&... init) : args_{T(named_args_, NUM_NAMED_ARGS), init...} {}
+  arg_data(const arg_data& other) = delete;
+  auto args() const -> const T* { return args_ + 1; }
+  auto named_args() -> named_arg_info<Char>* { return named_args_; }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char, size_t NUM_ARGS>
+struct arg_data<T, Char, NUM_ARGS, 0> {
+  // +1 to workaround a bug in gcc 7.5 that causes duplicated-branches warning.
+  T args_[NUM_ARGS != 0 ? NUM_ARGS : +1];
+
+  template <typename... U>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE arg_data(const U&... init) : args_{init...} {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto args() const -> const T* { return args_; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto named_args() -> std::nullptr_t {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+inline void init_named_args(named_arg_info<Char>*, int, int) {}
+
+template <typename T> struct is_named_arg : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T> struct is_statically_named_arg : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct is_named_arg<named_arg<Char, T>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename Char, typename T, typename... Tail,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_named_arg<T>::value)>
+void init_named_args(named_arg_info<Char>* named_args, int arg_count,
+                     int named_arg_count, const T&, const Tail&... args) {
+  init_named_args(named_args, arg_count + 1, named_arg_count, args...);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename T, typename... Tail,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_named_arg<T>::value)>
+void init_named_args(named_arg_info<Char>* named_args, int arg_count,
+                     int named_arg_count, const T& arg, const Tail&... args) {
+  named_args[named_arg_count++] = {arg.name, arg_count};
+  init_named_args(named_args, arg_count + 1, named_arg_count, args...);
+}
+
+template <typename... Args>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE void init_named_args(std::nullptr_t, int, int,
+                                              const Args&...) {}
+
+template <bool B = false> constexpr auto count() -> size_t { return B ? 1 : 0; }
+template <bool B1, bool B2, bool... Tail> constexpr auto count() -> size_t {
+  return (B1 ? 1 : 0) + count<B2, Tail...>();
+}
+
+template <typename... Args> constexpr auto count_named_args() -> size_t {
+  return count<is_named_arg<Args>::value...>();
+}
+
+template <typename... Args>
+constexpr auto count_statically_named_args() -> size_t {
+  return count<is_statically_named_arg<Args>::value...>();
+}
+
+struct unformattable {};
+struct unformattable_char : unformattable {};
+struct unformattable_pointer : unformattable {};
+
+template <typename Char> struct string_value {
+  const Char* data;
+  size_t size;
+};
+
+template <typename Char> struct named_arg_value {
+  const named_arg_info<Char>* data;
+  size_t size;
+};
+
+template <typename Context> struct custom_value {
+  using parse_context = typename Context::parse_context_type;
+  void* value;
+  void (*format)(void* arg, parse_context& parse_ctx, Context& ctx);
+};
+
+// A formatting argument value.
+template <typename Context> class value {
+ public:
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  union {
+    monostate no_value;
+    int int_value;
+    unsigned uint_value;
+    long long long_long_value;
+    unsigned long long ulong_long_value;
+    int128_opt int128_value;
+    uint128_opt uint128_value;
+    bool bool_value;
+    char_type char_value;
+    float float_value;
+    double double_value;
+    long double long_double_value;
+    const void* pointer;
+    string_value<char_type> string;
+    custom_value<Context> custom;
+    named_arg_value<char_type> named_args;
+  };
+
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value() : no_value() {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(int val) : int_value(val) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(unsigned val) : uint_value(val) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(long long val) : long_long_value(val) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(unsigned long long val) : ulong_long_value(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(int128_opt val) : int128_value(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(uint128_opt val) : uint128_value(val) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(float val) : float_value(val) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(double val) : double_value(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(long double val) : long_double_value(val) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(bool val) : bool_value(val) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(char_type val) : char_value(val) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE value(const char_type* val) {
+    string.data = val;
+    if (is_constant_evaluated()) string.size = {};
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE value(basic_string_view<char_type> val) {
+    string.data = val.data();
+    string.size = val.size();
+  }
+  FMT_INLINE value(const void* val) : pointer(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(const named_arg_info<char_type>* args, size_t size)
+      : named_args{args, size} {}
+
+  template <typename T> FMT_CONSTEXPR20 FMT_INLINE value(T& val) {
+    using value_type = remove_const_t<T>;
+    custom.value = const_cast<value_type*>(std::addressof(val));
+    // Get the formatter type through the context to allow different contexts
+    // have different extension points, e.g. `formatter<T>` for `format` and
+    // `printf_formatter<T>` for `printf`.
+    custom.format = format_custom_arg<
+        value_type, typename Context::template formatter_type<value_type>>;
+  }
+  value(unformattable);
+  value(unformattable_char);
+  value(unformattable_pointer);
+
+ private:
+  // Formats an argument of a custom type, such as a user-defined class.
+  template <typename T, typename Formatter>
+  static void format_custom_arg(void* arg,
+                                typename Context::parse_context_type& parse_ctx,
+                                Context& ctx) {
+    auto f = Formatter();
+    parse_ctx.advance_to(f.parse(parse_ctx));
+    using qualified_type =
+        conditional_t<has_const_formatter<T, Context>(), const T, T>;
+    // Calling format through a mutable reference is deprecated.
+    ctx.advance_to(f.format(*static_cast<qualified_type*>(arg), ctx));
+  }
+};
+
+// To minimize the number of types we need to deal with, long is translated
+// either to int or to long long depending on its size.
+enum { long_short = sizeof(long) == sizeof(int) };
+using long_type = conditional_t<long_short, int, long long>;
+using ulong_type = conditional_t<long_short, unsigned, unsigned long long>;
+
+template <typename T> struct format_as_result {
+  template <typename U,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_enum<U>::value || std::is_class<U>::value)>
+  static auto map(U*) -> remove_cvref_t<decltype(format_as(std::declval<U>()))>;
+  static auto map(...) -> void;
+
+  using type = decltype(map(static_cast<T*>(nullptr)));
+};
+template <typename T> using format_as_t = typename format_as_result<T>::type;
+
+template <typename T>
+struct has_format_as
+    : bool_constant<!std::is_same<format_as_t<T>, void>::value> {};
+
+// Maps formatting arguments to core types.
+// arg_mapper reports errors by returning unformattable instead of using
+// static_assert because it's used in the is_formattable trait.
+template <typename Context> struct arg_mapper {
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(signed char val) -> int { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(unsigned char val) -> unsigned {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(short val) -> int { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(unsigned short val) -> unsigned {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(int val) -> int { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(unsigned val) -> unsigned { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(long val) -> long_type { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(unsigned long val) -> ulong_type {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(long long val) -> long long { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(unsigned long long val)
+      -> unsigned long long {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(int128_opt val) -> int128_opt {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(uint128_opt val) -> uint128_opt {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(bool val) -> bool { return val; }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<T, char>::value ||
+                                      std::is_same<T, char_type>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(T val) -> char_type {
+    return val;
+  }
+  template <typename T, enable_if_t<(std::is_same<T, wchar_t>::value ||
+#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
+                                     std::is_same<T, char8_t>::value ||
+#endif
+                                     std::is_same<T, char16_t>::value ||
+                                     std::is_same<T, char32_t>::value) &&
+                                        !std::is_same<T, char_type>::value,
+                                    int> = 0>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(T) -> unformattable_char {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(float val) -> float { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(double val) -> double { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(long double val) -> long double {
+    return val;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(char_type* val) -> const char_type* {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const char_type* val) -> const char_type* {
+    return val;
+  }
+  template <typename T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_string<T>::value && !std::is_pointer<T>::value &&
+                          std::is_same<char_type, char_t<T>>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T& val)
+      -> basic_string_view<char_type> {
+    return to_string_view(val);
+  }
+  template <typename T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_string<T>::value && !std::is_pointer<T>::value &&
+                          !std::is_same<char_type, char_t<T>>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T&) -> unformattable_char {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(void* val) -> const void* { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const void* val) -> const void* {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(std::nullptr_t val) -> const void* {
+    return val;
+  }
+
+  // Use SFINAE instead of a const T* parameter to avoid a conflict with the
+  // array overload.
+  template <
+      typename T,
+      FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+          std::is_pointer<T>::value || std::is_member_pointer<T>::value ||
+          std::is_function<typename std::remove_pointer<T>::type>::value ||
+          (std::is_array<T>::value &&
+           !std::is_convertible<T, const char_type*>::value))>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto map(const T&) -> unformattable_pointer {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, std::size_t N,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<T, wchar_t>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T (&values)[N]) -> const T (&)[N] {
+    return values;
+  }
+
+  // Only map owning types because mapping views can be unsafe.
+  template <typename T, typename U = format_as_t<T>,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_arithmetic<U>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T& val)
+      -> decltype(FMT_DECLTYPE_THIS map(U())) {
+    return map(format_as(val));
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, typename U = remove_const_t<T>>
+  struct formattable : bool_constant<has_const_formatter<U, Context>() ||
+                                     (has_formatter<U, Context>::value &&
+                                      !std::is_const<T>::value)> {};
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(formattable<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto do_map(T& val) -> T& {
+    return val;
+  }
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!formattable<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto do_map(T&) -> unformattable {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, typename U = remove_const_t<T>,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF((std::is_class<U>::value || std::is_enum<U>::value ||
+                           std::is_union<U>::value) &&
+                          !is_string<U>::value && !is_char<U>::value &&
+                          !is_named_arg<U>::value &&
+                          !std::is_arithmetic<format_as_t<U>>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(T& val)
+      -> decltype(FMT_DECLTYPE_THIS do_map(val)) {
+    return do_map(val);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_named_arg<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T& named_arg)
+      -> decltype(FMT_DECLTYPE_THIS map(named_arg.value)) {
+    return map(named_arg.value);
+  }
+
+  auto map(...) -> unformattable { return {}; }
+};
+
+// A type constant after applying arg_mapper<Context>.
+template <typename T, typename Context>
+using mapped_type_constant =
+    type_constant<decltype(arg_mapper<Context>().map(std::declval<const T&>())),
+                  typename Context::char_type>;
+
+enum { packed_arg_bits = 4 };
+// Maximum number of arguments with packed types.
+enum { max_packed_args = 62 / packed_arg_bits };
+enum : unsigned long long { is_unpacked_bit = 1ULL << 63 };
+enum : unsigned long long { has_named_args_bit = 1ULL << 62 };
+
+template <typename Char, typename InputIt>
+auto copy_str(InputIt begin, InputIt end, appender out) -> appender {
+  get_container(out).append(begin, end);
+  return out;
+}
+template <typename Char, typename InputIt>
+auto copy_str(InputIt begin, InputIt end,
+              std::back_insert_iterator<std::string> out)
+    -> std::back_insert_iterator<std::string> {
+  get_container(out).append(begin, end);
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename R, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto copy_str(R&& rng, OutputIt out) -> OutputIt {
+  return detail::copy_str<Char>(rng.begin(), rng.end(), out);
+}
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 500
+// A workaround for gcc 4.8 to make void_t work in a SFINAE context.
+template <typename...> struct void_t_impl {
+  using type = void;
+};
+template <typename... T> using void_t = typename void_t_impl<T...>::type;
+#else
+template <typename...> using void_t = void;
+#endif
+
+template <typename It, typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct is_output_iterator : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename It, typename T>
+struct is_output_iterator<
+    It, T,
+    void_t<typename std::iterator_traits<It>::iterator_category,
+           decltype(*std::declval<It>() = std::declval<T>())>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename It> struct is_back_insert_iterator : std::false_type {};
+template <typename Container>
+struct is_back_insert_iterator<std::back_insert_iterator<Container>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+// A type-erased reference to an std::locale to avoid a heavy <locale> include.
+class locale_ref {
+ private:
+  const void* locale_;  // A type-erased pointer to std::locale.
+
+ public:
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE locale_ref() : locale_(nullptr) {}
+  template <typename Locale> explicit locale_ref(const Locale& loc);
+
+  explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return locale_ != nullptr; }
+
+  template <typename Locale> auto get() const -> Locale;
+};
+
+template <typename> constexpr auto encode_types() -> unsigned long long {
+  return 0;
+}
+
+template <typename Context, typename Arg, typename... Args>
+constexpr auto encode_types() -> unsigned long long {
+  return static_cast<unsigned>(mapped_type_constant<Arg, Context>::value) |
+         (encode_types<Context, Args...>() << packed_arg_bits);
+}
+
+#if defined(__cpp_if_constexpr)
+// This type is intentionally undefined, only used for errors
+template <typename T, typename Char> struct type_is_unformattable_for;
+#endif
+
+template <bool PACKED, typename Context, typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(PACKED)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto make_arg(T& val) -> value<Context> {
+  using arg_type = remove_cvref_t<decltype(arg_mapper<Context>().map(val))>;
+
+  constexpr bool formattable_char =
+      !std::is_same<arg_type, unformattable_char>::value;
+  static_assert(formattable_char, "Mixing character types is disallowed.");
+
+  // Formatting of arbitrary pointers is disallowed. If you want to format a
+  // pointer cast it to `void*` or `const void*`. In particular, this forbids
+  // formatting of `[const] volatile char*` printed as bool by iostreams.
+  constexpr bool formattable_pointer =
+      !std::is_same<arg_type, unformattable_pointer>::value;
+  static_assert(formattable_pointer,
+                "Formatting of non-void pointers is disallowed.");
+
+  constexpr bool formattable = !std::is_same<arg_type, unformattable>::value;
+#if defined(__cpp_if_constexpr)
+  if constexpr (!formattable) {
+    type_is_unformattable_for<T, typename Context::char_type> _;
+  }
+#endif
+  static_assert(
+      formattable,
+      "Cannot format an argument. To make type T formattable provide a "
+      "formatter<T> specialization: https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#udt");
+  return {arg_mapper<Context>().map(val)};
+}
+
+template <typename Context, typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_arg(T& val) -> basic_format_arg<Context> {
+  auto arg = basic_format_arg<Context>();
+  arg.type_ = mapped_type_constant<T, Context>::value;
+  arg.value_ = make_arg<true, Context>(val);
+  return arg;
+}
+
+template <bool PACKED, typename Context, typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!PACKED)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto make_arg(T& val) -> basic_format_arg<Context> {
+  return make_arg<Context>(val);
+}
+}  // namespace detail
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+
+// A formatting argument. Context is a template parameter for the compiled API
+// where output can be unbuffered.
+template <typename Context> class basic_format_arg {
+ private:
+  detail::value<Context> value_;
+  detail::type type_;
+
+  template <typename ContextType, typename T>
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR auto detail::make_arg(T& value)
+      -> basic_format_arg<ContextType>;
+
+  template <typename Visitor, typename Ctx>
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR auto visit_format_arg(Visitor&& vis,
+                                             const basic_format_arg<Ctx>& arg)
+      -> decltype(vis(0));
+
+  friend class basic_format_args<Context>;
+  friend class dynamic_format_arg_store<Context>;
+
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  template <typename T, typename Char, size_t NUM_ARGS, size_t NUM_NAMED_ARGS>
+  friend struct detail::arg_data;
+
+  basic_format_arg(const detail::named_arg_info<char_type>* args, size_t size)
+      : value_(args, size) {}
+
+ public:
+  class handle {
+   public:
+    explicit handle(detail::custom_value<Context> custom) : custom_(custom) {}
+
+    void format(typename Context::parse_context_type& parse_ctx,
+                Context& ctx) const {
+      custom_.format(custom_.value, parse_ctx, ctx);
+    }
+
+   private:
+    detail::custom_value<Context> custom_;
+  };
+
+  constexpr basic_format_arg() : type_(detail::type::none_type) {}
+
+  constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept {
+    return type_ != detail::type::none_type;
+  }
+
+  auto type() const -> detail::type { return type_; }
+
+  auto is_integral() const -> bool { return detail::is_integral_type(type_); }
+  auto is_arithmetic() const -> bool {
+    return detail::is_arithmetic_type(type_);
+  }
+
+  FMT_INLINE auto format_custom(const char_type* parse_begin,
+                                typename Context::parse_context_type& parse_ctx,
+                                Context& ctx) -> bool {
+    if (type_ != detail::type::custom_type) return false;
+    parse_ctx.advance_to(parse_begin);
+    value_.custom.format(value_.custom.value, parse_ctx, ctx);
+    return true;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Visits an argument dispatching to the appropriate visit method based on
+  the argument type. For example, if the argument type is ``double`` then
+  ``vis(value)`` will be called with the value of type ``double``.
+  \endrst
+ */
+// DEPRECATED!
+template <typename Visitor, typename Context>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto visit_format_arg(
+    Visitor&& vis, const basic_format_arg<Context>& arg) -> decltype(vis(0)) {
+  switch (arg.type_) {
+  case detail::type::none_type:
+    break;
+  case detail::type::int_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.int_value);
+  case detail::type::uint_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.uint_value);
+  case detail::type::long_long_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.long_long_value);
+  case detail::type::ulong_long_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.ulong_long_value);
+  case detail::type::int128_type:
+    return vis(detail::convert_for_visit(arg.value_.int128_value));
+  case detail::type::uint128_type:
+    return vis(detail::convert_for_visit(arg.value_.uint128_value));
+  case detail::type::bool_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.bool_value);
+  case detail::type::char_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.char_value);
+  case detail::type::float_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.float_value);
+  case detail::type::double_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.double_value);
+  case detail::type::long_double_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.long_double_value);
+  case detail::type::cstring_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.string.data);
+  case detail::type::string_type:
+    using sv = basic_string_view<typename Context::char_type>;
+    return vis(sv(arg.value_.string.data, arg.value_.string.size));
+  case detail::type::pointer_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.pointer);
+  case detail::type::custom_type:
+    return vis(typename basic_format_arg<Context>::handle(arg.value_.custom));
+  }
+  return vis(monostate());
+}
+
+// Formatting context.
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class basic_format_context {
+ private:
+  OutputIt out_;
+  basic_format_args<basic_format_context> args_;
+  detail::locale_ref loc_;
+
+ public:
+  using iterator = OutputIt;
+  using format_arg = basic_format_arg<basic_format_context>;
+  using format_args = basic_format_args<basic_format_context>;
+  using parse_context_type = basic_format_parse_context<Char>;
+  template <typename T> using formatter_type = formatter<T, Char>;
+
+  /** The character type for the output. */
+  using char_type = Char;
+
+  basic_format_context(basic_format_context&&) = default;
+  basic_format_context(const basic_format_context&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const basic_format_context&) = delete;
+  /**
+    Constructs a ``basic_format_context`` object. References to the arguments
+    are stored in the object so make sure they have appropriate lifetimes.
+   */
+  constexpr basic_format_context(OutputIt out, format_args ctx_args,
+                                 detail::locale_ref loc = {})
+      : out_(out), args_(ctx_args), loc_(loc) {}
+
+  constexpr auto arg(int id) const -> format_arg { return args_.get(id); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto arg(basic_string_view<Char> name) -> format_arg {
+    return args_.get(name);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto arg_id(basic_string_view<Char> name) -> int {
+    return args_.get_id(name);
+  }
+  auto args() const -> const format_args& { return args_; }
+
+  // DEPRECATED!
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto error_handler() -> detail::error_handler { return {}; }
+  void on_error(const char* message) { error_handler().on_error(message); }
+
+  // Returns an iterator to the beginning of the output range.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto out() -> iterator { return out_; }
+
+  // Advances the begin iterator to ``it``.
+  void advance_to(iterator it) {
+    if (!detail::is_back_insert_iterator<iterator>()) out_ = it;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto locale() -> detail::locale_ref { return loc_; }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+using buffer_context =
+    basic_format_context<detail::buffer_appender<Char>, Char>;
+using format_context = buffer_context<char>;
+
+template <typename T, typename Char = char>
+using is_formattable = bool_constant<!std::is_base_of<
+    detail::unformattable, decltype(detail::arg_mapper<buffer_context<Char>>()
+                                        .map(std::declval<T&>()))>::value>;
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  An array of references to arguments. It can be implicitly converted into
+  `~fmt::basic_format_args` for passing into type-erased formatting functions
+  such as `~fmt::vformat`.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Context, typename... Args>
+class format_arg_store
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
+    // Workaround a GCC template argument substitution bug.
+    : public basic_format_args<Context>
+#endif
+{
+ private:
+  static const size_t num_args = sizeof...(Args);
+  static constexpr size_t num_named_args = detail::count_named_args<Args...>();
+  static const bool is_packed = num_args <= detail::max_packed_args;
+
+  using value_type = conditional_t<is_packed, detail::value<Context>,
+                                   basic_format_arg<Context>>;
+
+  detail::arg_data<value_type, typename Context::char_type, num_args,
+                   num_named_args>
+      data_;
+
+  friend class basic_format_args<Context>;
+
+  static constexpr unsigned long long desc =
+      (is_packed ? detail::encode_types<Context, Args...>()
+                 : detail::is_unpacked_bit | num_args) |
+      (num_named_args != 0
+           ? static_cast<unsigned long long>(detail::has_named_args_bit)
+           : 0);
+
+ public:
+  template <typename... T>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE format_arg_store(T&... args)
+      :
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
+        basic_format_args<Context>(*this),
+#endif
+        data_{detail::make_arg<is_packed, Context>(args)...} {
+    if (detail::const_check(num_named_args != 0))
+      detail::init_named_args(data_.named_args(), 0, 0, args...);
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Constructs a `~fmt::format_arg_store` object that contains references to
+  arguments and can be implicitly converted to `~fmt::format_args`. `Context`
+  can be omitted in which case it defaults to `~fmt::format_context`.
+  See `~fmt::arg` for lifetime considerations.
+  \endrst
+ */
+// Arguments are taken by lvalue references to avoid some lifetime issues.
+template <typename Context = format_context, typename... T>
+constexpr auto make_format_args(T&... args)
+    -> format_arg_store<Context, remove_cvref_t<T>...> {
+  return {args...};
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns a named argument to be used in a formatting function.
+  It should only be used in a call to a formatting function or
+  `dynamic_format_arg_store::push_back`.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print("Elapsed time: {s:.2f} seconds", fmt::arg("s", 1.23));
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Char, typename T>
+inline auto arg(const Char* name, const T& arg) -> detail::named_arg<Char, T> {
+  static_assert(!detail::is_named_arg<T>(), "nested named arguments");
+  return {name, arg};
+}
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A view of a collection of formatting arguments. To avoid lifetime issues it
+  should only be used as a parameter type in type-erased functions such as
+  ``vformat``::
+
+    void vlog(string_view format_str, format_args args);  // OK
+    format_args args = make_format_args();  // Error: dangling reference
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Context> class basic_format_args {
+ public:
+  using size_type = int;
+  using format_arg = basic_format_arg<Context>;
+
+ private:
+  // A descriptor that contains information about formatting arguments.
+  // If the number of arguments is less or equal to max_packed_args then
+  // argument types are passed in the descriptor. This reduces binary code size
+  // per formatting function call.
+  unsigned long long desc_;
+  union {
+    // If is_packed() returns true then argument values are stored in values_;
+    // otherwise they are stored in args_. This is done to improve cache
+    // locality and reduce compiled code size since storing larger objects
+    // may require more code (at least on x86-64) even if the same amount of
+    // data is actually copied to stack. It saves ~10% on the bloat test.
+    const detail::value<Context>* values_;
+    const format_arg* args_;
+  };
+
+  constexpr auto is_packed() const -> bool {
+    return (desc_ & detail::is_unpacked_bit) == 0;
+  }
+  auto has_named_args() const -> bool {
+    return (desc_ & detail::has_named_args_bit) != 0;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto type(int index) const -> detail::type {
+    int shift = index * detail::packed_arg_bits;
+    unsigned int mask = (1 << detail::packed_arg_bits) - 1;
+    return static_cast<detail::type>((desc_ >> shift) & mask);
+  }
+
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE basic_format_args(unsigned long long desc,
+                                         const detail::value<Context>* values)
+      : desc_(desc), values_(values) {}
+  constexpr basic_format_args(unsigned long long desc, const format_arg* args)
+      : desc_(desc), args_(args) {}
+
+ public:
+  constexpr basic_format_args() : desc_(0), args_(nullptr) {}
+
+  /**
+   \rst
+   Constructs a `basic_format_args` object from `~fmt::format_arg_store`.
+   \endrst
+   */
+  template <typename... Args>
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE basic_format_args(
+      const format_arg_store<Context, Args...>& store)
+      : basic_format_args(format_arg_store<Context, Args...>::desc,
+                          store.data_.args()) {}
+
+  /**
+   \rst
+   Constructs a `basic_format_args` object from
+   `~fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store`.
+   \endrst
+   */
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE basic_format_args(
+      const dynamic_format_arg_store<Context>& store)
+      : basic_format_args(store.get_types(), store.data()) {}
+
+  /**
+   \rst
+   Constructs a `basic_format_args` object from a dynamic set of arguments.
+   \endrst
+   */
+  constexpr basic_format_args(const format_arg* args, int count)
+      : basic_format_args(detail::is_unpacked_bit | detail::to_unsigned(count),
+                          args) {}
+
+  /** Returns the argument with the specified id. */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get(int id) const -> format_arg {
+    format_arg arg;
+    if (!is_packed()) {
+      if (id < max_size()) arg = args_[id];
+      return arg;
+    }
+    if (id >= detail::max_packed_args) return arg;
+    arg.type_ = type(id);
+    if (arg.type_ == detail::type::none_type) return arg;
+    arg.value_ = values_[id];
+    return arg;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  auto get(basic_string_view<Char> name) const -> format_arg {
+    int id = get_id(name);
+    return id >= 0 ? get(id) : format_arg();
+  }
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  auto get_id(basic_string_view<Char> name) const -> int {
+    if (!has_named_args()) return -1;
+    const auto& named_args =
+        (is_packed() ? values_[-1] : args_[-1].value_).named_args;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < named_args.size; ++i) {
+      if (named_args.data[i].name == name) return named_args.data[i].id;
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  auto max_size() const -> int {
+    unsigned long long max_packed = detail::max_packed_args;
+    return static_cast<int>(is_packed() ? max_packed
+                                        : desc_ & ~detail::is_unpacked_bit);
+  }
+};
+
+/** An alias to ``basic_format_args<format_context>``. */
+// A separate type would result in shorter symbols but break ABI compatibility
+// between clang and gcc on ARM (#1919).
+FMT_EXPORT using format_args = basic_format_args<format_context>;
+
+// We cannot use enum classes as bit fields because of a gcc bug, so we put them
+// in namespaces instead (https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=61414).
+// Additionally, if an underlying type is specified, older gcc incorrectly warns
+// that the type is too small. Both bugs are fixed in gcc 9.3.
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 903
+#  define FMT_ENUM_UNDERLYING_TYPE(type)
+#else
+#  define FMT_ENUM_UNDERLYING_TYPE(type) : type
+#endif
+namespace align {
+enum type FMT_ENUM_UNDERLYING_TYPE(unsigned char){none, left, right, center,
+                                                  numeric};
+}
+using align_t = align::type;
+namespace sign {
+enum type FMT_ENUM_UNDERLYING_TYPE(unsigned char){none, minus, plus, space};
+}
+using sign_t = sign::type;
+
+namespace detail {
+
+// Workaround an array initialization issue in gcc 4.8.
+template <typename Char> struct fill_t {
+ private:
+  enum { max_size = 4 };
+  Char data_[max_size] = {Char(' '), Char(0), Char(0), Char(0)};
+  unsigned char size_ = 1;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator=(basic_string_view<Char> s) {
+    auto size = s.size();
+    FMT_ASSERT(size <= max_size, "invalid fill");
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) data_[i] = s[i];
+    size_ = static_cast<unsigned char>(size);
+  }
+
+  constexpr auto size() const -> size_t { return size_; }
+  constexpr auto data() const -> const Char* { return data_; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator[](size_t index) -> Char& { return data_[index]; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator[](size_t index) const -> const Char& {
+    return data_[index];
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace detail
+
+enum class presentation_type : unsigned char {
+  none,
+  dec,             // 'd'
+  oct,             // 'o'
+  hex_lower,       // 'x'
+  hex_upper,       // 'X'
+  bin_lower,       // 'b'
+  bin_upper,       // 'B'
+  hexfloat_lower,  // 'a'
+  hexfloat_upper,  // 'A'
+  exp_lower,       // 'e'
+  exp_upper,       // 'E'
+  fixed_lower,     // 'f'
+  fixed_upper,     // 'F'
+  general_lower,   // 'g'
+  general_upper,   // 'G'
+  chr,             // 'c'
+  string,          // 's'
+  pointer,         // 'p'
+  debug            // '?'
+};
+
+// Format specifiers for built-in and string types.
+template <typename Char = char> struct format_specs {
+  int width;
+  int precision;
+  presentation_type type;
+  align_t align : 4;
+  sign_t sign : 3;
+  bool alt : 1;  // Alternate form ('#').
+  bool localized : 1;
+  detail::fill_t<Char> fill;
+
+  constexpr format_specs()
+      : width(0),
+        precision(-1),
+        type(presentation_type::none),
+        align(align::none),
+        sign(sign::none),
+        alt(false),
+        localized(false) {}
+};
+
+namespace detail {
+
+enum class arg_id_kind { none, index, name };
+
+// An argument reference.
+template <typename Char> struct arg_ref {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref() : kind(arg_id_kind::none), val() {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit arg_ref(int index)
+      : kind(arg_id_kind::index), val(index) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit arg_ref(basic_string_view<Char> name)
+      : kind(arg_id_kind::name), val(name) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator=(int idx) -> arg_ref& {
+    kind = arg_id_kind::index;
+    val.index = idx;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  arg_id_kind kind;
+  union value {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value(int idx = 0) : index(idx) {}
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value(basic_string_view<Char> n) : name(n) {}
+
+    int index;
+    basic_string_view<Char> name;
+  } val;
+};
+
+// Format specifiers with width and precision resolved at formatting rather
+// than parsing time to allow reusing the same parsed specifiers with
+// different sets of arguments (precompilation of format strings).
+template <typename Char = char>
+struct dynamic_format_specs : format_specs<Char> {
+  arg_ref<Char> width_ref;
+  arg_ref<Char> precision_ref;
+};
+
+// Converts a character to ASCII. Returns '\0' on conversion failure.
+template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<Char>::value)>
+constexpr auto to_ascii(Char c) -> char {
+  return c <= 0xff ? static_cast<char>(c) : '\0';
+}
+template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_enum<Char>::value)>
+constexpr auto to_ascii(Char c) -> char {
+  return c <= 0xff ? static_cast<char>(c) : '\0';
+}
+
+// Returns the number of code units in a code point or 1 on error.
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto code_point_length(const Char* begin) -> int {
+  if (const_check(sizeof(Char) != 1)) return 1;
+  auto c = static_cast<unsigned char>(*begin);
+  return static_cast<int>((0x3a55000000000000ull >> (2 * (c >> 3))) & 0x3) + 1;
+}
+
+// Return the result via the out param to workaround gcc bug 77539.
+template <bool IS_CONSTEXPR, typename T, typename Ptr = const T*>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto find(Ptr first, Ptr last, T value, Ptr& out) -> bool {
+  for (out = first; out != last; ++out) {
+    if (*out == value) return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <>
+inline auto find<false, char>(const char* first, const char* last, char value,
+                              const char*& out) -> bool {
+  out = static_cast<const char*>(
+      std::memchr(first, value, to_unsigned(last - first)));
+  return out != nullptr;
+}
+
+// Parses the range [begin, end) as an unsigned integer. This function assumes
+// that the range is non-empty and the first character is a digit.
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_nonnegative_int(const Char*& begin, const Char* end,
+                                         int error_value) noexcept -> int {
+  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end && '0' <= *begin && *begin <= '9', "");
+  unsigned value = 0, prev = 0;
+  auto p = begin;
+  do {
+    prev = value;
+    value = value * 10 + unsigned(*p - '0');
+    ++p;
+  } while (p != end && '0' <= *p && *p <= '9');
+  auto num_digits = p - begin;
+  begin = p;
+  if (num_digits <= std::numeric_limits<int>::digits10)
+    return static_cast<int>(value);
+  // Check for overflow.
+  const unsigned max = to_unsigned((std::numeric_limits<int>::max)());
+  return num_digits == std::numeric_limits<int>::digits10 + 1 &&
+                 prev * 10ull + unsigned(p[-1] - '0') <= max
+             ? static_cast<int>(value)
+             : error_value;
+}
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto parse_align(char c) -> align_t {
+  switch (c) {
+  case '<':
+    return align::left;
+  case '>':
+    return align::right;
+  case '^':
+    return align::center;
+  }
+  return align::none;
+}
+
+template <typename Char> constexpr auto is_name_start(Char c) -> bool {
+  return ('a' <= c && c <= 'z') || ('A' <= c && c <= 'Z') || c == '_';
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto do_parse_arg_id(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                   Handler&& handler) -> const Char* {
+  Char c = *begin;
+  if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
+    int index = 0;
+    constexpr int max = (std::numeric_limits<int>::max)();
+    if (c != '0')
+      index = parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, max);
+    else
+      ++begin;
+    if (begin == end || (*begin != '}' && *begin != ':'))
+      throw_format_error("invalid format string");
+    else
+      handler.on_index(index);
+    return begin;
+  }
+  if (!is_name_start(c)) {
+    throw_format_error("invalid format string");
+    return begin;
+  }
+  auto it = begin;
+  do {
+    ++it;
+  } while (it != end && (is_name_start(*it) || ('0' <= *it && *it <= '9')));
+  handler.on_name({begin, to_unsigned(it - begin)});
+  return it;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto parse_arg_id(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                           Handler&& handler) -> const Char* {
+  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end, "");
+  Char c = *begin;
+  if (c != '}' && c != ':') return do_parse_arg_id(begin, end, handler);
+  handler.on_auto();
+  return begin;
+}
+
+template <typename Char> struct dynamic_spec_id_handler {
+  basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx;
+  arg_ref<Char>& ref;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_auto() {
+    int id = ctx.next_arg_id();
+    ref = arg_ref<Char>(id);
+    ctx.check_dynamic_spec(id);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_index(int id) {
+    ref = arg_ref<Char>(id);
+    ctx.check_arg_id(id);
+    ctx.check_dynamic_spec(id);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_name(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
+    ref = arg_ref<Char>(id);
+    ctx.check_arg_id(id);
+  }
+};
+
+// Parses [integer | "{" [arg_id] "}"].
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_dynamic_spec(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                      int& value, arg_ref<Char>& ref,
+                                      basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx)
+    -> const Char* {
+  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end, "");
+  if ('0' <= *begin && *begin <= '9') {
+    int val = parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, -1);
+    if (val != -1)
+      value = val;
+    else
+      throw_format_error("number is too big");
+  } else if (*begin == '{') {
+    ++begin;
+    auto handler = dynamic_spec_id_handler<Char>{ctx, ref};
+    if (begin != end) begin = parse_arg_id(begin, end, handler);
+    if (begin != end && *begin == '}') return ++begin;
+    throw_format_error("invalid format string");
+  }
+  return begin;
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_precision(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                   int& value, arg_ref<Char>& ref,
+                                   basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx)
+    -> const Char* {
+  ++begin;
+  if (begin == end || *begin == '}') {
+    throw_format_error("invalid precision");
+    return begin;
+  }
+  return parse_dynamic_spec(begin, end, value, ref, ctx);
+}
+
+enum class state { start, align, sign, hash, zero, width, precision, locale };
+
+// Parses standard format specifiers.
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto parse_format_specs(
+    const Char* begin, const Char* end, dynamic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
+    basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx, type arg_type) -> const Char* {
+  auto c = '\0';
+  if (end - begin > 1) {
+    auto next = to_ascii(begin[1]);
+    c = parse_align(next) == align::none ? to_ascii(*begin) : '\0';
+  } else {
+    if (begin == end) return begin;
+    c = to_ascii(*begin);
+  }
+
+  struct {
+    state current_state = state::start;
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(state s, bool valid = true) {
+      if (current_state >= s || !valid)
+        throw_format_error("invalid format specifier");
+      current_state = s;
+    }
+  } enter_state;
+
+  using pres = presentation_type;
+  constexpr auto integral_set = sint_set | uint_set | bool_set | char_set;
+  struct {
+    const Char*& begin;
+    dynamic_format_specs<Char>& specs;
+    type arg_type;
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(pres pres_type, int set) -> const Char* {
+      if (!in(arg_type, set)) {
+        if (arg_type == type::none_type) return begin;
+        throw_format_error("invalid format specifier");
+      }
+      specs.type = pres_type;
+      return begin + 1;
+    }
+  } parse_presentation_type{begin, specs, arg_type};
+
+  for (;;) {
+    switch (c) {
+    case '<':
+    case '>':
+    case '^':
+      enter_state(state::align);
+      specs.align = parse_align(c);
+      ++begin;
+      break;
+    case '+':
+    case '-':
+    case ' ':
+      if (arg_type == type::none_type) return begin;
+      enter_state(state::sign, in(arg_type, sint_set | float_set));
+      switch (c) {
+      case '+':
+        specs.sign = sign::plus;
+        break;
+      case '-':
+        specs.sign = sign::minus;
+        break;
+      case ' ':
+        specs.sign = sign::space;
+        break;
+      }
+      ++begin;
+      break;
+    case '#':
+      if (arg_type == type::none_type) return begin;
+      enter_state(state::hash, is_arithmetic_type(arg_type));
+      specs.alt = true;
+      ++begin;
+      break;
+    case '0':
+      enter_state(state::zero);
+      if (!is_arithmetic_type(arg_type)) {
+        if (arg_type == type::none_type) return begin;
+        throw_format_error("format specifier requires numeric argument");
+      }
+      if (specs.align == align::none) {
+        // Ignore 0 if align is specified for compatibility with std::format.
+        specs.align = align::numeric;
+        specs.fill[0] = Char('0');
+      }
+      ++begin;
+      break;
+    case '1':
+    case '2':
+    case '3':
+    case '4':
+    case '5':
+    case '6':
+    case '7':
+    case '8':
+    case '9':
+    case '{':
+      enter_state(state::width);
+      begin = parse_dynamic_spec(begin, end, specs.width, specs.width_ref, ctx);
+      break;
+    case '.':
+      if (arg_type == type::none_type) return begin;
+      enter_state(state::precision,
+                  in(arg_type, float_set | string_set | cstring_set));
+      begin = parse_precision(begin, end, specs.precision, specs.precision_ref,
+                              ctx);
+      break;
+    case 'L':
+      if (arg_type == type::none_type) return begin;
+      enter_state(state::locale, is_arithmetic_type(arg_type));
+      specs.localized = true;
+      ++begin;
+      break;
+    case 'd':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::dec, integral_set);
+    case 'o':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::oct, integral_set);
+    case 'x':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::hex_lower, integral_set);
+    case 'X':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::hex_upper, integral_set);
+    case 'b':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::bin_lower, integral_set);
+    case 'B':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::bin_upper, integral_set);
+    case 'a':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::hexfloat_lower, float_set);
+    case 'A':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::hexfloat_upper, float_set);
+    case 'e':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::exp_lower, float_set);
+    case 'E':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::exp_upper, float_set);
+    case 'f':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::fixed_lower, float_set);
+    case 'F':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::fixed_upper, float_set);
+    case 'g':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::general_lower, float_set);
+    case 'G':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::general_upper, float_set);
+    case 'c':
+      if (arg_type == type::bool_type)
+        throw_format_error("invalid format specifier");
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::chr, integral_set);
+    case 's':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::string,
+                                     bool_set | string_set | cstring_set);
+    case 'p':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::pointer, pointer_set | cstring_set);
+    case '?':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::debug,
+                                     char_set | string_set | cstring_set);
+    case '}':
+      return begin;
+    default: {
+      if (*begin == '}') return begin;
+      // Parse fill and alignment.
+      auto fill_end = begin + code_point_length(begin);
+      if (end - fill_end <= 0) {
+        throw_format_error("invalid format specifier");
+        return begin;
+      }
+      if (*begin == '{') {
+        throw_format_error("invalid fill character '{'");
+        return begin;
+      }
+      auto align = parse_align(to_ascii(*fill_end));
+      enter_state(state::align, align != align::none);
+      specs.fill = {begin, to_unsigned(fill_end - begin)};
+      specs.align = align;
+      begin = fill_end + 1;
+    }
+    }
+    if (begin == end) return begin;
+    c = to_ascii(*begin);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_replacement_field(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                           Handler&& handler) -> const Char* {
+  struct id_adapter {
+    Handler& handler;
+    int arg_id;
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_auto() { arg_id = handler.on_arg_id(); }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_index(int id) { arg_id = handler.on_arg_id(id); }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_name(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
+      arg_id = handler.on_arg_id(id);
+    }
+  };
+
+  ++begin;
+  if (begin == end) return handler.on_error("invalid format string"), end;
+  if (*begin == '}') {
+    handler.on_replacement_field(handler.on_arg_id(), begin);
+  } else if (*begin == '{') {
+    handler.on_text(begin, begin + 1);
+  } else {
+    auto adapter = id_adapter{handler, 0};
+    begin = parse_arg_id(begin, end, adapter);
+    Char c = begin != end ? *begin : Char();
+    if (c == '}') {
+      handler.on_replacement_field(adapter.arg_id, begin);
+    } else if (c == ':') {
+      begin = handler.on_format_specs(adapter.arg_id, begin + 1, end);
+      if (begin == end || *begin != '}')
+        return handler.on_error("unknown format specifier"), end;
+    } else {
+      return handler.on_error("missing '}' in format string"), end;
+    }
+  }
+  return begin + 1;
+}
+
+template <bool IS_CONSTEXPR, typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE void parse_format_string(
+    basic_string_view<Char> format_str, Handler&& handler) {
+  auto begin = format_str.data();
+  auto end = begin + format_str.size();
+  if (end - begin < 32) {
+    // Use a simple loop instead of memchr for small strings.
+    const Char* p = begin;
+    while (p != end) {
+      auto c = *p++;
+      if (c == '{') {
+        handler.on_text(begin, p - 1);
+        begin = p = parse_replacement_field(p - 1, end, handler);
+      } else if (c == '}') {
+        if (p == end || *p != '}')
+          return handler.on_error("unmatched '}' in format string");
+        handler.on_text(begin, p);
+        begin = ++p;
+      }
+    }
+    handler.on_text(begin, end);
+    return;
+  }
+  struct writer {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(const Char* from, const Char* to) {
+      if (from == to) return;
+      for (;;) {
+        const Char* p = nullptr;
+        if (!find<IS_CONSTEXPR>(from, to, Char('}'), p))
+          return handler_.on_text(from, to);
+        ++p;
+        if (p == to || *p != '}')
+          return handler_.on_error("unmatched '}' in format string");
+        handler_.on_text(from, p);
+        from = p + 1;
+      }
+    }
+    Handler& handler_;
+  } write = {handler};
+  while (begin != end) {
+    // Doing two passes with memchr (one for '{' and another for '}') is up to
+    // 2.5x faster than the naive one-pass implementation on big format strings.
+    const Char* p = begin;
+    if (*begin != '{' && !find<IS_CONSTEXPR>(begin + 1, end, Char('{'), p))
+      return write(begin, end);
+    write(begin, p);
+    begin = parse_replacement_field(p, end, handler);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T, bool = is_named_arg<T>::value> struct strip_named_arg {
+  using type = T;
+};
+template <typename T> struct strip_named_arg<T, true> {
+  using type = remove_cvref_t<decltype(T::value)>;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename ParseContext>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_format_specs(ParseContext& ctx)
+    -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+  using char_type = typename ParseContext::char_type;
+  using context = buffer_context<char_type>;
+  using mapped_type = conditional_t<
+      mapped_type_constant<T, context>::value != type::custom_type,
+      decltype(arg_mapper<context>().map(std::declval<const T&>())),
+      typename strip_named_arg<T>::type>;
+#if defined(__cpp_if_constexpr)
+  if constexpr (std::is_default_constructible<
+                    formatter<mapped_type, char_type>>::value) {
+    return formatter<mapped_type, char_type>().parse(ctx);
+  } else {
+    type_is_unformattable_for<T, char_type> _;
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+#else
+  return formatter<mapped_type, char_type>().parse(ctx);
+#endif
+}
+
+// Checks char specs and returns true iff the presentation type is char-like.
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto check_char_specs(const format_specs<Char>& specs) -> bool {
+  if (specs.type != presentation_type::none &&
+      specs.type != presentation_type::chr &&
+      specs.type != presentation_type::debug) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (specs.align == align::numeric || specs.sign != sign::none || specs.alt)
+    throw_format_error("invalid format specifier for char");
+  return true;
+}
+
+#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+template <int N, typename T, typename... Args, typename Char>
+constexpr auto get_arg_index_by_name(basic_string_view<Char> name) -> int {
+  if constexpr (is_statically_named_arg<T>()) {
+    if (name == T::name) return N;
+  }
+  if constexpr (sizeof...(Args) > 0)
+    return get_arg_index_by_name<N + 1, Args...>(name);
+  (void)name;  // Workaround an MSVC bug about "unused" parameter.
+  return -1;
+}
+#endif
+
+template <typename... Args, typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get_arg_index_by_name(basic_string_view<Char> name) -> int {
+#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+  if constexpr (sizeof...(Args) > 0)
+    return get_arg_index_by_name<0, Args...>(name);
+#endif
+  (void)name;
+  return -1;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename... Args> class format_string_checker {
+ private:
+  using parse_context_type = compile_parse_context<Char>;
+  static constexpr int num_args = sizeof...(Args);
+
+  // Format specifier parsing function.
+  // In the future basic_format_parse_context will replace compile_parse_context
+  // here and will use is_constant_evaluated and downcasting to access the data
+  // needed for compile-time checks: https://godbolt.org/z/GvWzcTjh1.
+  using parse_func = const Char* (*)(parse_context_type&);
+
+  type types_[num_args > 0 ? static_cast<size_t>(num_args) : 1];
+  parse_context_type context_;
+  parse_func parse_funcs_[num_args > 0 ? static_cast<size_t>(num_args) : 1];
+
+ public:
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR format_string_checker(basic_string_view<Char> fmt)
+      : types_{mapped_type_constant<Args, buffer_context<Char>>::value...},
+        context_(fmt, num_args, types_),
+        parse_funcs_{&parse_format_specs<Args, parse_context_type>...} {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char*, const Char*) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id() -> int { return context_.next_arg_id(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id(int id) -> int {
+    return context_.check_arg_id(id), id;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char> id) -> int {
+#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+    auto index = get_arg_index_by_name<Args...>(id);
+    if (index < 0) on_error("named argument is not found");
+    return index;
+#else
+    (void)id;
+    on_error("compile-time checks for named arguments require C++20 support");
+    return 0;
+#endif
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_replacement_field(int id, const Char* begin) {
+    on_format_specs(id, begin, begin);  // Call parse() on empty specs.
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_format_specs(int id, const Char* begin, const Char*)
+      -> const Char* {
+    context_.advance_to(begin);
+    // id >= 0 check is a workaround for gcc 10 bug (#2065).
+    return id >= 0 && id < num_args ? parse_funcs_[id](context_) : begin;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
+    throw_format_error(message);
+  }
+};
+
+// Reports a compile-time error if S is not a valid format string.
+template <typename..., typename S, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_compile_string<S>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE void check_format_string(const S&) {
+#ifdef FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING
+  static_assert(is_compile_string<S>::value,
+                "FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING requires all format strings to use "
+                "FMT_STRING.");
+#endif
+}
+template <typename... Args, typename S,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_compile_string<S>::value)>
+void check_format_string(S format_str) {
+  using char_t = typename S::char_type;
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto s = basic_string_view<char_t>(format_str);
+  using checker = format_string_checker<char_t, remove_cvref_t<Args>...>;
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR bool error = (parse_format_string<true>(s, checker(s)), true);
+  ignore_unused(error);
+}
+
+template <typename Char = char> struct vformat_args {
+  using type = basic_format_args<
+      basic_format_context<std::back_insert_iterator<buffer<Char>>, Char>>;
+};
+template <> struct vformat_args<char> {
+  using type = format_args;
+};
+
+// Use vformat_args and avoid type_identity to keep symbols short.
+template <typename Char>
+void vformat_to(buffer<Char>& buf, basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
+                typename vformat_args<Char>::type args, locale_ref loc = {});
+
+FMT_API void vprint_mojibake(std::FILE*, string_view, format_args);
+#ifndef _WIN32
+inline void vprint_mojibake(std::FILE*, string_view, format_args) {}
+#endif
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+
+// A formatter specialization for natively supported types.
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<T, Char,
+                 enable_if_t<detail::type_constant<T, Char>::value !=
+                             detail::type::custom_type>> {
+ private:
+  detail::dynamic_format_specs<Char> specs_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    auto type = detail::type_constant<T, Char>::value;
+    auto end =
+        detail::parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), specs_, ctx, type);
+    if (type == detail::type::char_type) detail::check_char_specs(specs_);
+    return end;
+  }
+
+  template <detail::type U = detail::type_constant<T, Char>::value,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(U == detail::type::string_type ||
+                          U == detail::type::cstring_type ||
+                          U == detail::type::char_type)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_debug_format(bool set = true) {
+    specs_.type = set ? presentation_type::debug : presentation_type::none;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto format(const T& val, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out());
+};
+
+template <typename Char = char> struct runtime_format_string {
+  basic_string_view<Char> str;
+};
+
+/** A compile-time format string. */
+template <typename Char, typename... Args> class basic_format_string {
+ private:
+  basic_string_view<Char> str_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename S,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+                std::is_convertible<const S&, basic_string_view<Char>>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEVAL FMT_INLINE basic_format_string(const S& s) : str_(s) {
+    static_assert(
+        detail::count<
+            (std::is_base_of<detail::view, remove_reference_t<Args>>::value &&
+             std::is_reference<Args>::value)...>() == 0,
+        "passing views as lvalues is disallowed");
+#ifdef FMT_HAS_CONSTEVAL
+    if constexpr (detail::count_named_args<Args...>() ==
+                  detail::count_statically_named_args<Args...>()) {
+      using checker =
+          detail::format_string_checker<Char, remove_cvref_t<Args>...>;
+      detail::parse_format_string<true>(str_, checker(s));
+    }
+#else
+    detail::check_format_string<Args...>(s);
+#endif
+  }
+  basic_format_string(runtime_format_string<Char> fmt) : str_(fmt.str) {}
+
+  FMT_INLINE operator basic_string_view<Char>() const { return str_; }
+  FMT_INLINE auto get() const -> basic_string_view<Char> { return str_; }
+};
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
+// Workaround broken conversion on older gcc.
+template <typename...> using format_string = string_view;
+inline auto runtime(string_view s) -> string_view { return s; }
+#else
+template <typename... Args>
+using format_string = basic_format_string<char, type_identity_t<Args>...>;
+/**
+  \rst
+  Creates a runtime format string.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    // Check format string at runtime instead of compile-time.
+    fmt::print(fmt::runtime("{:d}"), "I am not a number");
+  \endrst
+ */
+inline auto runtime(string_view s) -> runtime_format_string<> { return {{s}}; }
+#endif
+
+FMT_API auto vformat(string_view fmt, format_args args) -> std::string;
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt`` and returns the result
+  as a string.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    #include <fmt/core.h>
+    std::string message = fmt::format("The answer is {}.", 42);
+  \endrst
+*/
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_NODISCARD FMT_INLINE auto format(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> std::string {
+  return vformat(fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+}
+
+/** Formats a string and writes the output to ``out``. */
+template <typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value)>
+auto vformat_to(OutputIt out, string_view fmt, format_args args) -> OutputIt {
+  auto&& buf = detail::get_buffer<char>(out);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt, args, {});
+  return detail::get_iterator(buf, out);
+}
+
+/**
+ \rst
+ Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt``, writes the result to
+ the output iterator ``out`` and returns the iterator past the end of the output
+ range. `format_to` does not append a terminating null character.
+
+ **Example**::
+
+   auto out = std::vector<char>();
+   fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out), "{}", 42);
+ \endrst
+ */
+template <typename OutputIt, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE auto format_to(OutputIt out, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  return vformat_to(out, fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt> struct format_to_n_result {
+  /** Iterator past the end of the output range. */
+  OutputIt out;
+  /** Total (not truncated) output size. */
+  size_t size;
+};
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value)>
+auto vformat_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n, string_view fmt, format_args args)
+    -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt> {
+  using traits = detail::fixed_buffer_traits;
+  auto buf = detail::iterator_buffer<OutputIt, char, traits>(out, n);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt, args, {});
+  return {buf.out(), buf.count()};
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt``, writes up to ``n``
+  characters of the result to the output iterator ``out`` and returns the total
+  (not truncated) output size and the iterator past the end of the output range.
+  `format_to_n` does not append a terminating null character.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename OutputIt, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE auto format_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n, format_string<T...> fmt,
+                            T&&... args) -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt> {
+  return vformat_to_n(out, n, fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+}
+
+/** Returns the number of chars in the output of ``format(fmt, args...)``. */
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_NODISCARD FMT_INLINE auto formatted_size(format_string<T...> fmt,
+                                             T&&... args) -> size_t {
+  auto buf = detail::counting_buffer<>();
+  detail::vformat_to<char>(buf, fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...), {});
+  return buf.count();
+}
+
+FMT_API void vprint(string_view fmt, format_args args);
+FMT_API void vprint(std::FILE* f, string_view fmt, format_args args);
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt`` and writes the output
+  to ``stdout``.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print("Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds", 1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_INLINE void print(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  const auto& vargs = fmt::make_format_args(args...);
+  return detail::is_utf8() ? vprint(fmt, vargs)
+                           : detail::vprint_mojibake(stdout, fmt, vargs);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt`` and writes the
+  output to the file ``f``.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print(stderr, "Don't {}!", "panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_INLINE void print(std::FILE* f, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  const auto& vargs = fmt::make_format_args(args...);
+  return detail::is_utf8() ? vprint(f, fmt, vargs)
+                           : detail::vprint_mojibake(f, fmt, vargs);
+}
+
+/**
+  Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt`` and writes the
+  output to the file ``f`` followed by a newline.
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_INLINE void println(std::FILE* f, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  return fmt::print(f, "{}\n", fmt::format(fmt, std::forward<T>(args)...));
+}
+
+/**
+  Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt`` and writes the output
+  to ``stdout`` followed by a newline.
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_INLINE void println(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  return fmt::println(stdout, fmt, std::forward<T>(args)...);
+}
+
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+FMT_GCC_PRAGMA("GCC pop_options")
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#ifdef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+#  include "format.h"
+#endif
+#endif  // FMT_CORE_H_
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/format-inl.h b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/format-inl.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..efac5d1f88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/format-inl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1678 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - implementation
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_FORMAT_INL_H_
+#define FMT_FORMAT_INL_H_
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cerrno>  // errno
+#include <climits>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <exception>
+
+#ifndef FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR
+#  include <locale>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(FMT_WINDOWS_NO_WCHAR)
+#  include <io.h>  // _isatty
+#endif
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+
+FMT_FUNC void assert_fail(const char* file, int line, const char* message) {
+  // Use unchecked std::fprintf to avoid triggering another assertion when
+  // writing to stderr fails
+  std::fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: assertion failed: %s", file, line, message);
+  // Chosen instead of std::abort to satisfy Clang in CUDA mode during device
+  // code pass.
+  std::terminate();
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC void throw_format_error(const char* message) {
+  FMT_THROW(format_error(message));
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC void format_error_code(detail::buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
+                                string_view message) noexcept {
+  // Report error code making sure that the output fits into
+  // inline_buffer_size to avoid dynamic memory allocation and potential
+  // bad_alloc.
+  out.try_resize(0);
+  static const char SEP[] = ": ";
+  static const char ERROR_STR[] = "error ";
+  // Subtract 2 to account for terminating null characters in SEP and ERROR_STR.
+  size_t error_code_size = sizeof(SEP) + sizeof(ERROR_STR) - 2;
+  auto abs_value = static_cast<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<int>>(error_code);
+  if (detail::is_negative(error_code)) {
+    abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
+    ++error_code_size;
+  }
+  error_code_size += detail::to_unsigned(detail::count_digits(abs_value));
+  auto it = buffer_appender<char>(out);
+  if (message.size() <= inline_buffer_size - error_code_size)
+    fmt::format_to(it, FMT_STRING("{}{}"), message, SEP);
+  fmt::format_to(it, FMT_STRING("{}{}"), ERROR_STR, error_code);
+  FMT_ASSERT(out.size() <= inline_buffer_size, "");
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC void report_error(format_func func, int error_code,
+                           const char* message) noexcept {
+  memory_buffer full_message;
+  func(full_message, error_code, message);
+  // Don't use fwrite_fully because the latter may throw.
+  if (std::fwrite(full_message.data(), full_message.size(), 1, stderr) > 0)
+    std::fputc('\n', stderr);
+}
+
+// A wrapper around fwrite that throws on error.
+inline void fwrite_fully(const void* ptr, size_t count, FILE* stream) {
+  size_t written = std::fwrite(ptr, 1, count, stream);
+  if (written < count)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot write to file")));
+}
+
+#ifndef FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR
+template <typename Locale>
+locale_ref::locale_ref(const Locale& loc) : locale_(&loc) {
+  static_assert(std::is_same<Locale, std::locale>::value, "");
+}
+
+template <typename Locale> auto locale_ref::get() const -> Locale {
+  static_assert(std::is_same<Locale, std::locale>::value, "");
+  return locale_ ? *static_cast<const std::locale*>(locale_) : std::locale();
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_FUNC auto thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref loc) -> thousands_sep_result<Char> {
+  auto& facet = std::use_facet<std::numpunct<Char>>(loc.get<std::locale>());
+  auto grouping = facet.grouping();
+  auto thousands_sep = grouping.empty() ? Char() : facet.thousands_sep();
+  return {std::move(grouping), thousands_sep};
+}
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_FUNC auto decimal_point_impl(locale_ref loc) -> Char {
+  return std::use_facet<std::numpunct<Char>>(loc.get<std::locale>())
+      .decimal_point();
+}
+#else
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_FUNC auto thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref) -> thousands_sep_result<Char> {
+  return {"\03", FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR};
+}
+template <typename Char> FMT_FUNC Char decimal_point_impl(locale_ref) {
+  return '.';
+}
+#endif
+
+FMT_FUNC auto write_loc(appender out, loc_value value,
+                        const format_specs<>& specs, locale_ref loc) -> bool {
+#ifndef FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR
+  auto locale = loc.get<std::locale>();
+  // We cannot use the num_put<char> facet because it may produce output in
+  // a wrong encoding.
+  using facet = format_facet<std::locale>;
+  if (std::has_facet<facet>(locale))
+    return std::use_facet<facet>(locale).put(out, value, specs);
+  return facet(locale).put(out, value, specs);
+#endif
+  return false;
+}
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <typename Locale> typename Locale::id format_facet<Locale>::id;
+
+#ifndef FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR
+template <typename Locale> format_facet<Locale>::format_facet(Locale& loc) {
+  auto& numpunct = std::use_facet<std::numpunct<char>>(loc);
+  grouping_ = numpunct.grouping();
+  if (!grouping_.empty()) separator_ = std::string(1, numpunct.thousands_sep());
+}
+
+template <>
+FMT_API FMT_FUNC auto format_facet<std::locale>::do_put(
+    appender out, loc_value val, const format_specs<>& specs) const -> bool {
+  return val.visit(
+      detail::loc_writer<>{out, specs, separator_, grouping_, decimal_point_});
+}
+#endif
+
+FMT_FUNC auto vsystem_error(int error_code, string_view fmt, format_args args)
+    -> std::system_error {
+  auto ec = std::error_code(error_code, std::generic_category());
+  return std::system_error(ec, vformat(fmt, args));
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename F>
+inline auto operator==(basic_fp<F> x, basic_fp<F> y) -> bool {
+  return x.f == y.f && x.e == y.e;
+}
+
+// Compilers should be able to optimize this into the ror instruction.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto rotr(uint32_t n, uint32_t r) noexcept -> uint32_t {
+  r &= 31;
+  return (n >> r) | (n << (32 - r));
+}
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto rotr(uint64_t n, uint32_t r) noexcept -> uint64_t {
+  r &= 63;
+  return (n >> r) | (n << (64 - r));
+}
+
+// Implementation of Dragonbox algorithm: https://github.com/jk-jeon/dragonbox.
+namespace dragonbox {
+// Computes upper 64 bits of multiplication of a 32-bit unsigned integer and a
+// 64-bit unsigned integer.
+inline auto umul96_upper64(uint32_t x, uint64_t y) noexcept -> uint64_t {
+  return umul128_upper64(static_cast<uint64_t>(x) << 32, y);
+}
+
+// Computes lower 128 bits of multiplication of a 64-bit unsigned integer and a
+// 128-bit unsigned integer.
+inline auto umul192_lower128(uint64_t x, uint128_fallback y) noexcept
+    -> uint128_fallback {
+  uint64_t high = x * y.high();
+  uint128_fallback high_low = umul128(x, y.low());
+  return {high + high_low.high(), high_low.low()};
+}
+
+// Computes lower 64 bits of multiplication of a 32-bit unsigned integer and a
+// 64-bit unsigned integer.
+inline auto umul96_lower64(uint32_t x, uint64_t y) noexcept -> uint64_t {
+  return x * y;
+}
+
+// Various fast log computations.
+inline auto floor_log10_pow2_minus_log10_4_over_3(int e) noexcept -> int {
+  FMT_ASSERT(e <= 2936 && e >= -2985, "too large exponent");
+  return (e * 631305 - 261663) >> 21;
+}
+
+FMT_INLINE_VARIABLE constexpr struct {
+  uint32_t divisor;
+  int shift_amount;
+} div_small_pow10_infos[] = {{10, 16}, {100, 16}};
+
+// Replaces n by floor(n / pow(10, N)) returning true if and only if n is
+// divisible by pow(10, N).
+// Precondition: n <= pow(10, N + 1).
+template <int N>
+auto check_divisibility_and_divide_by_pow10(uint32_t& n) noexcept -> bool {
+  // The numbers below are chosen such that:
+  //   1. floor(n/d) = floor(nm / 2^k) where d=10 or d=100,
+  //   2. nm mod 2^k < m if and only if n is divisible by d,
+  // where m is magic_number, k is shift_amount
+  // and d is divisor.
+  //
+  // Item 1 is a common technique of replacing division by a constant with
+  // multiplication, see e.g. "Division by Invariant Integers Using
+  // Multiplication" by Granlund and Montgomery (1994). magic_number (m) is set
+  // to ceil(2^k/d) for large enough k.
+  // The idea for item 2 originates from Schubfach.
+  constexpr auto info = div_small_pow10_infos[N - 1];
+  FMT_ASSERT(n <= info.divisor * 10, "n is too large");
+  constexpr uint32_t magic_number =
+      (1u << info.shift_amount) / info.divisor + 1;
+  n *= magic_number;
+  const uint32_t comparison_mask = (1u << info.shift_amount) - 1;
+  bool result = (n & comparison_mask) < magic_number;
+  n >>= info.shift_amount;
+  return result;
+}
+
+// Computes floor(n / pow(10, N)) for small n and N.
+// Precondition: n <= pow(10, N + 1).
+template <int N> auto small_division_by_pow10(uint32_t n) noexcept -> uint32_t {
+  constexpr auto info = div_small_pow10_infos[N - 1];
+  FMT_ASSERT(n <= info.divisor * 10, "n is too large");
+  constexpr uint32_t magic_number =
+      (1u << info.shift_amount) / info.divisor + 1;
+  return (n * magic_number) >> info.shift_amount;
+}
+
+// Computes floor(n / 10^(kappa + 1)) (float)
+inline auto divide_by_10_to_kappa_plus_1(uint32_t n) noexcept -> uint32_t {
+  // 1374389535 = ceil(2^37/100)
+  return static_cast<uint32_t>((static_cast<uint64_t>(n) * 1374389535) >> 37);
+}
+// Computes floor(n / 10^(kappa + 1)) (double)
+inline auto divide_by_10_to_kappa_plus_1(uint64_t n) noexcept -> uint64_t {
+  // 2361183241434822607 = ceil(2^(64+7)/1000)
+  return umul128_upper64(n, 2361183241434822607ull) >> 7;
+}
+
+// Various subroutines using pow10 cache
+template <typename T> struct cache_accessor;
+
+template <> struct cache_accessor<float> {
+  using carrier_uint = float_info<float>::carrier_uint;
+  using cache_entry_type = uint64_t;
+
+  static auto get_cached_power(int k) noexcept -> uint64_t {
+    FMT_ASSERT(k >= float_info<float>::min_k && k <= float_info<float>::max_k,
+               "k is out of range");
+    static constexpr const uint64_t pow10_significands[] = {
+        0x81ceb32c4b43fcf5, 0xa2425ff75e14fc32, 0xcad2f7f5359a3b3f,
+        0xfd87b5f28300ca0e, 0x9e74d1b791e07e49, 0xc612062576589ddb,
+        0xf79687aed3eec552, 0x9abe14cd44753b53, 0xc16d9a0095928a28,
+        0xf1c90080baf72cb2, 0x971da05074da7bef, 0xbce5086492111aeb,
+        0xec1e4a7db69561a6, 0x9392ee8e921d5d08, 0xb877aa3236a4b44a,
+        0xe69594bec44de15c, 0x901d7cf73ab0acda, 0xb424dc35095cd810,
+        0xe12e13424bb40e14, 0x8cbccc096f5088cc, 0xafebff0bcb24aaff,
+        0xdbe6fecebdedd5bf, 0x89705f4136b4a598, 0xabcc77118461cefd,
+        0xd6bf94d5e57a42bd, 0x8637bd05af6c69b6, 0xa7c5ac471b478424,
+        0xd1b71758e219652c, 0x83126e978d4fdf3c, 0xa3d70a3d70a3d70b,
+        0xcccccccccccccccd, 0x8000000000000000, 0xa000000000000000,
+        0xc800000000000000, 0xfa00000000000000, 0x9c40000000000000,
+        0xc350000000000000, 0xf424000000000000, 0x9896800000000000,
+        0xbebc200000000000, 0xee6b280000000000, 0x9502f90000000000,
+        0xba43b74000000000, 0xe8d4a51000000000, 0x9184e72a00000000,
+        0xb5e620f480000000, 0xe35fa931a0000000, 0x8e1bc9bf04000000,
+        0xb1a2bc2ec5000000, 0xde0b6b3a76400000, 0x8ac7230489e80000,
+        0xad78ebc5ac620000, 0xd8d726b7177a8000, 0x878678326eac9000,
+        0xa968163f0a57b400, 0xd3c21bcecceda100, 0x84595161401484a0,
+        0xa56fa5b99019a5c8, 0xcecb8f27f4200f3a, 0x813f3978f8940985,
+        0xa18f07d736b90be6, 0xc9f2c9cd04674edf, 0xfc6f7c4045812297,
+        0x9dc5ada82b70b59e, 0xc5371912364ce306, 0xf684df56c3e01bc7,
+        0x9a130b963a6c115d, 0xc097ce7bc90715b4, 0xf0bdc21abb48db21,
+        0x96769950b50d88f5, 0xbc143fa4e250eb32, 0xeb194f8e1ae525fe,
+        0x92efd1b8d0cf37bf, 0xb7abc627050305ae, 0xe596b7b0c643c71a,
+        0x8f7e32ce7bea5c70, 0xb35dbf821ae4f38c, 0xe0352f62a19e306f};
+    return pow10_significands[k - float_info<float>::min_k];
+  }
+
+  struct compute_mul_result {
+    carrier_uint result;
+    bool is_integer;
+  };
+  struct compute_mul_parity_result {
+    bool parity;
+    bool is_integer;
+  };
+
+  static auto compute_mul(carrier_uint u,
+                          const cache_entry_type& cache) noexcept
+      -> compute_mul_result {
+    auto r = umul96_upper64(u, cache);
+    return {static_cast<carrier_uint>(r >> 32),
+            static_cast<carrier_uint>(r) == 0};
+  }
+
+  static auto compute_delta(const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept
+      -> uint32_t {
+    return static_cast<uint32_t>(cache >> (64 - 1 - beta));
+  }
+
+  static auto compute_mul_parity(carrier_uint two_f,
+                                 const cache_entry_type& cache,
+                                 int beta) noexcept
+      -> compute_mul_parity_result {
+    FMT_ASSERT(beta >= 1, "");
+    FMT_ASSERT(beta < 64, "");
+
+    auto r = umul96_lower64(two_f, cache);
+    return {((r >> (64 - beta)) & 1) != 0,
+            static_cast<uint32_t>(r >> (32 - beta)) == 0};
+  }
+
+  static auto compute_left_endpoint_for_shorter_interval_case(
+      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept -> carrier_uint {
+    return static_cast<carrier_uint>(
+        (cache - (cache >> (num_significand_bits<float>() + 2))) >>
+        (64 - num_significand_bits<float>() - 1 - beta));
+  }
+
+  static auto compute_right_endpoint_for_shorter_interval_case(
+      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept -> carrier_uint {
+    return static_cast<carrier_uint>(
+        (cache + (cache >> (num_significand_bits<float>() + 1))) >>
+        (64 - num_significand_bits<float>() - 1 - beta));
+  }
+
+  static auto compute_round_up_for_shorter_interval_case(
+      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept -> carrier_uint {
+    return (static_cast<carrier_uint>(
+                cache >> (64 - num_significand_bits<float>() - 2 - beta)) +
+            1) /
+           2;
+  }
+};
+
+template <> struct cache_accessor<double> {
+  using carrier_uint = float_info<double>::carrier_uint;
+  using cache_entry_type = uint128_fallback;
+
+  static auto get_cached_power(int k) noexcept -> uint128_fallback {
+    FMT_ASSERT(k >= float_info<double>::min_k && k <= float_info<double>::max_k,
+               "k is out of range");
+
+    static constexpr const uint128_fallback pow10_significands[] = {
+#if FMT_USE_FULL_CACHE_DRAGONBOX
+      {0xff77b1fcbebcdc4f, 0x25e8e89c13bb0f7b},
+      {0x9faacf3df73609b1, 0x77b191618c54e9ad},
+      {0xc795830d75038c1d, 0xd59df5b9ef6a2418},
+      {0xf97ae3d0d2446f25, 0x4b0573286b44ad1e},
+      {0x9becce62836ac577, 0x4ee367f9430aec33},
+      {0xc2e801fb244576d5, 0x229c41f793cda740},
+      {0xf3a20279ed56d48a, 0x6b43527578c11110},
+      {0x9845418c345644d6, 0x830a13896b78aaaa},
+      {0xbe5691ef416bd60c, 0x23cc986bc656d554},
+      {0xedec366b11c6cb8f, 0x2cbfbe86b7ec8aa9},
+      {0x94b3a202eb1c3f39, 0x7bf7d71432f3d6aa},
+      {0xb9e08a83a5e34f07, 0xdaf5ccd93fb0cc54},
+      {0xe858ad248f5c22c9, 0xd1b3400f8f9cff69},
+      {0x91376c36d99995be, 0x23100809b9c21fa2},
+      {0xb58547448ffffb2d, 0xabd40a0c2832a78b},
+      {0xe2e69915b3fff9f9, 0x16c90c8f323f516d},
+      {0x8dd01fad907ffc3b, 0xae3da7d97f6792e4},
+      {0xb1442798f49ffb4a, 0x99cd11cfdf41779d},
+      {0xdd95317f31c7fa1d, 0x40405643d711d584},
+      {0x8a7d3eef7f1cfc52, 0x482835ea666b2573},
+      {0xad1c8eab5ee43b66, 0xda3243650005eed0},
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+      {0xa81f301449ee8c70, 0x5c68f256bfff5a75},
+      {0xd226fc195c6a2f8c, 0x73832eec6fff3112},
+      {0x83585d8fd9c25db7, 0xc831fd53c5ff7eac},
+      {0xa42e74f3d032f525, 0xba3e7ca8b77f5e56},
+      {0xcd3a1230c43fb26f, 0x28ce1bd2e55f35ec},
+      {0x80444b5e7aa7cf85, 0x7980d163cf5b81b4},
+      {0xa0555e361951c366, 0xd7e105bcc3326220},
+      {0xc86ab5c39fa63440, 0x8dd9472bf3fefaa8},
+      {0xfa856334878fc150, 0xb14f98f6f0feb952},
+      {0x9c935e00d4b9d8d2, 0x6ed1bf9a569f33d4},
+      {0xc3b8358109e84f07, 0x0a862f80ec4700c9},
+      {0xf4a642e14c6262c8, 0xcd27bb612758c0fb},
+      {0x98e7e9cccfbd7dbd, 0x8038d51cb897789d},
+      {0xbf21e44003acdd2c, 0xe0470a63e6bd56c4},
+      {0xeeea5d5004981478, 0x1858ccfce06cac75},
+      {0x95527a5202df0ccb, 0x0f37801e0c43ebc9},
+      {0xbaa718e68396cffd, 0xd30560258f54e6bb},
+      {0xe950df20247c83fd, 0x47c6b82ef32a206a},
+      {0x91d28b7416cdd27e, 0x4cdc331d57fa5442},
+      {0xb6472e511c81471d, 0xe0133fe4adf8e953},
+      {0xe3d8f9e563a198e5, 0x58180fddd97723a7},
+      {0x8e679c2f5e44ff8f, 0x570f09eaa7ea7649},
+      {0xb201833b35d63f73, 0x2cd2cc6551e513db},
+      {0xde81e40a034bcf4f, 0xf8077f7ea65e58d2},
+      {0x8b112e86420f6191, 0xfb04afaf27faf783},
+      {0xadd57a27d29339f6, 0x79c5db9af1f9b564},
+      {0xd94ad8b1c7380874, 0x18375281ae7822bd},
+      {0x87cec76f1c830548, 0x8f2293910d0b15b6},
+      {0xa9c2794ae3a3c69a, 0xb2eb3875504ddb23},
+      {0xd433179d9c8cb841, 0x5fa60692a46151ec},
+      {0x849feec281d7f328, 0xdbc7c41ba6bcd334},
+      {0xa5c7ea73224deff3, 0x12b9b522906c0801},
+      {0xcf39e50feae16bef, 0xd768226b34870a01},
+      {0x81842f29f2cce375, 0xe6a1158300d46641},
+      {0xa1e53af46f801c53, 0x60495ae3c1097fd1},
+      {0xca5e89b18b602368, 0x385bb19cb14bdfc5},
+      {0xfcf62c1dee382c42, 0x46729e03dd9ed7b6},
+      {0x9e19db92b4e31ba9, 0x6c07a2c26a8346d2},
+      {0xc5a05277621be293, 0xc7098b7305241886},
+      {0xf70867153aa2db38, 0xb8cbee4fc66d1ea8},
+      {0x9a65406d44a5c903, 0x737f74f1dc043329},
+      {0xc0fe908895cf3b44, 0x505f522e53053ff3},
+      {0xf13e34aabb430a15, 0x647726b9e7c68ff0},
+      {0x96c6e0eab509e64d, 0x5eca783430dc19f6},
+      {0xbc789925624c5fe0, 0xb67d16413d132073},
+      {0xeb96bf6ebadf77d8, 0xe41c5bd18c57e890},
+      {0x933e37a534cbaae7, 0x8e91b962f7b6f15a},
+      {0xb80dc58e81fe95a1, 0x723627bbb5a4adb1},
+      {0xe61136f2227e3b09, 0xcec3b1aaa30dd91d},
+      {0x8fcac257558ee4e6, 0x213a4f0aa5e8a7b2},
+      {0xb3bd72ed2af29e1f, 0xa988e2cd4f62d19e},
+      {0xe0accfa875af45a7, 0x93eb1b80a33b8606},
+      {0x8c6c01c9498d8b88, 0xbc72f130660533c4},
+      {0xaf87023b9bf0ee6a, 0xeb8fad7c7f8680b5},
+      {0xdb68c2ca82ed2a05, 0xa67398db9f6820e2},
+#else
+      {0xff77b1fcbebcdc4f, 0x25e8e89c13bb0f7b},
+      {0xce5d73ff402d98e3, 0xfb0a3d212dc81290},
+      {0xa6b34ad8c9dfc06f, 0xf42faa48c0ea481f},
+      {0x86a8d39ef77164bc, 0xae5dff9c02033198},
+      {0xd98ddaee19068c76, 0x3badd624dd9b0958},
+      {0xafbd2350644eeacf, 0xe5d1929ef90898fb},
+      {0x8df5efabc5979c8f, 0xca8d3ffa1ef463c2},
+      {0xe55990879ddcaabd, 0xcc420a6a101d0516},
+      {0xb94470938fa89bce, 0xf808e40e8d5b3e6a},
+      {0x95a8637627989aad, 0xdde7001379a44aa9},
+      {0xf1c90080baf72cb1, 0x5324c68b12dd6339},
+      {0xc350000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
+      {0x9dc5ada82b70b59d, 0xf020000000000000},
+      {0xfee50b7025c36a08, 0x02f236d04753d5b5},
+      {0xcde6fd5e09abcf26, 0xed4c0226b55e6f87},
+      {0xa6539930bf6bff45, 0x84db8346b786151d},
+      {0x865b86925b9bc5c2, 0x0b8a2392ba45a9b3},
+      {0xd910f7ff28069da4, 0x1b2ba1518094da05},
+      {0xaf58416654a6babb, 0x387ac8d1970027b3},
+      {0x8da471a9de737e24, 0x5ceaecfed289e5d3},
+      {0xe4d5e82392a40515, 0x0fabaf3feaa5334b},
+      {0xb8da1662e7b00a17, 0x3d6a751f3b936244},
+      {0x95527a5202df0ccb, 0x0f37801e0c43ebc9},
+      {0xf13e34aabb430a15, 0x647726b9e7c68ff0}
+#endif
+    };
+
+#if FMT_USE_FULL_CACHE_DRAGONBOX
+    return pow10_significands[k - float_info<double>::min_k];
+#else
+    static constexpr const uint64_t powers_of_5_64[] = {
+        0x0000000000000001, 0x0000000000000005, 0x0000000000000019,
+        0x000000000000007d, 0x0000000000000271, 0x0000000000000c35,
+        0x0000000000003d09, 0x000000000001312d, 0x000000000005f5e1,
+        0x00000000001dcd65, 0x00000000009502f9, 0x0000000002e90edd,
+        0x000000000e8d4a51, 0x0000000048c27395, 0x000000016bcc41e9,
+        0x000000071afd498d, 0x0000002386f26fc1, 0x000000b1a2bc2ec5,
+        0x000003782dace9d9, 0x00001158e460913d, 0x000056bc75e2d631,
+        0x0001b1ae4d6e2ef5, 0x000878678326eac9, 0x002a5a058fc295ed,
+        0x00d3c21bcecceda1, 0x0422ca8b0a00a425, 0x14adf4b7320334b9};
+
+    static const int compression_ratio = 27;
+
+    // Compute base index.
+    int cache_index = (k - float_info<double>::min_k) / compression_ratio;
+    int kb = cache_index * compression_ratio + float_info<double>::min_k;
+    int offset = k - kb;
+
+    // Get base cache.
+    uint128_fallback base_cache = pow10_significands[cache_index];
+    if (offset == 0) return base_cache;
+
+    // Compute the required amount of bit-shift.
+    int alpha = floor_log2_pow10(kb + offset) - floor_log2_pow10(kb) - offset;
+    FMT_ASSERT(alpha > 0 && alpha < 64, "shifting error detected");
+
+    // Try to recover the real cache.
+    uint64_t pow5 = powers_of_5_64[offset];
+    uint128_fallback recovered_cache = umul128(base_cache.high(), pow5);
+    uint128_fallback middle_low = umul128(base_cache.low(), pow5);
+
+    recovered_cache += middle_low.high();
+
+    uint64_t high_to_middle = recovered_cache.high() << (64 - alpha);
+    uint64_t middle_to_low = recovered_cache.low() << (64 - alpha);
+
+    recovered_cache =
+        uint128_fallback{(recovered_cache.low() >> alpha) | high_to_middle,
+                         ((middle_low.low() >> alpha) | middle_to_low)};
+    FMT_ASSERT(recovered_cache.low() + 1 != 0, "");
+    return {recovered_cache.high(), recovered_cache.low() + 1};
+#endif
+  }
+
+  struct compute_mul_result {
+    carrier_uint result;
+    bool is_integer;
+  };
+  struct compute_mul_parity_result {
+    bool parity;
+    bool is_integer;
+  };
+
+  static auto compute_mul(carrier_uint u,
+                          const cache_entry_type& cache) noexcept
+      -> compute_mul_result {
+    auto r = umul192_upper128(u, cache);
+    return {r.high(), r.low() == 0};
+  }
+
+  static auto compute_delta(cache_entry_type const& cache, int beta) noexcept
+      -> uint32_t {
+    return static_cast<uint32_t>(cache.high() >> (64 - 1 - beta));
+  }
+
+  static auto compute_mul_parity(carrier_uint two_f,
+                                 const cache_entry_type& cache,
+                                 int beta) noexcept
+      -> compute_mul_parity_result {
+    FMT_ASSERT(beta >= 1, "");
+    FMT_ASSERT(beta < 64, "");
+
+    auto r = umul192_lower128(two_f, cache);
+    return {((r.high() >> (64 - beta)) & 1) != 0,
+            ((r.high() << beta) | (r.low() >> (64 - beta))) == 0};
+  }
+
+  static auto compute_left_endpoint_for_shorter_interval_case(
+      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept -> carrier_uint {
+    return (cache.high() -
+            (cache.high() >> (num_significand_bits<double>() + 2))) >>
+           (64 - num_significand_bits<double>() - 1 - beta);
+  }
+
+  static auto compute_right_endpoint_for_shorter_interval_case(
+      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept -> carrier_uint {
+    return (cache.high() +
+            (cache.high() >> (num_significand_bits<double>() + 1))) >>
+           (64 - num_significand_bits<double>() - 1 - beta);
+  }
+
+  static auto compute_round_up_for_shorter_interval_case(
+      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept -> carrier_uint {
+    return ((cache.high() >> (64 - num_significand_bits<double>() - 2 - beta)) +
+            1) /
+           2;
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_FUNC auto get_cached_power(int k) noexcept -> uint128_fallback {
+  return cache_accessor<double>::get_cached_power(k);
+}
+
+// Various integer checks
+template <typename T>
+auto is_left_endpoint_integer_shorter_interval(int exponent) noexcept -> bool {
+  const int case_shorter_interval_left_endpoint_lower_threshold = 2;
+  const int case_shorter_interval_left_endpoint_upper_threshold = 3;
+  return exponent >= case_shorter_interval_left_endpoint_lower_threshold &&
+         exponent <= case_shorter_interval_left_endpoint_upper_threshold;
+}
+
+// Remove trailing zeros from n and return the number of zeros removed (float)
+FMT_INLINE int remove_trailing_zeros(uint32_t& n, int s = 0) noexcept {
+  FMT_ASSERT(n != 0, "");
+  // Modular inverse of 5 (mod 2^32): (mod_inv_5 * 5) mod 2^32 = 1.
+  constexpr uint32_t mod_inv_5 = 0xcccccccd;
+  constexpr uint32_t mod_inv_25 = 0xc28f5c29;  // = mod_inv_5 * mod_inv_5
+
+  while (true) {
+    auto q = rotr(n * mod_inv_25, 2);
+    if (q > max_value<uint32_t>() / 100) break;
+    n = q;
+    s += 2;
+  }
+  auto q = rotr(n * mod_inv_5, 1);
+  if (q <= max_value<uint32_t>() / 10) {
+    n = q;
+    s |= 1;
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+// Removes trailing zeros and returns the number of zeros removed (double)
+FMT_INLINE int remove_trailing_zeros(uint64_t& n) noexcept {
+  FMT_ASSERT(n != 0, "");
+
+  // This magic number is ceil(2^90 / 10^8).
+  constexpr uint64_t magic_number = 12379400392853802749ull;
+  auto nm = umul128(n, magic_number);
+
+  // Is n is divisible by 10^8?
+  if ((nm.high() & ((1ull << (90 - 64)) - 1)) == 0 && nm.low() < magic_number) {
+    // If yes, work with the quotient...
+    auto n32 = static_cast<uint32_t>(nm.high() >> (90 - 64));
+    // ... and use the 32 bit variant of the function
+    int s = remove_trailing_zeros(n32, 8);
+    n = n32;
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  // If n is not divisible by 10^8, work with n itself.
+  constexpr uint64_t mod_inv_5 = 0xcccccccccccccccd;
+  constexpr uint64_t mod_inv_25 = 0x8f5c28f5c28f5c29;  // mod_inv_5 * mod_inv_5
+
+  int s = 0;
+  while (true) {
+    auto q = rotr(n * mod_inv_25, 2);
+    if (q > max_value<uint64_t>() / 100) break;
+    n = q;
+    s += 2;
+  }
+  auto q = rotr(n * mod_inv_5, 1);
+  if (q <= max_value<uint64_t>() / 10) {
+    n = q;
+    s |= 1;
+  }
+
+  return s;
+}
+
+// The main algorithm for shorter interval case
+template <typename T>
+FMT_INLINE decimal_fp<T> shorter_interval_case(int exponent) noexcept {
+  decimal_fp<T> ret_value;
+  // Compute k and beta
+  const int minus_k = floor_log10_pow2_minus_log10_4_over_3(exponent);
+  const int beta = exponent + floor_log2_pow10(-minus_k);
+
+  // Compute xi and zi
+  using cache_entry_type = typename cache_accessor<T>::cache_entry_type;
+  const cache_entry_type cache = cache_accessor<T>::get_cached_power(-minus_k);
+
+  auto xi = cache_accessor<T>::compute_left_endpoint_for_shorter_interval_case(
+      cache, beta);
+  auto zi = cache_accessor<T>::compute_right_endpoint_for_shorter_interval_case(
+      cache, beta);
+
+  // If the left endpoint is not an integer, increase it
+  if (!is_left_endpoint_integer_shorter_interval<T>(exponent)) ++xi;
+
+  // Try bigger divisor
+  ret_value.significand = zi / 10;
+
+  // If succeed, remove trailing zeros if necessary and return
+  if (ret_value.significand * 10 >= xi) {
+    ret_value.exponent = minus_k + 1;
+    ret_value.exponent += remove_trailing_zeros(ret_value.significand);
+    return ret_value;
+  }
+
+  // Otherwise, compute the round-up of y
+  ret_value.significand =
+      cache_accessor<T>::compute_round_up_for_shorter_interval_case(cache,
+                                                                    beta);
+  ret_value.exponent = minus_k;
+
+  // When tie occurs, choose one of them according to the rule
+  if (exponent >= float_info<T>::shorter_interval_tie_lower_threshold &&
+      exponent <= float_info<T>::shorter_interval_tie_upper_threshold) {
+    ret_value.significand = ret_value.significand % 2 == 0
+                                ? ret_value.significand
+                                : ret_value.significand - 1;
+  } else if (ret_value.significand < xi) {
+    ++ret_value.significand;
+  }
+  return ret_value;
+}
+
+template <typename T> auto to_decimal(T x) noexcept -> decimal_fp<T> {
+  // Step 1: integer promotion & Schubfach multiplier calculation.
+
+  using carrier_uint = typename float_info<T>::carrier_uint;
+  using cache_entry_type = typename cache_accessor<T>::cache_entry_type;
+  auto br = bit_cast<carrier_uint>(x);
+
+  // Extract significand bits and exponent bits.
+  const carrier_uint significand_mask =
+      (static_cast<carrier_uint>(1) << num_significand_bits<T>()) - 1;
+  carrier_uint significand = (br & significand_mask);
+  int exponent =
+      static_cast<int>((br & exponent_mask<T>()) >> num_significand_bits<T>());
+
+  if (exponent != 0) {  // Check if normal.
+    exponent -= exponent_bias<T>() + num_significand_bits<T>();
+
+    // Shorter interval case; proceed like Schubfach.
+    // In fact, when exponent == 1 and significand == 0, the interval is
+    // regular. However, it can be shown that the end-results are anyway same.
+    if (significand == 0) return shorter_interval_case<T>(exponent);
+
+    significand |= (static_cast<carrier_uint>(1) << num_significand_bits<T>());
+  } else {
+    // Subnormal case; the interval is always regular.
+    if (significand == 0) return {0, 0};
+    exponent =
+        std::numeric_limits<T>::min_exponent - num_significand_bits<T>() - 1;
+  }
+
+  const bool include_left_endpoint = (significand % 2 == 0);
+  const bool include_right_endpoint = include_left_endpoint;
+
+  // Compute k and beta.
+  const int minus_k = floor_log10_pow2(exponent) - float_info<T>::kappa;
+  const cache_entry_type cache = cache_accessor<T>::get_cached_power(-minus_k);
+  const int beta = exponent + floor_log2_pow10(-minus_k);
+
+  // Compute zi and deltai.
+  // 10^kappa <= deltai < 10^(kappa + 1)
+  const uint32_t deltai = cache_accessor<T>::compute_delta(cache, beta);
+  const carrier_uint two_fc = significand << 1;
+
+  // For the case of binary32, the result of integer check is not correct for
+  // 29711844 * 2^-82
+  // = 6.1442653300000000008655037797566933477355632930994033813476... * 10^-18
+  // and 29711844 * 2^-81
+  // = 1.2288530660000000001731007559513386695471126586198806762695... * 10^-17,
+  // and they are the unique counterexamples. However, since 29711844 is even,
+  // this does not cause any problem for the endpoints calculations; it can only
+  // cause a problem when we need to perform integer check for the center.
+  // Fortunately, with these inputs, that branch is never executed, so we are
+  // fine.
+  const typename cache_accessor<T>::compute_mul_result z_mul =
+      cache_accessor<T>::compute_mul((two_fc | 1) << beta, cache);
+
+  // Step 2: Try larger divisor; remove trailing zeros if necessary.
+
+  // Using an upper bound on zi, we might be able to optimize the division
+  // better than the compiler; we are computing zi / big_divisor here.
+  decimal_fp<T> ret_value;
+  ret_value.significand = divide_by_10_to_kappa_plus_1(z_mul.result);
+  uint32_t r = static_cast<uint32_t>(z_mul.result - float_info<T>::big_divisor *
+                                                        ret_value.significand);
+
+  if (r < deltai) {
+    // Exclude the right endpoint if necessary.
+    if (r == 0 && (z_mul.is_integer & !include_right_endpoint)) {
+      --ret_value.significand;
+      r = float_info<T>::big_divisor;
+      goto small_divisor_case_label;
+    }
+  } else if (r > deltai) {
+    goto small_divisor_case_label;
+  } else {
+    // r == deltai; compare fractional parts.
+    const typename cache_accessor<T>::compute_mul_parity_result x_mul =
+        cache_accessor<T>::compute_mul_parity(two_fc - 1, cache, beta);
+
+    if (!(x_mul.parity | (x_mul.is_integer & include_left_endpoint)))
+      goto small_divisor_case_label;
+  }
+  ret_value.exponent = minus_k + float_info<T>::kappa + 1;
+
+  // We may need to remove trailing zeros.
+  ret_value.exponent += remove_trailing_zeros(ret_value.significand);
+  return ret_value;
+
+  // Step 3: Find the significand with the smaller divisor.
+
+small_divisor_case_label:
+  ret_value.significand *= 10;
+  ret_value.exponent = minus_k + float_info<T>::kappa;
+
+  uint32_t dist = r - (deltai / 2) + (float_info<T>::small_divisor / 2);
+  const bool approx_y_parity =
+      ((dist ^ (float_info<T>::small_divisor / 2)) & 1) != 0;
+
+  // Is dist divisible by 10^kappa?
+  const bool divisible_by_small_divisor =
+      check_divisibility_and_divide_by_pow10<float_info<T>::kappa>(dist);
+
+  // Add dist / 10^kappa to the significand.
+  ret_value.significand += dist;
+
+  if (!divisible_by_small_divisor) return ret_value;
+
+  // Check z^(f) >= epsilon^(f).
+  // We have either yi == zi - epsiloni or yi == (zi - epsiloni) - 1,
+  // where yi == zi - epsiloni if and only if z^(f) >= epsilon^(f).
+  // Since there are only 2 possibilities, we only need to care about the
+  // parity. Also, zi and r should have the same parity since the divisor
+  // is an even number.
+  const auto y_mul = cache_accessor<T>::compute_mul_parity(two_fc, cache, beta);
+
+  // If z^(f) >= epsilon^(f), we might have a tie when z^(f) == epsilon^(f),
+  // or equivalently, when y is an integer.
+  if (y_mul.parity != approx_y_parity)
+    --ret_value.significand;
+  else if (y_mul.is_integer & (ret_value.significand % 2 != 0))
+    --ret_value.significand;
+  return ret_value;
+}
+}  // namespace dragonbox
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <> struct formatter<detail::bigint> {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(format_parse_context& ctx)
+      -> format_parse_context::iterator {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  auto format(const detail::bigint& n, format_context& ctx) const
+      -> format_context::iterator {
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    bool first = true;
+    for (auto i = n.bigits_.size(); i > 0; --i) {
+      auto value = n.bigits_[i - 1u];
+      if (first) {
+        out = fmt::format_to(out, FMT_STRING("{:x}"), value);
+        first = false;
+        continue;
+      }
+      out = fmt::format_to(out, FMT_STRING("{:08x}"), value);
+    }
+    if (n.exp_ > 0)
+      out = fmt::format_to(out, FMT_STRING("p{}"),
+                           n.exp_ * detail::bigint::bigit_bits);
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_FUNC detail::utf8_to_utf16::utf8_to_utf16(string_view s) {
+  for_each_codepoint(s, [this](uint32_t cp, string_view) {
+    if (cp == invalid_code_point) FMT_THROW(std::runtime_error("invalid utf8"));
+    if (cp <= 0xFFFF) {
+      buffer_.push_back(static_cast<wchar_t>(cp));
+    } else {
+      cp -= 0x10000;
+      buffer_.push_back(static_cast<wchar_t>(0xD800 + (cp >> 10)));
+      buffer_.push_back(static_cast<wchar_t>(0xDC00 + (cp & 0x3FF)));
+    }
+    return true;
+  });
+  buffer_.push_back(0);
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC void format_system_error(detail::buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
+                                  const char* message) noexcept {
+  FMT_TRY {
+    auto ec = std::error_code(error_code, std::generic_category());
+    write(std::back_inserter(out), std::system_error(ec, message).what());
+    return;
+  }
+  FMT_CATCH(...) {}
+  format_error_code(out, error_code, message);
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC void report_system_error(int error_code,
+                                  const char* message) noexcept {
+  report_error(format_system_error, error_code, message);
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC auto vformat(string_view fmt, format_args args) -> std::string {
+  // Don't optimize the "{}" case to keep the binary size small and because it
+  // can be better optimized in fmt::format anyway.
+  auto buffer = memory_buffer();
+  detail::vformat_to(buffer, fmt, args);
+  return to_string(buffer);
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+#if !defined(_WIN32) || defined(FMT_WINDOWS_NO_WCHAR)
+FMT_FUNC auto write_console(int, string_view) -> bool { return false; }
+FMT_FUNC auto write_console(std::FILE*, string_view) -> bool { return false; }
+#else
+using dword = conditional_t<sizeof(long) == 4, unsigned long, unsigned>;
+extern "C" __declspec(dllimport) int __stdcall WriteConsoleW(  //
+    void*, const void*, dword, dword*, void*);
+
+FMT_FUNC bool write_console(int fd, string_view text) {
+  auto u16 = utf8_to_utf16(text);
+  return WriteConsoleW(reinterpret_cast<void*>(_get_osfhandle(fd)), u16.c_str(),
+                       static_cast<dword>(u16.size()), nullptr, nullptr) != 0;
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC auto write_console(std::FILE* f, string_view text) -> bool {
+  return write_console(_fileno(f), text);
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+// Print assuming legacy (non-Unicode) encoding.
+FMT_FUNC void vprint_mojibake(std::FILE* f, string_view fmt, format_args args) {
+  auto buffer = memory_buffer();
+  detail::vformat_to(buffer, fmt, args);
+  fwrite_fully(buffer.data(), buffer.size(), f);
+}
+#endif
+
+FMT_FUNC void print(std::FILE* f, string_view text) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  int fd = _fileno(f);
+  if (_isatty(fd)) {
+    std::fflush(f);
+    if (write_console(fd, text)) return;
+  }
+#endif
+  fwrite_fully(text.data(), text.size(), f);
+}
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_FUNC void vprint(std::FILE* f, string_view fmt, format_args args) {
+  auto buffer = memory_buffer();
+  detail::vformat_to(buffer, fmt, args);
+  detail::print(f, {buffer.data(), buffer.size()});
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC void vprint(string_view fmt, format_args args) {
+  vprint(stdout, fmt, args);
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+struct singleton {
+  unsigned char upper;
+  unsigned char lower_count;
+};
+
+inline auto is_printable(uint16_t x, const singleton* singletons,
+                         size_t singletons_size,
+                         const unsigned char* singleton_lowers,
+                         const unsigned char* normal, size_t normal_size)
+    -> bool {
+  auto upper = x >> 8;
+  auto lower_start = 0;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < singletons_size; ++i) {
+    auto s = singletons[i];
+    auto lower_end = lower_start + s.lower_count;
+    if (upper < s.upper) break;
+    if (upper == s.upper) {
+      for (auto j = lower_start; j < lower_end; ++j) {
+        if (singleton_lowers[j] == (x & 0xff)) return false;
+      }
+    }
+    lower_start = lower_end;
+  }
+
+  auto xsigned = static_cast<int>(x);
+  auto current = true;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < normal_size; ++i) {
+    auto v = static_cast<int>(normal[i]);
+    auto len = (v & 0x80) != 0 ? (v & 0x7f) << 8 | normal[++i] : v;
+    xsigned -= len;
+    if (xsigned < 0) break;
+    current = !current;
+  }
+  return current;
+}
+
+// This code is generated by support/printable.py.
+FMT_FUNC auto is_printable(uint32_t cp) -> bool {
+  static constexpr singleton singletons0[] = {
+      {0x00, 1},  {0x03, 5},  {0x05, 6},  {0x06, 3},  {0x07, 6},  {0x08, 8},
+      {0x09, 17}, {0x0a, 28}, {0x0b, 25}, {0x0c, 20}, {0x0d, 16}, {0x0e, 13},
+      {0x0f, 4},  {0x10, 3},  {0x12, 18}, {0x13, 9},  {0x16, 1},  {0x17, 5},
+      {0x18, 2},  {0x19, 3},  {0x1a, 7},  {0x1c, 2},  {0x1d, 1},  {0x1f, 22},
+      {0x20, 3},  {0x2b, 3},  {0x2c, 2},  {0x2d, 11}, {0x2e, 1},  {0x30, 3},
+      {0x31, 2},  {0x32, 1},  {0xa7, 2},  {0xa9, 2},  {0xaa, 4},  {0xab, 8},
+      {0xfa, 2},  {0xfb, 5},  {0xfd, 4},  {0xfe, 3},  {0xff, 9},
+  };
+  static constexpr unsigned char singletons0_lower[] = {
+      0xad, 0x78, 0x79, 0x8b, 0x8d, 0xa2, 0x30, 0x57, 0x58, 0x8b, 0x8c, 0x90,
+      0x1c, 0x1d, 0xdd, 0x0e, 0x0f, 0x4b, 0x4c, 0xfb, 0xfc, 0x2e, 0x2f, 0x3f,
+      0x5c, 0x5d, 0x5f, 0xb5, 0xe2, 0x84, 0x8d, 0x8e, 0x91, 0x92, 0xa9, 0xb1,
+      0xba, 0xbb, 0xc5, 0xc6, 0xc9, 0xca, 0xde, 0xe4, 0xe5, 0xff, 0x00, 0x04,
+      0x11, 0x12, 0x29, 0x31, 0x34, 0x37, 0x3a, 0x3b, 0x3d, 0x49, 0x4a, 0x5d,
+      0x84, 0x8e, 0x92, 0xa9, 0xb1, 0xb4, 0xba, 0xbb, 0xc6, 0xca, 0xce, 0xcf,
+      0xe4, 0xe5, 0x00, 0x04, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x11, 0x12, 0x29, 0x31, 0x34, 0x3a,
+      0x3b, 0x45, 0x46, 0x49, 0x4a, 0x5e, 0x64, 0x65, 0x84, 0x91, 0x9b, 0x9d,
+      0xc9, 0xce, 0xcf, 0x0d, 0x11, 0x29, 0x45, 0x49, 0x57, 0x64, 0x65, 0x8d,
+      0x91, 0xa9, 0xb4, 0xba, 0xbb, 0xc5, 0xc9, 0xdf, 0xe4, 0xe5, 0xf0, 0x0d,
+      0x11, 0x45, 0x49, 0x64, 0x65, 0x80, 0x84, 0xb2, 0xbc, 0xbe, 0xbf, 0xd5,
+      0xd7, 0xf0, 0xf1, 0x83, 0x85, 0x8b, 0xa4, 0xa6, 0xbe, 0xbf, 0xc5, 0xc7,
+      0xce, 0xcf, 0xda, 0xdb, 0x48, 0x98, 0xbd, 0xcd, 0xc6, 0xce, 0xcf, 0x49,
+      0x4e, 0x4f, 0x57, 0x59, 0x5e, 0x5f, 0x89, 0x8e, 0x8f, 0xb1, 0xb6, 0xb7,
+      0xbf, 0xc1, 0xc6, 0xc7, 0xd7, 0x11, 0x16, 0x17, 0x5b, 0x5c, 0xf6, 0xf7,
+      0xfe, 0xff, 0x80, 0x0d, 0x6d, 0x71, 0xde, 0xdf, 0x0e, 0x0f, 0x1f, 0x6e,
+      0x6f, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x5f, 0x7d, 0x7e, 0xae, 0xaf, 0xbb, 0xbc, 0xfa, 0x16,
+      0x17, 0x1e, 0x1f, 0x46, 0x47, 0x4e, 0x4f, 0x58, 0x5a, 0x5c, 0x5e, 0x7e,
+      0x7f, 0xb5, 0xc5, 0xd4, 0xd5, 0xdc, 0xf0, 0xf1, 0xf5, 0x72, 0x73, 0x8f,
+      0x74, 0x75, 0x96, 0x2f, 0x5f, 0x26, 0x2e, 0x2f, 0xa7, 0xaf, 0xb7, 0xbf,
+      0xc7, 0xcf, 0xd7, 0xdf, 0x9a, 0x40, 0x97, 0x98, 0x30, 0x8f, 0x1f, 0xc0,
+      0xc1, 0xce, 0xff, 0x4e, 0x4f, 0x5a, 0x5b, 0x07, 0x08, 0x0f, 0x10, 0x27,
+      0x2f, 0xee, 0xef, 0x6e, 0x6f, 0x37, 0x3d, 0x3f, 0x42, 0x45, 0x90, 0x91,
+      0xfe, 0xff, 0x53, 0x67, 0x75, 0xc8, 0xc9, 0xd0, 0xd1, 0xd8, 0xd9, 0xe7,
+      0xfe, 0xff,
+  };
+  static constexpr singleton singletons1[] = {
+      {0x00, 6},  {0x01, 1}, {0x03, 1},  {0x04, 2}, {0x08, 8},  {0x09, 2},
+      {0x0a, 5},  {0x0b, 2}, {0x0e, 4},  {0x10, 1}, {0x11, 2},  {0x12, 5},
+      {0x13, 17}, {0x14, 1}, {0x15, 2},  {0x17, 2}, {0x19, 13}, {0x1c, 5},
+      {0x1d, 8},  {0x24, 1}, {0x6a, 3},  {0x6b, 2}, {0xbc, 2},  {0xd1, 2},
+      {0xd4, 12}, {0xd5, 9}, {0xd6, 2},  {0xd7, 2}, {0xda, 1},  {0xe0, 5},
+      {0xe1, 2},  {0xe8, 2}, {0xee, 32}, {0xf0, 4}, {0xf8, 2},  {0xf9, 2},
+      {0xfa, 2},  {0xfb, 1},
+  };
+  static constexpr unsigned char singletons1_lower[] = {
+      0x0c, 0x27, 0x3b, 0x3e, 0x4e, 0x4f, 0x8f, 0x9e, 0x9e, 0x9f, 0x06, 0x07,
+      0x09, 0x36, 0x3d, 0x3e, 0x56, 0xf3, 0xd0, 0xd1, 0x04, 0x14, 0x18, 0x36,
+      0x37, 0x56, 0x57, 0x7f, 0xaa, 0xae, 0xaf, 0xbd, 0x35, 0xe0, 0x12, 0x87,
+      0x89, 0x8e, 0x9e, 0x04, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x11, 0x12, 0x29, 0x31, 0x34, 0x3a,
+      0x45, 0x46, 0x49, 0x4a, 0x4e, 0x4f, 0x64, 0x65, 0x5c, 0xb6, 0xb7, 0x1b,
+      0x1c, 0x07, 0x08, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x14, 0x17, 0x36, 0x39, 0x3a, 0xa8, 0xa9,
+      0xd8, 0xd9, 0x09, 0x37, 0x90, 0x91, 0xa8, 0x07, 0x0a, 0x3b, 0x3e, 0x66,
+      0x69, 0x8f, 0x92, 0x6f, 0x5f, 0xee, 0xef, 0x5a, 0x62, 0x9a, 0x9b, 0x27,
+      0x28, 0x55, 0x9d, 0xa0, 0xa1, 0xa3, 0xa4, 0xa7, 0xa8, 0xad, 0xba, 0xbc,
+      0xc4, 0x06, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x15, 0x1d, 0x3a, 0x3f, 0x45, 0x51, 0xa6, 0xa7,
+      0xcc, 0xcd, 0xa0, 0x07, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x22, 0x25, 0x3e, 0x3f, 0xc5, 0xc6,
+      0x04, 0x20, 0x23, 0x25, 0x26, 0x28, 0x33, 0x38, 0x3a, 0x48, 0x4a, 0x4c,
+      0x50, 0x53, 0x55, 0x56, 0x58, 0x5a, 0x5c, 0x5e, 0x60, 0x63, 0x65, 0x66,
+      0x6b, 0x73, 0x78, 0x7d, 0x7f, 0x8a, 0xa4, 0xaa, 0xaf, 0xb0, 0xc0, 0xd0,
+      0xae, 0xaf, 0x79, 0xcc, 0x6e, 0x6f, 0x93,
+  };
+  static constexpr unsigned char normal0[] = {
+      0x00, 0x20, 0x5f, 0x22, 0x82, 0xdf, 0x04, 0x82, 0x44, 0x08, 0x1b, 0x04,
+      0x06, 0x11, 0x81, 0xac, 0x0e, 0x80, 0xab, 0x35, 0x28, 0x0b, 0x80, 0xe0,
+      0x03, 0x19, 0x08, 0x01, 0x04, 0x2f, 0x04, 0x34, 0x04, 0x07, 0x03, 0x01,
+      0x07, 0x06, 0x07, 0x11, 0x0a, 0x50, 0x0f, 0x12, 0x07, 0x55, 0x07, 0x03,
+      0x04, 0x1c, 0x0a, 0x09, 0x03, 0x08, 0x03, 0x07, 0x03, 0x02, 0x03, 0x03,
+      0x03, 0x0c, 0x04, 0x05, 0x03, 0x0b, 0x06, 0x01, 0x0e, 0x15, 0x05, 0x3a,
+      0x03, 0x11, 0x07, 0x06, 0x05, 0x10, 0x07, 0x57, 0x07, 0x02, 0x07, 0x15,
+      0x0d, 0x50, 0x04, 0x43, 0x03, 0x2d, 0x03, 0x01, 0x04, 0x11, 0x06, 0x0f,
+      0x0c, 0x3a, 0x04, 0x1d, 0x25, 0x5f, 0x20, 0x6d, 0x04, 0x6a, 0x25, 0x80,
+      0xc8, 0x05, 0x82, 0xb0, 0x03, 0x1a, 0x06, 0x82, 0xfd, 0x03, 0x59, 0x07,
+      0x15, 0x0b, 0x17, 0x09, 0x14, 0x0c, 0x14, 0x0c, 0x6a, 0x06, 0x0a, 0x06,
+      0x1a, 0x06, 0x59, 0x07, 0x2b, 0x05, 0x46, 0x0a, 0x2c, 0x04, 0x0c, 0x04,
+      0x01, 0x03, 0x31, 0x0b, 0x2c, 0x04, 0x1a, 0x06, 0x0b, 0x03, 0x80, 0xac,
+      0x06, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x21, 0x3f, 0x4c, 0x04, 0x2d, 0x03, 0x74, 0x08, 0x3c,
+      0x03, 0x0f, 0x03, 0x3c, 0x07, 0x38, 0x08, 0x2b, 0x05, 0x82, 0xff, 0x11,
+      0x18, 0x08, 0x2f, 0x11, 0x2d, 0x03, 0x20, 0x10, 0x21, 0x0f, 0x80, 0x8c,
+      0x04, 0x82, 0x97, 0x19, 0x0b, 0x15, 0x88, 0x94, 0x05, 0x2f, 0x05, 0x3b,
+      0x07, 0x02, 0x0e, 0x18, 0x09, 0x80, 0xb3, 0x2d, 0x74, 0x0c, 0x80, 0xd6,
+      0x1a, 0x0c, 0x05, 0x80, 0xff, 0x05, 0x80, 0xdf, 0x0c, 0xee, 0x0d, 0x03,
+      0x84, 0x8d, 0x03, 0x37, 0x09, 0x81, 0x5c, 0x14, 0x80, 0xb8, 0x08, 0x80,
+      0xcb, 0x2a, 0x38, 0x03, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x38, 0x08, 0x46, 0x08, 0x0c, 0x06,
+      0x74, 0x0b, 0x1e, 0x03, 0x5a, 0x04, 0x59, 0x09, 0x80, 0x83, 0x18, 0x1c,
+      0x0a, 0x16, 0x09, 0x4c, 0x04, 0x80, 0x8a, 0x06, 0xab, 0xa4, 0x0c, 0x17,
+      0x04, 0x31, 0xa1, 0x04, 0x81, 0xda, 0x26, 0x07, 0x0c, 0x05, 0x05, 0x80,
+      0xa5, 0x11, 0x81, 0x6d, 0x10, 0x78, 0x28, 0x2a, 0x06, 0x4c, 0x04, 0x80,
+      0x8d, 0x04, 0x80, 0xbe, 0x03, 0x1b, 0x03, 0x0f, 0x0d,
+  };
+  static constexpr unsigned char normal1[] = {
+      0x5e, 0x22, 0x7b, 0x05, 0x03, 0x04, 0x2d, 0x03, 0x66, 0x03, 0x01, 0x2f,
+      0x2e, 0x80, 0x82, 0x1d, 0x03, 0x31, 0x0f, 0x1c, 0x04, 0x24, 0x09, 0x1e,
+      0x05, 0x2b, 0x05, 0x44, 0x04, 0x0e, 0x2a, 0x80, 0xaa, 0x06, 0x24, 0x04,
+      0x24, 0x04, 0x28, 0x08, 0x34, 0x0b, 0x01, 0x80, 0x90, 0x81, 0x37, 0x09,
+      0x16, 0x0a, 0x08, 0x80, 0x98, 0x39, 0x03, 0x63, 0x08, 0x09, 0x30, 0x16,
+      0x05, 0x21, 0x03, 0x1b, 0x05, 0x01, 0x40, 0x38, 0x04, 0x4b, 0x05, 0x2f,
+      0x04, 0x0a, 0x07, 0x09, 0x07, 0x40, 0x20, 0x27, 0x04, 0x0c, 0x09, 0x36,
+      0x03, 0x3a, 0x05, 0x1a, 0x07, 0x04, 0x0c, 0x07, 0x50, 0x49, 0x37, 0x33,
+      0x0d, 0x33, 0x07, 0x2e, 0x08, 0x0a, 0x81, 0x26, 0x52, 0x4e, 0x28, 0x08,
+      0x2a, 0x56, 0x1c, 0x14, 0x17, 0x09, 0x4e, 0x04, 0x1e, 0x0f, 0x43, 0x0e,
+      0x19, 0x07, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x48, 0x08, 0x27, 0x09, 0x75, 0x0b, 0x3f, 0x41,
+      0x2a, 0x06, 0x3b, 0x05, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x51, 0x06, 0x01, 0x05, 0x10, 0x03,
+      0x05, 0x80, 0x8b, 0x62, 0x1e, 0x48, 0x08, 0x0a, 0x80, 0xa6, 0x5e, 0x22,
+      0x45, 0x0b, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x0d, 0x13, 0x39, 0x07, 0x0a, 0x36, 0x2c, 0x04,
+      0x10, 0x80, 0xc0, 0x3c, 0x64, 0x53, 0x0c, 0x48, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x46, 0x45,
+      0x1b, 0x48, 0x08, 0x53, 0x1d, 0x39, 0x81, 0x07, 0x46, 0x0a, 0x1d, 0x03,
+      0x47, 0x49, 0x37, 0x03, 0x0e, 0x08, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x39, 0x07, 0x0a, 0x81,
+      0x36, 0x19, 0x80, 0xb7, 0x01, 0x0f, 0x32, 0x0d, 0x83, 0x9b, 0x66, 0x75,
+      0x0b, 0x80, 0xc4, 0x8a, 0xbc, 0x84, 0x2f, 0x8f, 0xd1, 0x82, 0x47, 0xa1,
+      0xb9, 0x82, 0x39, 0x07, 0x2a, 0x04, 0x02, 0x60, 0x26, 0x0a, 0x46, 0x0a,
+      0x28, 0x05, 0x13, 0x82, 0xb0, 0x5b, 0x65, 0x4b, 0x04, 0x39, 0x07, 0x11,
+      0x40, 0x05, 0x0b, 0x02, 0x0e, 0x97, 0xf8, 0x08, 0x84, 0xd6, 0x2a, 0x09,
+      0xa2, 0xf7, 0x81, 0x1f, 0x31, 0x03, 0x11, 0x04, 0x08, 0x81, 0x8c, 0x89,
+      0x04, 0x6b, 0x05, 0x0d, 0x03, 0x09, 0x07, 0x10, 0x93, 0x60, 0x80, 0xf6,
+      0x0a, 0x73, 0x08, 0x6e, 0x17, 0x46, 0x80, 0x9a, 0x14, 0x0c, 0x57, 0x09,
+      0x19, 0x80, 0x87, 0x81, 0x47, 0x03, 0x85, 0x42, 0x0f, 0x15, 0x85, 0x50,
+      0x2b, 0x80, 0xd5, 0x2d, 0x03, 0x1a, 0x04, 0x02, 0x81, 0x70, 0x3a, 0x05,
+      0x01, 0x85, 0x00, 0x80, 0xd7, 0x29, 0x4c, 0x04, 0x0a, 0x04, 0x02, 0x83,
+      0x11, 0x44, 0x4c, 0x3d, 0x80, 0xc2, 0x3c, 0x06, 0x01, 0x04, 0x55, 0x05,
+      0x1b, 0x34, 0x02, 0x81, 0x0e, 0x2c, 0x04, 0x64, 0x0c, 0x56, 0x0a, 0x80,
+      0xae, 0x38, 0x1d, 0x0d, 0x2c, 0x04, 0x09, 0x07, 0x02, 0x0e, 0x06, 0x80,
+      0x9a, 0x83, 0xd8, 0x08, 0x0d, 0x03, 0x0d, 0x03, 0x74, 0x0c, 0x59, 0x07,
+      0x0c, 0x14, 0x0c, 0x04, 0x38, 0x08, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x28, 0x08, 0x22, 0x4e,
+      0x81, 0x54, 0x0c, 0x15, 0x03, 0x03, 0x05, 0x07, 0x09, 0x19, 0x07, 0x07,
+      0x09, 0x03, 0x0d, 0x07, 0x29, 0x80, 0xcb, 0x25, 0x0a, 0x84, 0x06,
+  };
+  auto lower = static_cast<uint16_t>(cp);
+  if (cp < 0x10000) {
+    return is_printable(lower, singletons0,
+                        sizeof(singletons0) / sizeof(*singletons0),
+                        singletons0_lower, normal0, sizeof(normal0));
+  }
+  if (cp < 0x20000) {
+    return is_printable(lower, singletons1,
+                        sizeof(singletons1) / sizeof(*singletons1),
+                        singletons1_lower, normal1, sizeof(normal1));
+  }
+  if (0x2a6de <= cp && cp < 0x2a700) return false;
+  if (0x2b735 <= cp && cp < 0x2b740) return false;
+  if (0x2b81e <= cp && cp < 0x2b820) return false;
+  if (0x2cea2 <= cp && cp < 0x2ceb0) return false;
+  if (0x2ebe1 <= cp && cp < 0x2f800) return false;
+  if (0x2fa1e <= cp && cp < 0x30000) return false;
+  if (0x3134b <= cp && cp < 0xe0100) return false;
+  if (0xe01f0 <= cp && cp < 0x110000) return false;
+  return cp < 0x110000;
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_FORMAT_INL_H_
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/format.h b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/format.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7637c8a0d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/format.h
@@ -0,0 +1,4535 @@
+/*
+  Formatting library for C++
+
+  Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+
+  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+  a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+  "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+  without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+  distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+  permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+  the following conditions:
+
+  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+  included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+  EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+  MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+  NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+  LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+  OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+  WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+  --- Optional exception to the license ---
+
+  As an exception, if, as a result of your compiling your source code, portions
+  of this Software are embedded into a machine-executable object form of such
+  source code, you may redistribute such embedded portions in such object form
+  without including the above copyright and permission notices.
+ */
+
+#ifndef FMT_FORMAT_H_
+#define FMT_FORMAT_H_
+
+#include <cmath>             // std::signbit
+#include <cstdint>           // uint32_t
+#include <cstring>           // std::memcpy
+#include <initializer_list>  // std::initializer_list
+#include <limits>            // std::numeric_limits
+#include <memory>            // std::uninitialized_copy
+#include <stdexcept>         // std::runtime_error
+#include <system_error>      // std::system_error
+
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_bit_cast
+#  include <bit>  // std::bit_cast
+#endif
+
+#include "core.h"
+
+#if defined __cpp_inline_variables && __cpp_inline_variables >= 201606L
+#  define FMT_INLINE_VARIABLE inline
+#else
+#  define FMT_INLINE_VARIABLE
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(fallthrough)
+#  define FMT_FALLTHROUGH [[fallthrough]]
+#elif defined(__clang__)
+#  define FMT_FALLTHROUGH [[clang::fallthrough]]
+#elif FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 700 && \
+    (!defined(__EDG_VERSION__) || __EDG_VERSION__ >= 520)
+#  define FMT_FALLTHROUGH [[gnu::fallthrough]]
+#else
+#  define FMT_FALLTHROUGH
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_DEPRECATED
+#  if FMT_HAS_CPP14_ATTRIBUTE(deprecated) || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1900
+#    define FMT_DEPRECATED [[deprecated]]
+#  else
+#    if (defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__LCC__)) || defined(__clang__)
+#      define FMT_DEPRECATED __attribute__((deprecated))
+#    elif FMT_MSC_VERSION
+#      define FMT_DEPRECATED __declspec(deprecated)
+#    else
+#      define FMT_DEPRECATED /* deprecated */
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS
+#  if FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 202002L
+#    if FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(no_unique_address)
+#      define FMT_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS [[no_unique_address]]
+// VS2019 v16.10 and later except clang-cl (https://reviews.llvm.org/D110485)
+#    elif (FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1929) && !FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#      define FMT_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS [[msvc::no_unique_address]]
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS
+#  define FMT_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS
+#endif
+
+// Visibility when compiled as a shared library/object.
+#if defined(FMT_LIB_EXPORT) || defined(FMT_SHARED)
+#  define FMT_SO_VISIBILITY(value) FMT_VISIBILITY(value)
+#else
+#  define FMT_SO_VISIBILITY(value)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __has_builtin
+#  define FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(x) __has_builtin(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#  define FMT_NOINLINE __attribute__((noinline))
+#else
+#  define FMT_NOINLINE
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_THROW
+#  if FMT_EXCEPTIONS
+#    if FMT_MSC_VERSION || defined(__NVCC__)
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+template <typename Exception> inline void do_throw(const Exception& x) {
+  // Silence unreachable code warnings in MSVC and NVCC because these
+  // are nearly impossible to fix in a generic code.
+  volatile bool b = true;
+  if (b) throw x;
+}
+}  // namespace detail
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+#      define FMT_THROW(x) detail::do_throw(x)
+#    else
+#      define FMT_THROW(x) throw x
+#    endif
+#  else
+#    define FMT_THROW(x) \
+      ::fmt::detail::assert_fail(__FILE__, __LINE__, (x).what())
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_EXCEPTIONS
+#  define FMT_TRY try
+#  define FMT_CATCH(x) catch (x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_TRY if (true)
+#  define FMT_CATCH(x) if (false)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED
+#  if FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(maybe_unused)
+#    define FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED [[maybe_unused]]
+#  else
+#    define FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+// EDG based compilers (Intel, NVIDIA, Elbrus, etc), GCC and MSVC support UDLs.
+//
+// GCC before 4.9 requires a space in `operator"" _a` which is invalid in later
+// compiler versions.
+#  if (FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_user_literals) || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 409 || \
+       FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1900) &&                                     \
+      (!defined(__EDG_VERSION__) || __EDG_VERSION__ >= /* UDL feature */ 480)
+#    define FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS 1
+#  else
+#    define FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Defining FMT_REDUCE_INT_INSTANTIATIONS to 1, will reduce the number of
+// integer formatter template instantiations to just one by only using the
+// largest integer type. This results in a reduction in binary size but will
+// cause a decrease in integer formatting performance.
+#if !defined(FMT_REDUCE_INT_INSTANTIATIONS)
+#  define FMT_REDUCE_INT_INSTANTIATIONS 0
+#endif
+
+// __builtin_clz is broken in clang with Microsoft CodeGen:
+// https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/519.
+#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION
+#  if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_clz) || FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_ICC_VERSION
+#    define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n) __builtin_clz(n)
+#  endif
+#  if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_clzll) || FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_ICC_VERSION
+#    define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n) __builtin_clzll(n)
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// __builtin_ctz is broken in Intel Compiler Classic on Windows:
+// https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2510.
+#ifndef __ICL
+#  if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_ctz) || FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_ICC_VERSION || \
+      defined(__NVCOMPILER)
+#    define FMT_BUILTIN_CTZ(n) __builtin_ctz(n)
+#  endif
+#  if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_ctzll) || FMT_GCC_VERSION || \
+      FMT_ICC_VERSION || defined(__NVCOMPILER)
+#    define FMT_BUILTIN_CTZLL(n) __builtin_ctzll(n)
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_MSC_VERSION
+#  include <intrin.h>  // _BitScanReverse[64], _BitScanForward[64], _umul128
+#endif
+
+// Some compilers masquerade as both MSVC and GCC-likes or otherwise support
+// __builtin_clz and __builtin_clzll, so only define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ using the
+// MSVC intrinsics if the clz and clzll builtins are not available.
+#if FMT_MSC_VERSION && !defined(FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL) && \
+    !defined(FMT_BUILTIN_CTZLL)
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+// Avoid Clang with Microsoft CodeGen's -Wunknown-pragmas warning.
+#  if !defined(__clang__)
+#    pragma intrinsic(_BitScanForward)
+#    pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse)
+#    if defined(_WIN64)
+#      pragma intrinsic(_BitScanForward64)
+#      pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse64)
+#    endif
+#  endif
+
+inline auto clz(uint32_t x) -> int {
+  unsigned long r = 0;
+  _BitScanReverse(&r, x);
+  FMT_ASSERT(x != 0, "");
+  // Static analysis complains about using uninitialized data
+  // "r", but the only way that can happen is if "x" is 0,
+  // which the callers guarantee to not happen.
+  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 6102)
+  return 31 ^ static_cast<int>(r);
+}
+#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n) detail::clz(n)
+
+inline auto clzll(uint64_t x) -> int {
+  unsigned long r = 0;
+#  ifdef _WIN64
+  _BitScanReverse64(&r, x);
+#  else
+  // Scan the high 32 bits.
+  if (_BitScanReverse(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x >> 32)))
+    return 63 ^ static_cast<int>(r + 32);
+  // Scan the low 32 bits.
+  _BitScanReverse(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x));
+#  endif
+  FMT_ASSERT(x != 0, "");
+  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 6102)  // Suppress a bogus static analysis warning.
+  return 63 ^ static_cast<int>(r);
+}
+#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n) detail::clzll(n)
+
+inline auto ctz(uint32_t x) -> int {
+  unsigned long r = 0;
+  _BitScanForward(&r, x);
+  FMT_ASSERT(x != 0, "");
+  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 6102)  // Suppress a bogus static analysis warning.
+  return static_cast<int>(r);
+}
+#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CTZ(n) detail::ctz(n)
+
+inline auto ctzll(uint64_t x) -> int {
+  unsigned long r = 0;
+  FMT_ASSERT(x != 0, "");
+  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 6102)  // Suppress a bogus static analysis warning.
+#  ifdef _WIN64
+  _BitScanForward64(&r, x);
+#  else
+  // Scan the low 32 bits.
+  if (_BitScanForward(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x))) return static_cast<int>(r);
+  // Scan the high 32 bits.
+  _BitScanForward(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x >> 32));
+  r += 32;
+#  endif
+  return static_cast<int>(r);
+}
+#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CTZLL(n) detail::ctzll(n)
+}  // namespace detail
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+#endif
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline void abort_fuzzing_if(bool condition) {
+  ignore_unused(condition);
+#ifdef FMT_FUZZ
+  if (condition) throw std::runtime_error("fuzzing limit reached");
+#endif
+}
+
+template <typename CharT, CharT... C> struct string_literal {
+  static constexpr CharT value[sizeof...(C)] = {C...};
+  constexpr operator basic_string_view<CharT>() const {
+    return {value, sizeof...(C)};
+  }
+};
+
+#if FMT_CPLUSPLUS < 201703L
+template <typename CharT, CharT... C>
+constexpr CharT string_literal<CharT, C...>::value[sizeof...(C)];
+#endif
+
+// Implementation of std::bit_cast for pre-C++20.
+template <typename To, typename From, FMT_ENABLE_IF(sizeof(To) == sizeof(From))>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto bit_cast(const From& from) -> To {
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_bit_cast
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) return std::bit_cast<To>(from);
+#endif
+  auto to = To();
+  // The cast suppresses a bogus -Wclass-memaccess on GCC.
+  std::memcpy(static_cast<void*>(&to), &from, sizeof(to));
+  return to;
+}
+
+inline auto is_big_endian() -> bool {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  return false;
+#elif defined(__BIG_ENDIAN__)
+  return true;
+#elif defined(__BYTE_ORDER__) && defined(__ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__)
+  return __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__;
+#else
+  struct bytes {
+    char data[sizeof(int)];
+  };
+  return bit_cast<bytes>(1).data[0] == 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+class uint128_fallback {
+ private:
+  uint64_t lo_, hi_;
+
+ public:
+  constexpr uint128_fallback(uint64_t hi, uint64_t lo) : lo_(lo), hi_(hi) {}
+  constexpr uint128_fallback(uint64_t value = 0) : lo_(value), hi_(0) {}
+
+  constexpr auto high() const noexcept -> uint64_t { return hi_; }
+  constexpr auto low() const noexcept -> uint64_t { return lo_; }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  constexpr explicit operator T() const {
+    return static_cast<T>(lo_);
+  }
+
+  friend constexpr auto operator==(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                                   const uint128_fallback& rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.hi_ == rhs.hi_ && lhs.lo_ == rhs.lo_;
+  }
+  friend constexpr auto operator!=(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                                   const uint128_fallback& rhs) -> bool {
+    return !(lhs == rhs);
+  }
+  friend constexpr auto operator>(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                                  const uint128_fallback& rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.hi_ != rhs.hi_ ? lhs.hi_ > rhs.hi_ : lhs.lo_ > rhs.lo_;
+  }
+  friend constexpr auto operator|(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                                  const uint128_fallback& rhs)
+      -> uint128_fallback {
+    return {lhs.hi_ | rhs.hi_, lhs.lo_ | rhs.lo_};
+  }
+  friend constexpr auto operator&(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                                  const uint128_fallback& rhs)
+      -> uint128_fallback {
+    return {lhs.hi_ & rhs.hi_, lhs.lo_ & rhs.lo_};
+  }
+  friend constexpr auto operator~(const uint128_fallback& n)
+      -> uint128_fallback {
+    return {~n.hi_, ~n.lo_};
+  }
+  friend auto operator+(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                        const uint128_fallback& rhs) -> uint128_fallback {
+    auto result = uint128_fallback(lhs);
+    result += rhs;
+    return result;
+  }
+  friend auto operator*(const uint128_fallback& lhs, uint32_t rhs)
+      -> uint128_fallback {
+    FMT_ASSERT(lhs.hi_ == 0, "");
+    uint64_t hi = (lhs.lo_ >> 32) * rhs;
+    uint64_t lo = (lhs.lo_ & ~uint32_t()) * rhs;
+    uint64_t new_lo = (hi << 32) + lo;
+    return {(hi >> 32) + (new_lo < lo ? 1 : 0), new_lo};
+  }
+  friend auto operator-(const uint128_fallback& lhs, uint64_t rhs)
+      -> uint128_fallback {
+    return {lhs.hi_ - (lhs.lo_ < rhs ? 1 : 0), lhs.lo_ - rhs};
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator>>(int shift) const -> uint128_fallback {
+    if (shift == 64) return {0, hi_};
+    if (shift > 64) return uint128_fallback(0, hi_) >> (shift - 64);
+    return {hi_ >> shift, (hi_ << (64 - shift)) | (lo_ >> shift)};
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator<<(int shift) const -> uint128_fallback {
+    if (shift == 64) return {lo_, 0};
+    if (shift > 64) return uint128_fallback(lo_, 0) << (shift - 64);
+    return {hi_ << shift | (lo_ >> (64 - shift)), (lo_ << shift)};
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator>>=(int shift) -> uint128_fallback& {
+    return *this = *this >> shift;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator+=(uint128_fallback n) {
+    uint64_t new_lo = lo_ + n.lo_;
+    uint64_t new_hi = hi_ + n.hi_ + (new_lo < lo_ ? 1 : 0);
+    FMT_ASSERT(new_hi >= hi_, "");
+    lo_ = new_lo;
+    hi_ = new_hi;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator&=(uint128_fallback n) {
+    lo_ &= n.lo_;
+    hi_ &= n.hi_;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto operator+=(uint64_t n) noexcept -> uint128_fallback& {
+    if (is_constant_evaluated()) {
+      lo_ += n;
+      hi_ += (lo_ < n ? 1 : 0);
+      return *this;
+    }
+#if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_addcll) && !defined(__ibmxl__)
+    unsigned long long carry;
+    lo_ = __builtin_addcll(lo_, n, 0, &carry);
+    hi_ += carry;
+#elif FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_ia32_addcarryx_u64) && !defined(__ibmxl__)
+    unsigned long long result;
+    auto carry = __builtin_ia32_addcarryx_u64(0, lo_, n, &result);
+    lo_ = result;
+    hi_ += carry;
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
+    auto carry = _addcarry_u64(0, lo_, n, &lo_);
+    _addcarry_u64(carry, hi_, 0, &hi_);
+#else
+    lo_ += n;
+    hi_ += (lo_ < n ? 1 : 0);
+#endif
+    return *this;
+  }
+};
+
+using uint128_t = conditional_t<FMT_USE_INT128, uint128_opt, uint128_fallback>;
+
+#ifdef UINTPTR_MAX
+using uintptr_t = ::uintptr_t;
+#else
+using uintptr_t = uint128_t;
+#endif
+
+// Returns the largest possible value for type T. Same as
+// std::numeric_limits<T>::max() but shorter and not affected by the max macro.
+template <typename T> constexpr auto max_value() -> T {
+  return (std::numeric_limits<T>::max)();
+}
+template <typename T> constexpr auto num_bits() -> int {
+  return std::numeric_limits<T>::digits;
+}
+// std::numeric_limits<T>::digits may return 0 for 128-bit ints.
+template <> constexpr auto num_bits<int128_opt>() -> int { return 128; }
+template <> constexpr auto num_bits<uint128_t>() -> int { return 128; }
+
+// A heterogeneous bit_cast used for converting 96-bit long double to uint128_t
+// and 128-bit pointers to uint128_fallback.
+template <typename To, typename From, FMT_ENABLE_IF(sizeof(To) > sizeof(From))>
+inline auto bit_cast(const From& from) -> To {
+  constexpr auto size = static_cast<int>(sizeof(From) / sizeof(unsigned));
+  struct data_t {
+    unsigned value[static_cast<unsigned>(size)];
+  } data = bit_cast<data_t>(from);
+  auto result = To();
+  if (const_check(is_big_endian())) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+      result = (result << num_bits<unsigned>()) | data.value[i];
+  } else {
+    for (int i = size - 1; i >= 0; --i)
+      result = (result << num_bits<unsigned>()) | data.value[i];
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+template <typename UInt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline auto countl_zero_fallback(UInt n) -> int {
+  int lz = 0;
+  constexpr UInt msb_mask = static_cast<UInt>(1) << (num_bits<UInt>() - 1);
+  for (; (n & msb_mask) == 0; n <<= 1) lz++;
+  return lz;
+}
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline auto countl_zero(uint32_t n) -> int {
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated()) return FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n);
+#endif
+  return countl_zero_fallback(n);
+}
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline auto countl_zero(uint64_t n) -> int {
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated()) return FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n);
+#endif
+  return countl_zero_fallback(n);
+}
+
+FMT_INLINE void assume(bool condition) {
+  (void)condition;
+#if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_assume) && !FMT_ICC_VERSION
+  __builtin_assume(condition);
+#elif FMT_GCC_VERSION
+  if (!condition) __builtin_unreachable();
+#endif
+}
+
+// An approximation of iterator_t for pre-C++20 systems.
+template <typename T>
+using iterator_t = decltype(std::begin(std::declval<T&>()));
+template <typename T> using sentinel_t = decltype(std::end(std::declval<T&>()));
+
+// A workaround for std::string not having mutable data() until C++17.
+template <typename Char>
+inline auto get_data(std::basic_string<Char>& s) -> Char* {
+  return &s[0];
+}
+template <typename Container>
+inline auto get_data(Container& c) -> typename Container::value_type* {
+  return c.data();
+}
+
+// Attempts to reserve space for n extra characters in the output range.
+// Returns a pointer to the reserved range or a reference to it.
+template <typename Container, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_contiguous<Container>::value)>
+#if FMT_CLANG_VERSION >= 307 && !FMT_ICC_VERSION
+__attribute__((no_sanitize("undefined")))
+#endif
+inline auto
+reserve(std::back_insert_iterator<Container> it, size_t n) ->
+    typename Container::value_type* {
+  Container& c = get_container(it);
+  size_t size = c.size();
+  c.resize(size + n);
+  return get_data(c) + size;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+inline auto reserve(buffer_appender<T> it, size_t n) -> buffer_appender<T> {
+  buffer<T>& buf = get_container(it);
+  buf.try_reserve(buf.size() + n);
+  return it;
+}
+
+template <typename Iterator>
+constexpr auto reserve(Iterator& it, size_t) -> Iterator& {
+  return it;
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+using reserve_iterator =
+    remove_reference_t<decltype(reserve(std::declval<OutputIt&>(), 0))>;
+
+template <typename T, typename OutputIt>
+constexpr auto to_pointer(OutputIt, size_t) -> T* {
+  return nullptr;
+}
+template <typename T> auto to_pointer(buffer_appender<T> it, size_t n) -> T* {
+  buffer<T>& buf = get_container(it);
+  auto size = buf.size();
+  if (buf.capacity() < size + n) return nullptr;
+  buf.try_resize(size + n);
+  return buf.data() + size;
+}
+
+template <typename Container, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_contiguous<Container>::value)>
+inline auto base_iterator(std::back_insert_iterator<Container> it,
+                          typename Container::value_type*)
+    -> std::back_insert_iterator<Container> {
+  return it;
+}
+
+template <typename Iterator>
+constexpr auto base_iterator(Iterator, Iterator it) -> Iterator {
+  return it;
+}
+
+// <algorithm> is spectacularly slow to compile in C++20 so use a simple fill_n
+// instead (#1998).
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Size, typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto fill_n(OutputIt out, Size count, const T& value)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  for (Size i = 0; i < count; ++i) *out++ = value;
+  return out;
+}
+template <typename T, typename Size>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto fill_n(T* out, Size count, char value) -> T* {
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    return fill_n<T*, Size, T>(out, count, value);
+  }
+  std::memset(out, value, to_unsigned(count));
+  return out + count;
+}
+
+#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
+using char8_type = char8_t;
+#else
+enum char8_type : unsigned char {};
+#endif
+
+template <typename OutChar, typename InputIt, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_NOINLINE auto copy_str_noinline(InputIt begin, InputIt end,
+                                                  OutputIt out) -> OutputIt {
+  return copy_str<OutChar>(begin, end, out);
+}
+
+// A public domain branchless UTF-8 decoder by Christopher Wellons:
+// https://github.com/skeeto/branchless-utf8
+/* Decode the next character, c, from s, reporting errors in e.
+ *
+ * Since this is a branchless decoder, four bytes will be read from the
+ * buffer regardless of the actual length of the next character. This
+ * means the buffer _must_ have at least three bytes of zero padding
+ * following the end of the data stream.
+ *
+ * Errors are reported in e, which will be non-zero if the parsed
+ * character was somehow invalid: invalid byte sequence, non-canonical
+ * encoding, or a surrogate half.
+ *
+ * The function returns a pointer to the next character. When an error
+ * occurs, this pointer will be a guess that depends on the particular
+ * error, but it will always advance at least one byte.
+ */
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto utf8_decode(const char* s, uint32_t* c, int* e)
+    -> const char* {
+  constexpr const int masks[] = {0x00, 0x7f, 0x1f, 0x0f, 0x07};
+  constexpr const uint32_t mins[] = {4194304, 0, 128, 2048, 65536};
+  constexpr const int shiftc[] = {0, 18, 12, 6, 0};
+  constexpr const int shifte[] = {0, 6, 4, 2, 0};
+
+  int len = "\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\2\2\2\2\3\3\4"
+      [static_cast<unsigned char>(*s) >> 3];
+  // Compute the pointer to the next character early so that the next
+  // iteration can start working on the next character. Neither Clang
+  // nor GCC figure out this reordering on their own.
+  const char* next = s + len + !len;
+
+  using uchar = unsigned char;
+
+  // Assume a four-byte character and load four bytes. Unused bits are
+  // shifted out.
+  *c = uint32_t(uchar(s[0]) & masks[len]) << 18;
+  *c |= uint32_t(uchar(s[1]) & 0x3f) << 12;
+  *c |= uint32_t(uchar(s[2]) & 0x3f) << 6;
+  *c |= uint32_t(uchar(s[3]) & 0x3f) << 0;
+  *c >>= shiftc[len];
+
+  // Accumulate the various error conditions.
+  *e = (*c < mins[len]) << 6;       // non-canonical encoding
+  *e |= ((*c >> 11) == 0x1b) << 7;  // surrogate half?
+  *e |= (*c > 0x10FFFF) << 8;       // out of range?
+  *e |= (uchar(s[1]) & 0xc0) >> 2;
+  *e |= (uchar(s[2]) & 0xc0) >> 4;
+  *e |= uchar(s[3]) >> 6;
+  *e ^= 0x2a;  // top two bits of each tail byte correct?
+  *e >>= shifte[len];
+
+  return next;
+}
+
+constexpr FMT_INLINE_VARIABLE uint32_t invalid_code_point = ~uint32_t();
+
+// Invokes f(cp, sv) for every code point cp in s with sv being the string view
+// corresponding to the code point. cp is invalid_code_point on error.
+template <typename F>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void for_each_codepoint(string_view s, F f) {
+  auto decode = [f](const char* buf_ptr, const char* ptr) {
+    auto cp = uint32_t();
+    auto error = 0;
+    auto end = utf8_decode(buf_ptr, &cp, &error);
+    bool result = f(error ? invalid_code_point : cp,
+                    string_view(ptr, error ? 1 : to_unsigned(end - buf_ptr)));
+    return result ? (error ? buf_ptr + 1 : end) : nullptr;
+  };
+  auto p = s.data();
+  const size_t block_size = 4;  // utf8_decode always reads blocks of 4 chars.
+  if (s.size() >= block_size) {
+    for (auto end = p + s.size() - block_size + 1; p < end;) {
+      p = decode(p, p);
+      if (!p) return;
+    }
+  }
+  if (auto num_chars_left = s.data() + s.size() - p) {
+    char buf[2 * block_size - 1] = {};
+    copy_str<char>(p, p + num_chars_left, buf);
+    const char* buf_ptr = buf;
+    do {
+      auto end = decode(buf_ptr, p);
+      if (!end) return;
+      p += end - buf_ptr;
+      buf_ptr = end;
+    } while (buf_ptr - buf < num_chars_left);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+inline auto compute_width(basic_string_view<Char> s) -> size_t {
+  return s.size();
+}
+
+// Computes approximate display width of a UTF-8 string.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto compute_width(string_view s) -> size_t {
+  size_t num_code_points = 0;
+  // It is not a lambda for compatibility with C++14.
+  struct count_code_points {
+    size_t* count;
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(uint32_t cp, string_view) const -> bool {
+      *count += detail::to_unsigned(
+          1 +
+          (cp >= 0x1100 &&
+           (cp <= 0x115f ||  // Hangul Jamo init. consonants
+            cp == 0x2329 ||  // LEFT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET
+            cp == 0x232a ||  // RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET
+            // CJK ... Yi except IDEOGRAPHIC HALF FILL SPACE:
+            (cp >= 0x2e80 && cp <= 0xa4cf && cp != 0x303f) ||
+            (cp >= 0xac00 && cp <= 0xd7a3) ||    // Hangul Syllables
+            (cp >= 0xf900 && cp <= 0xfaff) ||    // CJK Compatibility Ideographs
+            (cp >= 0xfe10 && cp <= 0xfe19) ||    // Vertical Forms
+            (cp >= 0xfe30 && cp <= 0xfe6f) ||    // CJK Compatibility Forms
+            (cp >= 0xff00 && cp <= 0xff60) ||    // Fullwidth Forms
+            (cp >= 0xffe0 && cp <= 0xffe6) ||    // Fullwidth Forms
+            (cp >= 0x20000 && cp <= 0x2fffd) ||  // CJK
+            (cp >= 0x30000 && cp <= 0x3fffd) ||
+            // Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs + Emoticons:
+            (cp >= 0x1f300 && cp <= 0x1f64f) ||
+            // Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs:
+            (cp >= 0x1f900 && cp <= 0x1f9ff))));
+      return true;
+    }
+  };
+  // We could avoid branches by using utf8_decode directly.
+  for_each_codepoint(s, count_code_points{&num_code_points});
+  return num_code_points;
+}
+
+inline auto compute_width(basic_string_view<char8_type> s) -> size_t {
+  return compute_width(
+      string_view(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(s.data()), s.size()));
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+inline auto code_point_index(basic_string_view<Char> s, size_t n) -> size_t {
+  size_t size = s.size();
+  return n < size ? n : size;
+}
+
+// Calculates the index of the nth code point in a UTF-8 string.
+inline auto code_point_index(string_view s, size_t n) -> size_t {
+  size_t result = s.size();
+  const char* begin = s.begin();
+  for_each_codepoint(s, [begin, &n, &result](uint32_t, string_view sv) {
+    if (n != 0) {
+      --n;
+      return true;
+    }
+    result = to_unsigned(sv.begin() - begin);
+    return false;
+  });
+  return result;
+}
+
+inline auto code_point_index(basic_string_view<char8_type> s, size_t n)
+    -> size_t {
+  return code_point_index(
+      string_view(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(s.data()), s.size()), n);
+}
+
+template <typename T> struct is_integral : std::is_integral<T> {};
+template <> struct is_integral<int128_opt> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_integral<uint128_t> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+using is_signed =
+    std::integral_constant<bool, std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed ||
+                                     std::is_same<T, int128_opt>::value>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using is_integer =
+    bool_constant<is_integral<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
+                  !std::is_same<T, char>::value &&
+                  !std::is_same<T, wchar_t>::value>;
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_FLOAT
+#  define FMT_USE_FLOAT 1
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_USE_DOUBLE
+#  define FMT_USE_DOUBLE 1
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE
+#  define FMT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_FLOAT128
+#  ifdef __clang__
+// Clang emulates GCC, so it has to appear early.
+#    if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<quadmath.h>)
+#      define FMT_USE_FLOAT128 1
+#    endif
+#  elif defined(__GNUC__)
+// GNU C++:
+#    if defined(_GLIBCXX_USE_FLOAT128) && !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__)
+#      define FMT_USE_FLOAT128 1
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#  ifndef FMT_USE_FLOAT128
+#    define FMT_USE_FLOAT128 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_USE_FLOAT128
+using float128 = __float128;
+#else
+using float128 = void;
+#endif
+template <typename T> using is_float128 = std::is_same<T, float128>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using is_floating_point =
+    bool_constant<std::is_floating_point<T>::value || is_float128<T>::value>;
+
+template <typename T, bool = std::is_floating_point<T>::value>
+struct is_fast_float : bool_constant<std::numeric_limits<T>::is_iec559 &&
+                                     sizeof(T) <= sizeof(double)> {};
+template <typename T> struct is_fast_float<T, false> : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+using is_double_double = bool_constant<std::numeric_limits<T>::digits == 106>;
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_FULL_CACHE_DRAGONBOX
+#  define FMT_USE_FULL_CACHE_DRAGONBOX 0
+#endif
+
+template <typename T>
+template <typename U>
+void buffer<T>::append(const U* begin, const U* end) {
+  while (begin != end) {
+    auto count = to_unsigned(end - begin);
+    try_reserve(size_ + count);
+    auto free_cap = capacity_ - size_;
+    if (free_cap < count) count = free_cap;
+    std::uninitialized_copy_n(begin, count, ptr_ + size_);
+    size_ += count;
+    begin += count;
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct is_locale : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct is_locale<T, void_t<decltype(T::classic())>> : std::true_type {};
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+
+// The number of characters to store in the basic_memory_buffer object itself
+// to avoid dynamic memory allocation.
+enum { inline_buffer_size = 500 };
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A dynamically growing memory buffer for trivially copyable/constructible types
+  with the first ``SIZE`` elements stored in the object itself.
+
+  You can use the ``memory_buffer`` type alias for ``char`` instead.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+     auto out = fmt::memory_buffer();
+     fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out), "The answer is {}.", 42);
+
+  This will append the following output to the ``out`` object:
+
+  .. code-block:: none
+
+     The answer is 42.
+
+  The output can be converted to an ``std::string`` with ``to_string(out)``.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T, size_t SIZE = inline_buffer_size,
+          typename Allocator = std::allocator<T>>
+class basic_memory_buffer final : public detail::buffer<T> {
+ private:
+  T store_[SIZE];
+
+  // Don't inherit from Allocator to avoid generating type_info for it.
+  FMT_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS Allocator alloc_;
+
+  // Deallocate memory allocated by the buffer.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void deallocate() {
+    T* data = this->data();
+    if (data != store_) alloc_.deallocate(data, this->capacity());
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void grow(size_t size) override {
+    detail::abort_fuzzing_if(size > 5000);
+    const size_t max_size = std::allocator_traits<Allocator>::max_size(alloc_);
+    size_t old_capacity = this->capacity();
+    size_t new_capacity = old_capacity + old_capacity / 2;
+    if (size > new_capacity)
+      new_capacity = size;
+    else if (new_capacity > max_size)
+      new_capacity = size > max_size ? size : max_size;
+    T* old_data = this->data();
+    T* new_data =
+        std::allocator_traits<Allocator>::allocate(alloc_, new_capacity);
+    // Suppress a bogus -Wstringop-overflow in gcc 13.1 (#3481).
+    detail::assume(this->size() <= new_capacity);
+    // The following code doesn't throw, so the raw pointer above doesn't leak.
+    std::uninitialized_copy_n(old_data, this->size(), new_data);
+    this->set(new_data, new_capacity);
+    // deallocate must not throw according to the standard, but even if it does,
+    // the buffer already uses the new storage and will deallocate it in
+    // destructor.
+    if (old_data != store_) alloc_.deallocate(old_data, old_capacity);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  using value_type = T;
+  using const_reference = const T&;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 explicit basic_memory_buffer(
+      const Allocator& alloc = Allocator())
+      : alloc_(alloc) {
+    this->set(store_, SIZE);
+    if (detail::is_constant_evaluated()) detail::fill_n(store_, SIZE, T());
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 ~basic_memory_buffer() { deallocate(); }
+
+ private:
+  // Move data from other to this buffer.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void move(basic_memory_buffer& other) {
+    alloc_ = std::move(other.alloc_);
+    T* data = other.data();
+    size_t size = other.size(), capacity = other.capacity();
+    if (data == other.store_) {
+      this->set(store_, capacity);
+      detail::copy_str<T>(other.store_, other.store_ + size, store_);
+    } else {
+      this->set(data, capacity);
+      // Set pointer to the inline array so that delete is not called
+      // when deallocating.
+      other.set(other.store_, 0);
+      other.clear();
+    }
+    this->resize(size);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Constructs a :class:`fmt::basic_memory_buffer` object moving the content
+    of the other object to it.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 basic_memory_buffer(basic_memory_buffer&& other) noexcept {
+    move(other);
+  }
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Moves the content of the other ``basic_memory_buffer`` object to this one.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  auto operator=(basic_memory_buffer&& other) noexcept -> basic_memory_buffer& {
+    FMT_ASSERT(this != &other, "");
+    deallocate();
+    move(other);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // Returns a copy of the allocator associated with this buffer.
+  auto get_allocator() const -> Allocator { return alloc_; }
+
+  /**
+    Resizes the buffer to contain *count* elements. If T is a POD type new
+    elements may not be initialized.
+   */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void resize(size_t count) { this->try_resize(count); }
+
+  /** Increases the buffer capacity to *new_capacity*. */
+  void reserve(size_t new_capacity) { this->try_reserve(new_capacity); }
+
+  using detail::buffer<T>::append;
+  template <typename ContiguousRange>
+  void append(const ContiguousRange& range) {
+    append(range.data(), range.data() + range.size());
+  }
+};
+
+using memory_buffer = basic_memory_buffer<char>;
+
+template <typename T, size_t SIZE, typename Allocator>
+struct is_contiguous<basic_memory_buffer<T, SIZE, Allocator>> : std::true_type {
+};
+
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+namespace detail {
+FMT_API auto write_console(int fd, string_view text) -> bool;
+FMT_API auto write_console(std::FILE* f, string_view text) -> bool;
+FMT_API void print(std::FILE*, string_view);
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+
+// Suppress a misleading warning in older versions of clang.
+#if FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#  pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wweak-vtables"
+#endif
+
+/** An error reported from a formatting function. */
+class FMT_SO_VISIBILITY("default") format_error : public std::runtime_error {
+ public:
+  using std::runtime_error::runtime_error;
+};
+
+namespace detail_exported {
+#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+template <typename Char, size_t N> struct fixed_string {
+  constexpr fixed_string(const Char (&str)[N]) {
+    detail::copy_str<Char, const Char*, Char*>(static_cast<const Char*>(str),
+                                               str + N, data);
+  }
+  Char data[N] = {};
+};
+#endif
+
+// Converts a compile-time string to basic_string_view.
+template <typename Char, size_t N>
+constexpr auto compile_string_to_view(const Char (&s)[N])
+    -> basic_string_view<Char> {
+  // Remove trailing NUL character if needed. Won't be present if this is used
+  // with a raw character array (i.e. not defined as a string).
+  return {s, N - (std::char_traits<Char>::to_int_type(s[N - 1]) == 0 ? 1 : 0)};
+}
+template <typename Char>
+constexpr auto compile_string_to_view(detail::std_string_view<Char> s)
+    -> basic_string_view<Char> {
+  return {s.data(), s.size()};
+}
+}  // namespace detail_exported
+
+class loc_value {
+ private:
+  basic_format_arg<format_context> value_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!detail::is_float128<T>::value)>
+  loc_value(T value) : value_(detail::make_arg<format_context>(value)) {}
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_float128<T>::value)>
+  loc_value(T) {}
+
+  template <typename Visitor> auto visit(Visitor&& vis) -> decltype(vis(0)) {
+    return visit_format_arg(vis, value_);
+  }
+};
+
+// A locale facet that formats values in UTF-8.
+// It is parameterized on the locale to avoid the heavy <locale> include.
+template <typename Locale> class format_facet : public Locale::facet {
+ private:
+  std::string separator_;
+  std::string grouping_;
+  std::string decimal_point_;
+
+ protected:
+  virtual auto do_put(appender out, loc_value val,
+                      const format_specs<>& specs) const -> bool;
+
+ public:
+  static FMT_API typename Locale::id id;
+
+  explicit format_facet(Locale& loc);
+  explicit format_facet(string_view sep = "",
+                        std::initializer_list<unsigned char> g = {3},
+                        std::string decimal_point = ".")
+      : separator_(sep.data(), sep.size()),
+        grouping_(g.begin(), g.end()),
+        decimal_point_(decimal_point) {}
+
+  auto put(appender out, loc_value val, const format_specs<>& specs) const
+      -> bool {
+    return do_put(out, val, specs);
+  }
+};
+
+namespace detail {
+
+// Returns true if value is negative, false otherwise.
+// Same as `value < 0` but doesn't produce warnings if T is an unsigned type.
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_signed<T>::value)>
+constexpr auto is_negative(T value) -> bool {
+  return value < 0;
+}
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_signed<T>::value)>
+constexpr auto is_negative(T) -> bool {
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto is_supported_floating_point(T) -> bool {
+  if (std::is_same<T, float>()) return FMT_USE_FLOAT;
+  if (std::is_same<T, double>()) return FMT_USE_DOUBLE;
+  if (std::is_same<T, long double>()) return FMT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE;
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Smallest of uint32_t, uint64_t, uint128_t that is large enough to
+// represent all values of an integral type T.
+template <typename T>
+using uint32_or_64_or_128_t =
+    conditional_t<num_bits<T>() <= 32 && !FMT_REDUCE_INT_INSTANTIATIONS,
+                  uint32_t,
+                  conditional_t<num_bits<T>() <= 64, uint64_t, uint128_t>>;
+template <typename T>
+using uint64_or_128_t = conditional_t<num_bits<T>() <= 64, uint64_t, uint128_t>;
+
+#define FMT_POWERS_OF_10(factor)                                  \
+  factor * 10, (factor) * 100, (factor) * 1000, (factor) * 10000, \
+      (factor) * 100000, (factor) * 1000000, (factor) * 10000000, \
+      (factor) * 100000000, (factor) * 1000000000
+
+// Converts value in the range [0, 100) to a string.
+constexpr auto digits2(size_t value) -> const char* {
+  // GCC generates slightly better code when value is pointer-size.
+  return &"0001020304050607080910111213141516171819"
+         "2021222324252627282930313233343536373839"
+         "4041424344454647484950515253545556575859"
+         "6061626364656667686970717273747576777879"
+         "8081828384858687888990919293949596979899"[value * 2];
+}
+
+// Sign is a template parameter to workaround a bug in gcc 4.8.
+template <typename Char, typename Sign> constexpr auto sign(Sign s) -> Char {
+#if !FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 604
+  static_assert(std::is_same<Sign, sign_t>::value, "");
+#endif
+  return static_cast<Char>("\0-+ "[s]);
+}
+
+template <typename T> FMT_CONSTEXPR auto count_digits_fallback(T n) -> int {
+  int count = 1;
+  for (;;) {
+    // Integer division is slow so do it for a group of four digits instead
+    // of for every digit. The idea comes from the talk by Alexandrescu
+    // "Three Optimization Tips for C++". See speed-test for a comparison.
+    if (n < 10) return count;
+    if (n < 100) return count + 1;
+    if (n < 1000) return count + 2;
+    if (n < 10000) return count + 3;
+    n /= 10000u;
+    count += 4;
+  }
+}
+#if FMT_USE_INT128
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto count_digits(uint128_opt n) -> int {
+  return count_digits_fallback(n);
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL
+// It is a separate function rather than a part of count_digits to workaround
+// the lack of static constexpr in constexpr functions.
+inline auto do_count_digits(uint64_t n) -> int {
+  // This has comparable performance to the version by Kendall Willets
+  // (https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/digits10)
+  // but uses smaller tables.
+  // Maps bsr(n) to ceil(log10(pow(2, bsr(n) + 1) - 1)).
+  static constexpr uint8_t bsr2log10[] = {
+      1,  1,  1,  2,  2,  2,  3,  3,  3,  4,  4,  4,  4,  5,  5,  5,
+      6,  6,  6,  7,  7,  7,  7,  8,  8,  8,  9,  9,  9,  10, 10, 10,
+      10, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 15, 15,
+      15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 17, 18, 18, 18, 19, 19, 19, 19, 20};
+  auto t = bsr2log10[FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n | 1) ^ 63];
+  static constexpr const uint64_t zero_or_powers_of_10[] = {
+      0, 0, FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1U), FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1000000000ULL),
+      10000000000000000000ULL};
+  return t - (n < zero_or_powers_of_10[t]);
+}
+#endif
+
+// Returns the number of decimal digits in n. Leading zeros are not counted
+// except for n == 0 in which case count_digits returns 1.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline auto count_digits(uint64_t n) -> int {
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    return do_count_digits(n);
+  }
+#endif
+  return count_digits_fallback(n);
+}
+
+// Counts the number of digits in n. BITS = log2(radix).
+template <int BITS, typename UInt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto count_digits(UInt n) -> int {
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated() && num_bits<UInt>() == 32)
+    return (FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(static_cast<uint32_t>(n) | 1) ^ 31) / BITS + 1;
+#endif
+  // Lambda avoids unreachable code warnings from NVHPC.
+  return [](UInt m) {
+    int num_digits = 0;
+    do {
+      ++num_digits;
+    } while ((m >>= BITS) != 0);
+    return num_digits;
+  }(n);
+}
+
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ
+// It is a separate function rather than a part of count_digits to workaround
+// the lack of static constexpr in constexpr functions.
+FMT_INLINE auto do_count_digits(uint32_t n) -> int {
+// An optimization by Kendall Willets from https://bit.ly/3uOIQrB.
+// This increments the upper 32 bits (log10(T) - 1) when >= T is added.
+#  define FMT_INC(T) (((sizeof(#T) - 1ull) << 32) - T)
+  static constexpr uint64_t table[] = {
+      FMT_INC(0),          FMT_INC(0),          FMT_INC(0),           // 8
+      FMT_INC(10),         FMT_INC(10),         FMT_INC(10),          // 64
+      FMT_INC(100),        FMT_INC(100),        FMT_INC(100),         // 512
+      FMT_INC(1000),       FMT_INC(1000),       FMT_INC(1000),        // 4096
+      FMT_INC(10000),      FMT_INC(10000),      FMT_INC(10000),       // 32k
+      FMT_INC(100000),     FMT_INC(100000),     FMT_INC(100000),      // 256k
+      FMT_INC(1000000),    FMT_INC(1000000),    FMT_INC(1000000),     // 2048k
+      FMT_INC(10000000),   FMT_INC(10000000),   FMT_INC(10000000),    // 16M
+      FMT_INC(100000000),  FMT_INC(100000000),  FMT_INC(100000000),   // 128M
+      FMT_INC(1000000000), FMT_INC(1000000000), FMT_INC(1000000000),  // 1024M
+      FMT_INC(1000000000), FMT_INC(1000000000)                        // 4B
+  };
+  auto inc = table[FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n | 1) ^ 31];
+  return static_cast<int>((n + inc) >> 32);
+}
+#endif
+
+// Optional version of count_digits for better performance on 32-bit platforms.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline auto count_digits(uint32_t n) -> int {
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    return do_count_digits(n);
+  }
+#endif
+  return count_digits_fallback(n);
+}
+
+template <typename Int> constexpr auto digits10() noexcept -> int {
+  return std::numeric_limits<Int>::digits10;
+}
+template <> constexpr auto digits10<int128_opt>() noexcept -> int { return 38; }
+template <> constexpr auto digits10<uint128_t>() noexcept -> int { return 38; }
+
+template <typename Char> struct thousands_sep_result {
+  std::string grouping;
+  Char thousands_sep;
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_API auto thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref loc) -> thousands_sep_result<Char>;
+template <typename Char>
+inline auto thousands_sep(locale_ref loc) -> thousands_sep_result<Char> {
+  auto result = thousands_sep_impl<char>(loc);
+  return {result.grouping, Char(result.thousands_sep)};
+}
+template <>
+inline auto thousands_sep(locale_ref loc) -> thousands_sep_result<wchar_t> {
+  return thousands_sep_impl<wchar_t>(loc);
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_API auto decimal_point_impl(locale_ref loc) -> Char;
+template <typename Char> inline auto decimal_point(locale_ref loc) -> Char {
+  return Char(decimal_point_impl<char>(loc));
+}
+template <> inline auto decimal_point(locale_ref loc) -> wchar_t {
+  return decimal_point_impl<wchar_t>(loc);
+}
+
+// Compares two characters for equality.
+template <typename Char> auto equal2(const Char* lhs, const char* rhs) -> bool {
+  return lhs[0] == Char(rhs[0]) && lhs[1] == Char(rhs[1]);
+}
+inline auto equal2(const char* lhs, const char* rhs) -> bool {
+  return memcmp(lhs, rhs, 2) == 0;
+}
+
+// Copies two characters from src to dst.
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 FMT_INLINE void copy2(Char* dst, const char* src) {
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated() && sizeof(Char) == sizeof(char)) {
+    memcpy(dst, src, 2);
+    return;
+  }
+  *dst++ = static_cast<Char>(*src++);
+  *dst = static_cast<Char>(*src);
+}
+
+template <typename Iterator> struct format_decimal_result {
+  Iterator begin;
+  Iterator end;
+};
+
+// Formats a decimal unsigned integer value writing into out pointing to a
+// buffer of specified size. The caller must ensure that the buffer is large
+// enough.
+template <typename Char, typename UInt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto format_decimal(Char* out, UInt value, int size)
+    -> format_decimal_result<Char*> {
+  FMT_ASSERT(size >= count_digits(value), "invalid digit count");
+  out += size;
+  Char* end = out;
+  while (value >= 100) {
+    // Integer division is slow so do it for a group of two digits instead
+    // of for every digit. The idea comes from the talk by Alexandrescu
+    // "Three Optimization Tips for C++". See speed-test for a comparison.
+    out -= 2;
+    copy2(out, digits2(static_cast<size_t>(value % 100)));
+    value /= 100;
+  }
+  if (value < 10) {
+    *--out = static_cast<Char>('0' + value);
+    return {out, end};
+  }
+  out -= 2;
+  copy2(out, digits2(static_cast<size_t>(value)));
+  return {out, end};
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename UInt, typename Iterator,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_pointer<remove_cvref_t<Iterator>>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto format_decimal(Iterator out, UInt value, int size)
+    -> format_decimal_result<Iterator> {
+  // Buffer is large enough to hold all digits (digits10 + 1).
+  Char buffer[digits10<UInt>() + 1] = {};
+  auto end = format_decimal(buffer, value, size).end;
+  return {out, detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(buffer, end, out)};
+}
+
+template <unsigned BASE_BITS, typename Char, typename UInt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto format_uint(Char* buffer, UInt value, int num_digits,
+                               bool upper = false) -> Char* {
+  buffer += num_digits;
+  Char* end = buffer;
+  do {
+    const char* digits = upper ? "0123456789ABCDEF" : "0123456789abcdef";
+    unsigned digit = static_cast<unsigned>(value & ((1 << BASE_BITS) - 1));
+    *--buffer = static_cast<Char>(BASE_BITS < 4 ? static_cast<char>('0' + digit)
+                                                : digits[digit]);
+  } while ((value >>= BASE_BITS) != 0);
+  return end;
+}
+
+template <unsigned BASE_BITS, typename Char, typename It, typename UInt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto format_uint(It out, UInt value, int num_digits,
+                                      bool upper = false) -> It {
+  if (auto ptr = to_pointer<Char>(out, to_unsigned(num_digits))) {
+    format_uint<BASE_BITS>(ptr, value, num_digits, upper);
+    return out;
+  }
+  // Buffer should be large enough to hold all digits (digits / BASE_BITS + 1).
+  char buffer[num_bits<UInt>() / BASE_BITS + 1] = {};
+  format_uint<BASE_BITS>(buffer, value, num_digits, upper);
+  return detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(buffer, buffer + num_digits, out);
+}
+
+// A converter from UTF-8 to UTF-16.
+class utf8_to_utf16 {
+ private:
+  basic_memory_buffer<wchar_t> buffer_;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_API explicit utf8_to_utf16(string_view s);
+  operator basic_string_view<wchar_t>() const { return {&buffer_[0], size()}; }
+  auto size() const -> size_t { return buffer_.size() - 1; }
+  auto c_str() const -> const wchar_t* { return &buffer_[0]; }
+  auto str() const -> std::wstring { return {&buffer_[0], size()}; }
+};
+
+enum class to_utf8_error_policy { abort, replace };
+
+// A converter from UTF-16/UTF-32 (host endian) to UTF-8.
+template <typename WChar, typename Buffer = memory_buffer> class to_utf8 {
+ private:
+  Buffer buffer_;
+
+ public:
+  to_utf8() {}
+  explicit to_utf8(basic_string_view<WChar> s,
+                   to_utf8_error_policy policy = to_utf8_error_policy::abort) {
+    static_assert(sizeof(WChar) == 2 || sizeof(WChar) == 4,
+                  "Expect utf16 or utf32");
+    if (!convert(s, policy))
+      FMT_THROW(std::runtime_error(sizeof(WChar) == 2 ? "invalid utf16"
+                                                      : "invalid utf32"));
+  }
+  operator string_view() const { return string_view(&buffer_[0], size()); }
+  auto size() const -> size_t { return buffer_.size() - 1; }
+  auto c_str() const -> const char* { return &buffer_[0]; }
+  auto str() const -> std::string { return std::string(&buffer_[0], size()); }
+
+  // Performs conversion returning a bool instead of throwing exception on
+  // conversion error. This method may still throw in case of memory allocation
+  // error.
+  auto convert(basic_string_view<WChar> s,
+               to_utf8_error_policy policy = to_utf8_error_policy::abort)
+      -> bool {
+    if (!convert(buffer_, s, policy)) return false;
+    buffer_.push_back(0);
+    return true;
+  }
+  static auto convert(Buffer& buf, basic_string_view<WChar> s,
+                      to_utf8_error_policy policy = to_utf8_error_policy::abort)
+      -> bool {
+    for (auto p = s.begin(); p != s.end(); ++p) {
+      uint32_t c = static_cast<uint32_t>(*p);
+      if (sizeof(WChar) == 2 && c >= 0xd800 && c <= 0xdfff) {
+        // Handle a surrogate pair.
+        ++p;
+        if (p == s.end() || (c & 0xfc00) != 0xd800 || (*p & 0xfc00) != 0xdc00) {
+          if (policy == to_utf8_error_policy::abort) return false;
+          buf.append(string_view("\xEF\xBF\xBD"));
+          --p;
+        } else {
+          c = (c << 10) + static_cast<uint32_t>(*p) - 0x35fdc00;
+        }
+      } else if (c < 0x80) {
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(c));
+      } else if (c < 0x800) {
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0xc0 | (c >> 6)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | (c & 0x3f)));
+      } else if ((c >= 0x800 && c <= 0xd7ff) || (c >= 0xe000 && c <= 0xffff)) {
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0xe0 | (c >> 12)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | ((c & 0xfff) >> 6)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | (c & 0x3f)));
+      } else if (c >= 0x10000 && c <= 0x10ffff) {
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0xf0 | (c >> 18)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | ((c & 0x3ffff) >> 12)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | ((c & 0xfff) >> 6)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | (c & 0x3f)));
+      } else {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+};
+
+// Computes 128-bit result of multiplication of two 64-bit unsigned integers.
+inline auto umul128(uint64_t x, uint64_t y) noexcept -> uint128_fallback {
+#if FMT_USE_INT128
+  auto p = static_cast<uint128_opt>(x) * static_cast<uint128_opt>(y);
+  return {static_cast<uint64_t>(p >> 64), static_cast<uint64_t>(p)};
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
+  auto hi = uint64_t();
+  auto lo = _umul128(x, y, &hi);
+  return {hi, lo};
+#else
+  const uint64_t mask = static_cast<uint64_t>(max_value<uint32_t>());
+
+  uint64_t a = x >> 32;
+  uint64_t b = x & mask;
+  uint64_t c = y >> 32;
+  uint64_t d = y & mask;
+
+  uint64_t ac = a * c;
+  uint64_t bc = b * c;
+  uint64_t ad = a * d;
+  uint64_t bd = b * d;
+
+  uint64_t intermediate = (bd >> 32) + (ad & mask) + (bc & mask);
+
+  return {ac + (intermediate >> 32) + (ad >> 32) + (bc >> 32),
+          (intermediate << 32) + (bd & mask)};
+#endif
+}
+
+namespace dragonbox {
+// Computes floor(log10(pow(2, e))) for e in [-2620, 2620] using the method from
+// https://fmt.dev/papers/Dragonbox.pdf#page=28, section 6.1.
+inline auto floor_log10_pow2(int e) noexcept -> int {
+  FMT_ASSERT(e <= 2620 && e >= -2620, "too large exponent");
+  static_assert((-1 >> 1) == -1, "right shift is not arithmetic");
+  return (e * 315653) >> 20;
+}
+
+inline auto floor_log2_pow10(int e) noexcept -> int {
+  FMT_ASSERT(e <= 1233 && e >= -1233, "too large exponent");
+  return (e * 1741647) >> 19;
+}
+
+// Computes upper 64 bits of multiplication of two 64-bit unsigned integers.
+inline auto umul128_upper64(uint64_t x, uint64_t y) noexcept -> uint64_t {
+#if FMT_USE_INT128
+  auto p = static_cast<uint128_opt>(x) * static_cast<uint128_opt>(y);
+  return static_cast<uint64_t>(p >> 64);
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
+  return __umulh(x, y);
+#else
+  return umul128(x, y).high();
+#endif
+}
+
+// Computes upper 128 bits of multiplication of a 64-bit unsigned integer and a
+// 128-bit unsigned integer.
+inline auto umul192_upper128(uint64_t x, uint128_fallback y) noexcept
+    -> uint128_fallback {
+  uint128_fallback r = umul128(x, y.high());
+  r += umul128_upper64(x, y.low());
+  return r;
+}
+
+FMT_API auto get_cached_power(int k) noexcept -> uint128_fallback;
+
+// Type-specific information that Dragonbox uses.
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void> struct float_info;
+
+template <> struct float_info<float> {
+  using carrier_uint = uint32_t;
+  static const int exponent_bits = 8;
+  static const int kappa = 1;
+  static const int big_divisor = 100;
+  static const int small_divisor = 10;
+  static const int min_k = -31;
+  static const int max_k = 46;
+  static const int shorter_interval_tie_lower_threshold = -35;
+  static const int shorter_interval_tie_upper_threshold = -35;
+};
+
+template <> struct float_info<double> {
+  using carrier_uint = uint64_t;
+  static const int exponent_bits = 11;
+  static const int kappa = 2;
+  static const int big_divisor = 1000;
+  static const int small_divisor = 100;
+  static const int min_k = -292;
+  static const int max_k = 341;
+  static const int shorter_interval_tie_lower_threshold = -77;
+  static const int shorter_interval_tie_upper_threshold = -77;
+};
+
+// An 80- or 128-bit floating point number.
+template <typename T>
+struct float_info<T, enable_if_t<std::numeric_limits<T>::digits == 64 ||
+                                 std::numeric_limits<T>::digits == 113 ||
+                                 is_float128<T>::value>> {
+  using carrier_uint = detail::uint128_t;
+  static const int exponent_bits = 15;
+};
+
+// A double-double floating point number.
+template <typename T>
+struct float_info<T, enable_if_t<is_double_double<T>::value>> {
+  using carrier_uint = detail::uint128_t;
+};
+
+template <typename T> struct decimal_fp {
+  using significand_type = typename float_info<T>::carrier_uint;
+  significand_type significand;
+  int exponent;
+};
+
+template <typename T> FMT_API auto to_decimal(T x) noexcept -> decimal_fp<T>;
+}  // namespace dragonbox
+
+// Returns true iff Float has the implicit bit which is not stored.
+template <typename Float> constexpr auto has_implicit_bit() -> bool {
+  // An 80-bit FP number has a 64-bit significand an no implicit bit.
+  return std::numeric_limits<Float>::digits != 64;
+}
+
+// Returns the number of significand bits stored in Float. The implicit bit is
+// not counted since it is not stored.
+template <typename Float> constexpr auto num_significand_bits() -> int {
+  // std::numeric_limits may not support __float128.
+  return is_float128<Float>() ? 112
+                              : (std::numeric_limits<Float>::digits -
+                                 (has_implicit_bit<Float>() ? 1 : 0));
+}
+
+template <typename Float>
+constexpr auto exponent_mask() ->
+    typename dragonbox::float_info<Float>::carrier_uint {
+  using float_uint = typename dragonbox::float_info<Float>::carrier_uint;
+  return ((float_uint(1) << dragonbox::float_info<Float>::exponent_bits) - 1)
+         << num_significand_bits<Float>();
+}
+template <typename Float> constexpr auto exponent_bias() -> int {
+  // std::numeric_limits may not support __float128.
+  return is_float128<Float>() ? 16383
+                              : std::numeric_limits<Float>::max_exponent - 1;
+}
+
+// Writes the exponent exp in the form "[+-]d{2,3}" to buffer.
+template <typename Char, typename It>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write_exponent(int exp, It it) -> It {
+  FMT_ASSERT(-10000 < exp && exp < 10000, "exponent out of range");
+  if (exp < 0) {
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>('-');
+    exp = -exp;
+  } else {
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>('+');
+  }
+  if (exp >= 100) {
+    const char* top = digits2(to_unsigned(exp / 100));
+    if (exp >= 1000) *it++ = static_cast<Char>(top[0]);
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>(top[1]);
+    exp %= 100;
+  }
+  const char* d = digits2(to_unsigned(exp));
+  *it++ = static_cast<Char>(d[0]);
+  *it++ = static_cast<Char>(d[1]);
+  return it;
+}
+
+// A floating-point number f * pow(2, e) where F is an unsigned type.
+template <typename F> struct basic_fp {
+  F f;
+  int e;
+
+  static constexpr const int num_significand_bits =
+      static_cast<int>(sizeof(F) * num_bits<unsigned char>());
+
+  constexpr basic_fp() : f(0), e(0) {}
+  constexpr basic_fp(uint64_t f_val, int e_val) : f(f_val), e(e_val) {}
+
+  // Constructs fp from an IEEE754 floating-point number.
+  template <typename Float> FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_fp(Float n) { assign(n); }
+
+  // Assigns n to this and return true iff predecessor is closer than successor.
+  template <typename Float, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_double_double<Float>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto assign(Float n) -> bool {
+    static_assert(std::numeric_limits<Float>::digits <= 113, "unsupported FP");
+    // Assume Float is in the format [sign][exponent][significand].
+    using carrier_uint = typename dragonbox::float_info<Float>::carrier_uint;
+    const auto num_float_significand_bits =
+        detail::num_significand_bits<Float>();
+    const auto implicit_bit = carrier_uint(1) << num_float_significand_bits;
+    const auto significand_mask = implicit_bit - 1;
+    auto u = bit_cast<carrier_uint>(n);
+    f = static_cast<F>(u & significand_mask);
+    auto biased_e = static_cast<int>((u & exponent_mask<Float>()) >>
+                                     num_float_significand_bits);
+    // The predecessor is closer if n is a normalized power of 2 (f == 0)
+    // other than the smallest normalized number (biased_e > 1).
+    auto is_predecessor_closer = f == 0 && biased_e > 1;
+    if (biased_e == 0)
+      biased_e = 1;  // Subnormals use biased exponent 1 (min exponent).
+    else if (has_implicit_bit<Float>())
+      f += static_cast<F>(implicit_bit);
+    e = biased_e - exponent_bias<Float>() - num_float_significand_bits;
+    if (!has_implicit_bit<Float>()) ++e;
+    return is_predecessor_closer;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Float, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_double_double<Float>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto assign(Float n) -> bool {
+    static_assert(std::numeric_limits<double>::is_iec559, "unsupported FP");
+    return assign(static_cast<double>(n));
+  }
+};
+
+using fp = basic_fp<unsigned long long>;
+
+// Normalizes the value converted from double and multiplied by (1 << SHIFT).
+template <int SHIFT = 0, typename F>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto normalize(basic_fp<F> value) -> basic_fp<F> {
+  // Handle subnormals.
+  const auto implicit_bit = F(1) << num_significand_bits<double>();
+  const auto shifted_implicit_bit = implicit_bit << SHIFT;
+  while ((value.f & shifted_implicit_bit) == 0) {
+    value.f <<= 1;
+    --value.e;
+  }
+  // Subtract 1 to account for hidden bit.
+  const auto offset = basic_fp<F>::num_significand_bits -
+                      num_significand_bits<double>() - SHIFT - 1;
+  value.f <<= offset;
+  value.e -= offset;
+  return value;
+}
+
+// Computes lhs * rhs / pow(2, 64) rounded to nearest with half-up tie breaking.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto multiply(uint64_t lhs, uint64_t rhs) -> uint64_t {
+#if FMT_USE_INT128
+  auto product = static_cast<__uint128_t>(lhs) * rhs;
+  auto f = static_cast<uint64_t>(product >> 64);
+  return (static_cast<uint64_t>(product) & (1ULL << 63)) != 0 ? f + 1 : f;
+#else
+  // Multiply 32-bit parts of significands.
+  uint64_t mask = (1ULL << 32) - 1;
+  uint64_t a = lhs >> 32, b = lhs & mask;
+  uint64_t c = rhs >> 32, d = rhs & mask;
+  uint64_t ac = a * c, bc = b * c, ad = a * d, bd = b * d;
+  // Compute mid 64-bit of result and round.
+  uint64_t mid = (bd >> 32) + (ad & mask) + (bc & mask) + (1U << 31);
+  return ac + (ad >> 32) + (bc >> 32) + (mid >> 32);
+#endif
+}
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto operator*(fp x, fp y) -> fp {
+  return {multiply(x.f, y.f), x.e + y.e + 64};
+}
+
+template <typename T, bool doublish = num_bits<T>() == num_bits<double>()>
+using convert_float_result =
+    conditional_t<std::is_same<T, float>::value || doublish, double, T>;
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr auto convert_float(T value) -> convert_float_result<T> {
+  return static_cast<convert_float_result<T>>(value);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+FMT_NOINLINE FMT_CONSTEXPR auto fill(OutputIt it, size_t n,
+                                     const fill_t<Char>& fill) -> OutputIt {
+  auto fill_size = fill.size();
+  if (fill_size == 1) return detail::fill_n(it, n, fill[0]);
+  auto data = fill.data();
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+    it = copy_str<Char>(data, data + fill_size, it);
+  return it;
+}
+
+// Writes the output of f, padded according to format specifications in specs.
+// size: output size in code units.
+// width: output display width in (terminal) column positions.
+template <align::type align = align::left, typename OutputIt, typename Char,
+          typename F>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write_padded(OutputIt out, const format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                size_t size, size_t width, F&& f) -> OutputIt {
+  static_assert(align == align::left || align == align::right, "");
+  unsigned spec_width = to_unsigned(specs.width);
+  size_t padding = spec_width > width ? spec_width - width : 0;
+  // Shifts are encoded as string literals because static constexpr is not
+  // supported in constexpr functions.
+  auto* shifts = align == align::left ? "\x1f\x1f\x00\x01" : "\x00\x1f\x00\x01";
+  size_t left_padding = padding >> shifts[specs.align];
+  size_t right_padding = padding - left_padding;
+  auto it = reserve(out, size + padding * specs.fill.size());
+  if (left_padding != 0) it = fill(it, left_padding, specs.fill);
+  it = f(it);
+  if (right_padding != 0) it = fill(it, right_padding, specs.fill);
+  return base_iterator(out, it);
+}
+
+template <align::type align = align::left, typename OutputIt, typename Char,
+          typename F>
+constexpr auto write_padded(OutputIt out, const format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                            size_t size, F&& f) -> OutputIt {
+  return write_padded<align>(out, specs, size, size, f);
+}
+
+template <align::type align = align::left, typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write_bytes(OutputIt out, string_view bytes,
+                               const format_specs<Char>& specs) -> OutputIt {
+  return write_padded<align>(
+      out, specs, bytes.size(), [bytes](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+        const char* data = bytes.data();
+        return copy_str<Char>(data, data + bytes.size(), it);
+      });
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename UIntPtr>
+auto write_ptr(OutputIt out, UIntPtr value, const format_specs<Char>* specs)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  int num_digits = count_digits<4>(value);
+  auto size = to_unsigned(num_digits) + size_t(2);
+  auto write = [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>('0');
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>('x');
+    return format_uint<4, Char>(it, value, num_digits);
+  };
+  return specs ? write_padded<align::right>(out, *specs, size, write)
+               : base_iterator(out, write(reserve(out, size)));
+}
+
+// Returns true iff the code point cp is printable.
+FMT_API auto is_printable(uint32_t cp) -> bool;
+
+inline auto needs_escape(uint32_t cp) -> bool {
+  return cp < 0x20 || cp == 0x7f || cp == '"' || cp == '\\' ||
+         !is_printable(cp);
+}
+
+template <typename Char> struct find_escape_result {
+  const Char* begin;
+  const Char* end;
+  uint32_t cp;
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+using make_unsigned_char =
+    typename conditional_t<std::is_integral<Char>::value,
+                           std::make_unsigned<Char>,
+                           type_identity<uint32_t>>::type;
+
+template <typename Char>
+auto find_escape(const Char* begin, const Char* end)
+    -> find_escape_result<Char> {
+  for (; begin != end; ++begin) {
+    uint32_t cp = static_cast<make_unsigned_char<Char>>(*begin);
+    if (const_check(sizeof(Char) == 1) && cp >= 0x80) continue;
+    if (needs_escape(cp)) return {begin, begin + 1, cp};
+  }
+  return {begin, nullptr, 0};
+}
+
+inline auto find_escape(const char* begin, const char* end)
+    -> find_escape_result<char> {
+  if (!is_utf8()) return find_escape<char>(begin, end);
+  auto result = find_escape_result<char>{end, nullptr, 0};
+  for_each_codepoint(string_view(begin, to_unsigned(end - begin)),
+                     [&](uint32_t cp, string_view sv) {
+                       if (needs_escape(cp)) {
+                         result = {sv.begin(), sv.end(), cp};
+                         return false;
+                       }
+                       return true;
+                     });
+  return result;
+}
+
+#define FMT_STRING_IMPL(s, base, explicit)                                    \
+  [] {                                                                        \
+    /* Use the hidden visibility as a workaround for a GCC bug (#1973). */    \
+    /* Use a macro-like name to avoid shadowing warnings. */                  \
+    struct FMT_VISIBILITY("hidden") FMT_COMPILE_STRING : base {               \
+      using char_type FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED = fmt::remove_cvref_t<decltype(s[0])>; \
+      FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit                                 \
+      operator fmt::basic_string_view<char_type>() const {                    \
+        return fmt::detail_exported::compile_string_to_view<char_type>(s);    \
+      }                                                                       \
+    };                                                                        \
+    return FMT_COMPILE_STRING();                                              \
+  }()
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Constructs a compile-time format string from a string literal *s*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    // A compile-time error because 'd' is an invalid specifier for strings.
+    std::string s = fmt::format(FMT_STRING("{:d}"), "foo");
+  \endrst
+ */
+#define FMT_STRING(s) FMT_STRING_IMPL(s, fmt::detail::compile_string, )
+
+template <size_t width, typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+auto write_codepoint(OutputIt out, char prefix, uint32_t cp) -> OutputIt {
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\\');
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>(prefix);
+  Char buf[width];
+  fill_n(buf, width, static_cast<Char>('0'));
+  format_uint<4>(buf, cp, width);
+  return copy_str<Char>(buf, buf + width, out);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+auto write_escaped_cp(OutputIt out, const find_escape_result<Char>& escape)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  auto c = static_cast<Char>(escape.cp);
+  switch (escape.cp) {
+  case '\n':
+    *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\\');
+    c = static_cast<Char>('n');
+    break;
+  case '\r':
+    *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\\');
+    c = static_cast<Char>('r');
+    break;
+  case '\t':
+    *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\\');
+    c = static_cast<Char>('t');
+    break;
+  case '"':
+    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case '\'':
+    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case '\\':
+    *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\\');
+    break;
+  default:
+    if (escape.cp < 0x100) {
+      return write_codepoint<2, Char>(out, 'x', escape.cp);
+    }
+    if (escape.cp < 0x10000) {
+      return write_codepoint<4, Char>(out, 'u', escape.cp);
+    }
+    if (escape.cp < 0x110000) {
+      return write_codepoint<8, Char>(out, 'U', escape.cp);
+    }
+    for (Char escape_char : basic_string_view<Char>(
+             escape.begin, to_unsigned(escape.end - escape.begin))) {
+      out = write_codepoint<2, Char>(out, 'x',
+                                     static_cast<uint32_t>(escape_char) & 0xFF);
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+  *out++ = c;
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+auto write_escaped_string(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<Char> str)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>('"');
+  auto begin = str.begin(), end = str.end();
+  do {
+    auto escape = find_escape(begin, end);
+    out = copy_str<Char>(begin, escape.begin, out);
+    begin = escape.end;
+    if (!begin) break;
+    out = write_escaped_cp<OutputIt, Char>(out, escape);
+  } while (begin != end);
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>('"');
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+auto write_escaped_char(OutputIt out, Char v) -> OutputIt {
+  Char v_array[1] = {v};
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\'');
+  if ((needs_escape(static_cast<uint32_t>(v)) && v != static_cast<Char>('"')) ||
+      v == static_cast<Char>('\'')) {
+    out = write_escaped_cp(out,
+                           find_escape_result<Char>{v_array, v_array + 1,
+                                                    static_cast<uint32_t>(v)});
+  } else {
+    *out++ = v;
+  }
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\'');
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write_char(OutputIt out, Char value,
+                              const format_specs<Char>& specs) -> OutputIt {
+  bool is_debug = specs.type == presentation_type::debug;
+  return write_padded(out, specs, 1, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+    if (is_debug) return write_escaped_char(it, value);
+    *it++ = value;
+    return it;
+  });
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, Char value,
+                         const format_specs<Char>& specs, locale_ref loc = {})
+    -> OutputIt {
+  // char is formatted as unsigned char for consistency across platforms.
+  using unsigned_type =
+      conditional_t<std::is_same<Char, char>::value, unsigned char, unsigned>;
+  return check_char_specs(specs)
+             ? write_char(out, value, specs)
+             : write(out, static_cast<unsigned_type>(value), specs, loc);
+}
+
+// Data for write_int that doesn't depend on output iterator type. It is used to
+// avoid template code bloat.
+template <typename Char> struct write_int_data {
+  size_t size;
+  size_t padding;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR write_int_data(int num_digits, unsigned prefix,
+                               const format_specs<Char>& specs)
+      : size((prefix >> 24) + to_unsigned(num_digits)), padding(0) {
+    if (specs.align == align::numeric) {
+      auto width = to_unsigned(specs.width);
+      if (width > size) {
+        padding = width - size;
+        size = width;
+      }
+    } else if (specs.precision > num_digits) {
+      size = (prefix >> 24) + to_unsigned(specs.precision);
+      padding = to_unsigned(specs.precision - num_digits);
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+// Writes an integer in the format
+//   <left-padding><prefix><numeric-padding><digits><right-padding>
+// where <digits> are written by write_digits(it).
+// prefix contains chars in three lower bytes and the size in the fourth byte.
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename W>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto write_int(OutputIt out, int num_digits,
+                                        unsigned prefix,
+                                        const format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                        W write_digits) -> OutputIt {
+  // Slightly faster check for specs.width == 0 && specs.precision == -1.
+  if ((specs.width | (specs.precision + 1)) == 0) {
+    auto it = reserve(out, to_unsigned(num_digits) + (prefix >> 24));
+    if (prefix != 0) {
+      for (unsigned p = prefix & 0xffffff; p != 0; p >>= 8)
+        *it++ = static_cast<Char>(p & 0xff);
+    }
+    return base_iterator(out, write_digits(it));
+  }
+  auto data = write_int_data<Char>(num_digits, prefix, specs);
+  return write_padded<align::right>(
+      out, specs, data.size, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+        for (unsigned p = prefix & 0xffffff; p != 0; p >>= 8)
+          *it++ = static_cast<Char>(p & 0xff);
+        it = detail::fill_n(it, data.padding, static_cast<Char>('0'));
+        return write_digits(it);
+      });
+}
+
+template <typename Char> class digit_grouping {
+ private:
+  std::string grouping_;
+  std::basic_string<Char> thousands_sep_;
+
+  struct next_state {
+    std::string::const_iterator group;
+    int pos;
+  };
+  auto initial_state() const -> next_state { return {grouping_.begin(), 0}; }
+
+  // Returns the next digit group separator position.
+  auto next(next_state& state) const -> int {
+    if (thousands_sep_.empty()) return max_value<int>();
+    if (state.group == grouping_.end()) return state.pos += grouping_.back();
+    if (*state.group <= 0 || *state.group == max_value<char>())
+      return max_value<int>();
+    state.pos += *state.group++;
+    return state.pos;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit digit_grouping(locale_ref loc, bool localized = true) {
+    if (!localized) return;
+    auto sep = thousands_sep<Char>(loc);
+    grouping_ = sep.grouping;
+    if (sep.thousands_sep) thousands_sep_.assign(1, sep.thousands_sep);
+  }
+  digit_grouping(std::string grouping, std::basic_string<Char> sep)
+      : grouping_(std::move(grouping)), thousands_sep_(std::move(sep)) {}
+
+  auto has_separator() const -> bool { return !thousands_sep_.empty(); }
+
+  auto count_separators(int num_digits) const -> int {
+    int count = 0;
+    auto state = initial_state();
+    while (num_digits > next(state)) ++count;
+    return count;
+  }
+
+  // Applies grouping to digits and write the output to out.
+  template <typename Out, typename C>
+  auto apply(Out out, basic_string_view<C> digits) const -> Out {
+    auto num_digits = static_cast<int>(digits.size());
+    auto separators = basic_memory_buffer<int>();
+    separators.push_back(0);
+    auto state = initial_state();
+    while (int i = next(state)) {
+      if (i >= num_digits) break;
+      separators.push_back(i);
+    }
+    for (int i = 0, sep_index = static_cast<int>(separators.size() - 1);
+         i < num_digits; ++i) {
+      if (num_digits - i == separators[sep_index]) {
+        out =
+            copy_str<Char>(thousands_sep_.data(),
+                           thousands_sep_.data() + thousands_sep_.size(), out);
+        --sep_index;
+      }
+      *out++ = static_cast<Char>(digits[to_unsigned(i)]);
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline void prefix_append(unsigned& prefix, unsigned value) {
+  prefix |= prefix != 0 ? value << 8 : value;
+  prefix += (1u + (value > 0xff ? 1 : 0)) << 24;
+}
+
+// Writes a decimal integer with digit grouping.
+template <typename OutputIt, typename UInt, typename Char>
+auto write_int(OutputIt out, UInt value, unsigned prefix,
+               const format_specs<Char>& specs,
+               const digit_grouping<Char>& grouping) -> OutputIt {
+  static_assert(std::is_same<uint64_or_128_t<UInt>, UInt>::value, "");
+  int num_digits = 0;
+  auto buffer = memory_buffer();
+  switch (specs.type) {
+  case presentation_type::none:
+  case presentation_type::dec: {
+    num_digits = count_digits(value);
+    format_decimal<char>(appender(buffer), value, num_digits);
+    break;
+  }
+  case presentation_type::hex_lower:
+  case presentation_type::hex_upper: {
+    bool upper = specs.type == presentation_type::hex_upper;
+    if (specs.alt)
+      prefix_append(prefix, unsigned(upper ? 'X' : 'x') << 8 | '0');
+    num_digits = count_digits<4>(value);
+    format_uint<4, char>(appender(buffer), value, num_digits, upper);
+    break;
+  }
+  case presentation_type::bin_lower:
+  case presentation_type::bin_upper: {
+    bool upper = specs.type == presentation_type::bin_upper;
+    if (specs.alt)
+      prefix_append(prefix, unsigned(upper ? 'B' : 'b') << 8 | '0');
+    num_digits = count_digits<1>(value);
+    format_uint<1, char>(appender(buffer), value, num_digits);
+    break;
+  }
+  case presentation_type::oct: {
+    num_digits = count_digits<3>(value);
+    // Octal prefix '0' is counted as a digit, so only add it if precision
+    // is not greater than the number of digits.
+    if (specs.alt && specs.precision <= num_digits && value != 0)
+      prefix_append(prefix, '0');
+    format_uint<3, char>(appender(buffer), value, num_digits);
+    break;
+  }
+  case presentation_type::chr:
+    return write_char(out, static_cast<Char>(value), specs);
+  default:
+    throw_format_error("invalid format specifier");
+  }
+
+  unsigned size = (prefix != 0 ? prefix >> 24 : 0) + to_unsigned(num_digits) +
+                  to_unsigned(grouping.count_separators(num_digits));
+  return write_padded<align::right>(
+      out, specs, size, size, [&](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+        for (unsigned p = prefix & 0xffffff; p != 0; p >>= 8)
+          *it++ = static_cast<Char>(p & 0xff);
+        return grouping.apply(it, string_view(buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
+      });
+}
+
+// Writes a localized value.
+FMT_API auto write_loc(appender out, loc_value value,
+                       const format_specs<>& specs, locale_ref loc) -> bool;
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+inline auto write_loc(OutputIt, loc_value, const format_specs<Char>&,
+                      locale_ref) -> bool {
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <typename UInt> struct write_int_arg {
+  UInt abs_value;
+  unsigned prefix;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_write_int_arg(T value, sign_t sign)
+    -> write_int_arg<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>> {
+  auto prefix = 0u;
+  auto abs_value = static_cast<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>>(value);
+  if (is_negative(value)) {
+    prefix = 0x01000000 | '-';
+    abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
+  } else {
+    constexpr const unsigned prefixes[4] = {0, 0, 0x1000000u | '+',
+                                            0x1000000u | ' '};
+    prefix = prefixes[sign];
+  }
+  return {abs_value, prefix};
+}
+
+template <typename Char = char> struct loc_writer {
+  buffer_appender<Char> out;
+  const format_specs<Char>& specs;
+  std::basic_string<Char> sep;
+  std::string grouping;
+  std::basic_string<Char> decimal_point;
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integer<T>::value)>
+  auto operator()(T value) -> bool {
+    auto arg = make_write_int_arg(value, specs.sign);
+    write_int(out, static_cast<uint64_or_128_t<T>>(arg.abs_value), arg.prefix,
+              specs, digit_grouping<Char>(grouping, sep));
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_integer<T>::value)>
+  auto operator()(T) -> bool {
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto write_int(OutputIt out, write_int_arg<T> arg,
+                                        const format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                        locale_ref) -> OutputIt {
+  static_assert(std::is_same<T, uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>>::value, "");
+  auto abs_value = arg.abs_value;
+  auto prefix = arg.prefix;
+  switch (specs.type) {
+  case presentation_type::none:
+  case presentation_type::dec: {
+    auto num_digits = count_digits(abs_value);
+    return write_int(
+        out, num_digits, prefix, specs, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+          return format_decimal<Char>(it, abs_value, num_digits).end;
+        });
+  }
+  case presentation_type::hex_lower:
+  case presentation_type::hex_upper: {
+    bool upper = specs.type == presentation_type::hex_upper;
+    if (specs.alt)
+      prefix_append(prefix, unsigned(upper ? 'X' : 'x') << 8 | '0');
+    int num_digits = count_digits<4>(abs_value);
+    return write_int(
+        out, num_digits, prefix, specs, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+          return format_uint<4, Char>(it, abs_value, num_digits, upper);
+        });
+  }
+  case presentation_type::bin_lower:
+  case presentation_type::bin_upper: {
+    bool upper = specs.type == presentation_type::bin_upper;
+    if (specs.alt)
+      prefix_append(prefix, unsigned(upper ? 'B' : 'b') << 8 | '0');
+    int num_digits = count_digits<1>(abs_value);
+    return write_int(out, num_digits, prefix, specs,
+                     [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+                       return format_uint<1, Char>(it, abs_value, num_digits);
+                     });
+  }
+  case presentation_type::oct: {
+    int num_digits = count_digits<3>(abs_value);
+    // Octal prefix '0' is counted as a digit, so only add it if precision
+    // is not greater than the number of digits.
+    if (specs.alt && specs.precision <= num_digits && abs_value != 0)
+      prefix_append(prefix, '0');
+    return write_int(out, num_digits, prefix, specs,
+                     [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+                       return format_uint<3, Char>(it, abs_value, num_digits);
+                     });
+  }
+  case presentation_type::chr:
+    return write_char(out, static_cast<Char>(abs_value), specs);
+  default:
+    throw_format_error("invalid format specifier");
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_NOINLINE auto write_int_noinline(
+    OutputIt out, write_int_arg<T> arg, const format_specs<Char>& specs,
+    locale_ref loc) -> OutputIt {
+  return write_int(out, arg, specs, loc);
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integral<T>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
+                        std::is_same<OutputIt, buffer_appender<Char>>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto write(OutputIt out, T value,
+                                    const format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                    locale_ref loc) -> OutputIt {
+  if (specs.localized && write_loc(out, value, specs, loc)) return out;
+  return write_int_noinline(out, make_write_int_arg(value, specs.sign), specs,
+                            loc);
+}
+// An inlined version of write used in format string compilation.
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integral<T>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<OutputIt, buffer_appender<Char>>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto write(OutputIt out, T value,
+                                    const format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                    locale_ref loc) -> OutputIt {
+  if (specs.localized && write_loc(out, value, specs, loc)) return out;
+  return write_int(out, make_write_int_arg(value, specs.sign), specs, loc);
+}
+
+// An output iterator that counts the number of objects written to it and
+// discards them.
+class counting_iterator {
+ private:
+  size_t count_;
+
+ public:
+  using iterator_category = std::output_iterator_tag;
+  using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+  using pointer = void;
+  using reference = void;
+  FMT_UNCHECKED_ITERATOR(counting_iterator);
+
+  struct value_type {
+    template <typename T> FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator=(const T&) {}
+  };
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR counting_iterator() : count_(0) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto count() const -> size_t { return count_; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator++() -> counting_iterator& {
+    ++count_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator++(int) -> counting_iterator {
+    auto it = *this;
+    ++*this;
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR friend auto operator+(counting_iterator it, difference_type n)
+      -> counting_iterator {
+    it.count_ += static_cast<size_t>(n);
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator*() const -> value_type { return {}; }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<Char> s,
+                         const format_specs<Char>& specs) -> OutputIt {
+  auto data = s.data();
+  auto size = s.size();
+  if (specs.precision >= 0 && to_unsigned(specs.precision) < size)
+    size = code_point_index(s, to_unsigned(specs.precision));
+  bool is_debug = specs.type == presentation_type::debug;
+  size_t width = 0;
+  if (specs.width != 0) {
+    if (is_debug)
+      width = write_escaped_string(counting_iterator{}, s).count();
+    else
+      width = compute_width(basic_string_view<Char>(data, size));
+  }
+  return write_padded(out, specs, size, width,
+                      [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+                        if (is_debug) return write_escaped_string(it, s);
+                        return copy_str<Char>(data, data + size, it);
+                      });
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out,
+                         basic_string_view<type_identity_t<Char>> s,
+                         const format_specs<Char>& specs, locale_ref)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  return write(out, s, specs);
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, const Char* s,
+                         const format_specs<Char>& specs, locale_ref)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  if (specs.type == presentation_type::pointer)
+    return write_ptr<Char>(out, bit_cast<uintptr_t>(s), &specs);
+  if (!s) throw_format_error("string pointer is null");
+  return write(out, basic_string_view<Char>(s), specs, {});
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integral<T>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<T, Char>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, T value) -> OutputIt {
+  auto abs_value = static_cast<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>>(value);
+  bool negative = is_negative(value);
+  // Don't do -abs_value since it trips unsigned-integer-overflow sanitizer.
+  if (negative) abs_value = ~abs_value + 1;
+  int num_digits = count_digits(abs_value);
+  auto size = (negative ? 1 : 0) + static_cast<size_t>(num_digits);
+  auto it = reserve(out, size);
+  if (auto ptr = to_pointer<Char>(it, size)) {
+    if (negative) *ptr++ = static_cast<Char>('-');
+    format_decimal<Char>(ptr, abs_value, num_digits);
+    return out;
+  }
+  if (negative) *it++ = static_cast<Char>('-');
+  it = format_decimal<Char>(it, abs_value, num_digits).end;
+  return base_iterator(out, it);
+}
+
+// DEPRECATED!
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_align(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                               format_specs<Char>& specs) -> const Char* {
+  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end, "");
+  auto align = align::none;
+  auto p = begin + code_point_length(begin);
+  if (end - p <= 0) p = begin;
+  for (;;) {
+    switch (to_ascii(*p)) {
+    case '<':
+      align = align::left;
+      break;
+    case '>':
+      align = align::right;
+      break;
+    case '^':
+      align = align::center;
+      break;
+    }
+    if (align != align::none) {
+      if (p != begin) {
+        auto c = *begin;
+        if (c == '}') return begin;
+        if (c == '{') {
+          throw_format_error("invalid fill character '{'");
+          return begin;
+        }
+        specs.fill = {begin, to_unsigned(p - begin)};
+        begin = p + 1;
+      } else {
+        ++begin;
+      }
+      break;
+    } else if (p == begin) {
+      break;
+    }
+    p = begin;
+  }
+  specs.align = align;
+  return begin;
+}
+
+// A floating-point presentation format.
+enum class float_format : unsigned char {
+  general,  // General: exponent notation or fixed point based on magnitude.
+  exp,      // Exponent notation with the default precision of 6, e.g. 1.2e-3.
+  fixed,    // Fixed point with the default precision of 6, e.g. 0.0012.
+  hex
+};
+
+struct float_specs {
+  int precision;
+  float_format format : 8;
+  sign_t sign : 8;
+  bool upper : 1;
+  bool locale : 1;
+  bool binary32 : 1;
+  bool showpoint : 1;
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_float_type_spec(const format_specs<Char>& specs)
+    -> float_specs {
+  auto result = float_specs();
+  result.showpoint = specs.alt;
+  result.locale = specs.localized;
+  switch (specs.type) {
+  case presentation_type::none:
+    result.format = float_format::general;
+    break;
+  case presentation_type::general_upper:
+    result.upper = true;
+    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case presentation_type::general_lower:
+    result.format = float_format::general;
+    break;
+  case presentation_type::exp_upper:
+    result.upper = true;
+    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case presentation_type::exp_lower:
+    result.format = float_format::exp;
+    result.showpoint |= specs.precision != 0;
+    break;
+  case presentation_type::fixed_upper:
+    result.upper = true;
+    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case presentation_type::fixed_lower:
+    result.format = float_format::fixed;
+    result.showpoint |= specs.precision != 0;
+    break;
+  case presentation_type::hexfloat_upper:
+    result.upper = true;
+    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case presentation_type::hexfloat_lower:
+    result.format = float_format::hex;
+    break;
+  default:
+    throw_format_error("invalid format specifier");
+    break;
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write_nonfinite(OutputIt out, bool isnan,
+                                     format_specs<Char> specs,
+                                     const float_specs& fspecs) -> OutputIt {
+  auto str =
+      isnan ? (fspecs.upper ? "NAN" : "nan") : (fspecs.upper ? "INF" : "inf");
+  constexpr size_t str_size = 3;
+  auto sign = fspecs.sign;
+  auto size = str_size + (sign ? 1 : 0);
+  // Replace '0'-padding with space for non-finite values.
+  const bool is_zero_fill =
+      specs.fill.size() == 1 && *specs.fill.data() == static_cast<Char>('0');
+  if (is_zero_fill) specs.fill[0] = static_cast<Char>(' ');
+  return write_padded(out, specs, size, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+    if (sign) *it++ = detail::sign<Char>(sign);
+    return copy_str<Char>(str, str + str_size, it);
+  });
+}
+
+// A decimal floating-point number significand * pow(10, exp).
+struct big_decimal_fp {
+  const char* significand;
+  int significand_size;
+  int exponent;
+};
+
+constexpr auto get_significand_size(const big_decimal_fp& f) -> int {
+  return f.significand_size;
+}
+template <typename T>
+inline auto get_significand_size(const dragonbox::decimal_fp<T>& f) -> int {
+  return count_digits(f.significand);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+constexpr auto write_significand(OutputIt out, const char* significand,
+                                 int significand_size) -> OutputIt {
+  return copy_str<Char>(significand, significand + significand_size, out);
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename UInt>
+inline auto write_significand(OutputIt out, UInt significand,
+                              int significand_size) -> OutputIt {
+  return format_decimal<Char>(out, significand, significand_size).end;
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T, typename Grouping>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write_significand(OutputIt out, T significand,
+                                       int significand_size, int exponent,
+                                       const Grouping& grouping) -> OutputIt {
+  if (!grouping.has_separator()) {
+    out = write_significand<Char>(out, significand, significand_size);
+    return detail::fill_n(out, exponent, static_cast<Char>('0'));
+  }
+  auto buffer = memory_buffer();
+  write_significand<char>(appender(buffer), significand, significand_size);
+  detail::fill_n(appender(buffer), exponent, '0');
+  return grouping.apply(out, string_view(buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename UInt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<UInt>::value)>
+inline auto write_significand(Char* out, UInt significand, int significand_size,
+                              int integral_size, Char decimal_point) -> Char* {
+  if (!decimal_point)
+    return format_decimal(out, significand, significand_size).end;
+  out += significand_size + 1;
+  Char* end = out;
+  int floating_size = significand_size - integral_size;
+  for (int i = floating_size / 2; i > 0; --i) {
+    out -= 2;
+    copy2(out, digits2(static_cast<std::size_t>(significand % 100)));
+    significand /= 100;
+  }
+  if (floating_size % 2 != 0) {
+    *--out = static_cast<Char>('0' + significand % 10);
+    significand /= 10;
+  }
+  *--out = decimal_point;
+  format_decimal(out - integral_size, significand, integral_size);
+  return end;
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename UInt, typename Char,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_pointer<remove_cvref_t<OutputIt>>::value)>
+inline auto write_significand(OutputIt out, UInt significand,
+                              int significand_size, int integral_size,
+                              Char decimal_point) -> OutputIt {
+  // Buffer is large enough to hold digits (digits10 + 1) and a decimal point.
+  Char buffer[digits10<UInt>() + 2];
+  auto end = write_significand(buffer, significand, significand_size,
+                               integral_size, decimal_point);
+  return detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(buffer, end, out);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write_significand(OutputIt out, const char* significand,
+                                     int significand_size, int integral_size,
+                                     Char decimal_point) -> OutputIt {
+  out = detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(significand,
+                                        significand + integral_size, out);
+  if (!decimal_point) return out;
+  *out++ = decimal_point;
+  return detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(significand + integral_size,
+                                         significand + significand_size, out);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename T, typename Grouping>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write_significand(OutputIt out, T significand,
+                                       int significand_size, int integral_size,
+                                       Char decimal_point,
+                                       const Grouping& grouping) -> OutputIt {
+  if (!grouping.has_separator()) {
+    return write_significand(out, significand, significand_size, integral_size,
+                             decimal_point);
+  }
+  auto buffer = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+  write_significand(buffer_appender<Char>(buffer), significand,
+                    significand_size, integral_size, decimal_point);
+  grouping.apply(
+      out, basic_string_view<Char>(buffer.data(), to_unsigned(integral_size)));
+  return detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(buffer.data() + integral_size,
+                                         buffer.end(), out);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename DecimalFP, typename Char,
+          typename Grouping = digit_grouping<Char>>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto do_write_float(OutputIt out, const DecimalFP& f,
+                                    const format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                    float_specs fspecs, locale_ref loc)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  auto significand = f.significand;
+  int significand_size = get_significand_size(f);
+  const Char zero = static_cast<Char>('0');
+  auto sign = fspecs.sign;
+  size_t size = to_unsigned(significand_size) + (sign ? 1 : 0);
+  using iterator = reserve_iterator<OutputIt>;
+
+  Char decimal_point =
+      fspecs.locale ? detail::decimal_point<Char>(loc) : static_cast<Char>('.');
+
+  int output_exp = f.exponent + significand_size - 1;
+  auto use_exp_format = [=]() {
+    if (fspecs.format == float_format::exp) return true;
+    if (fspecs.format != float_format::general) return false;
+    // Use the fixed notation if the exponent is in [exp_lower, exp_upper),
+    // e.g. 0.0001 instead of 1e-04. Otherwise use the exponent notation.
+    const int exp_lower = -4, exp_upper = 16;
+    return output_exp < exp_lower ||
+           output_exp >= (fspecs.precision > 0 ? fspecs.precision : exp_upper);
+  };
+  if (use_exp_format()) {
+    int num_zeros = 0;
+    if (fspecs.showpoint) {
+      num_zeros = fspecs.precision - significand_size;
+      if (num_zeros < 0) num_zeros = 0;
+      size += to_unsigned(num_zeros);
+    } else if (significand_size == 1) {
+      decimal_point = Char();
+    }
+    auto abs_output_exp = output_exp >= 0 ? output_exp : -output_exp;
+    int exp_digits = 2;
+    if (abs_output_exp >= 100) exp_digits = abs_output_exp >= 1000 ? 4 : 3;
+
+    size += to_unsigned((decimal_point ? 1 : 0) + 2 + exp_digits);
+    char exp_char = fspecs.upper ? 'E' : 'e';
+    auto write = [=](iterator it) {
+      if (sign) *it++ = detail::sign<Char>(sign);
+      // Insert a decimal point after the first digit and add an exponent.
+      it = write_significand(it, significand, significand_size, 1,
+                             decimal_point);
+      if (num_zeros > 0) it = detail::fill_n(it, num_zeros, zero);
+      *it++ = static_cast<Char>(exp_char);
+      return write_exponent<Char>(output_exp, it);
+    };
+    return specs.width > 0 ? write_padded<align::right>(out, specs, size, write)
+                           : base_iterator(out, write(reserve(out, size)));
+  }
+
+  int exp = f.exponent + significand_size;
+  if (f.exponent >= 0) {
+    // 1234e5 -> 123400000[.0+]
+    size += to_unsigned(f.exponent);
+    int num_zeros = fspecs.precision - exp;
+    abort_fuzzing_if(num_zeros > 5000);
+    if (fspecs.showpoint) {
+      ++size;
+      if (num_zeros <= 0 && fspecs.format != float_format::fixed) num_zeros = 0;
+      if (num_zeros > 0) size += to_unsigned(num_zeros);
+    }
+    auto grouping = Grouping(loc, fspecs.locale);
+    size += to_unsigned(grouping.count_separators(exp));
+    return write_padded<align::right>(out, specs, size, [&](iterator it) {
+      if (sign) *it++ = detail::sign<Char>(sign);
+      it = write_significand<Char>(it, significand, significand_size,
+                                   f.exponent, grouping);
+      if (!fspecs.showpoint) return it;
+      *it++ = decimal_point;
+      return num_zeros > 0 ? detail::fill_n(it, num_zeros, zero) : it;
+    });
+  } else if (exp > 0) {
+    // 1234e-2 -> 12.34[0+]
+    int num_zeros = fspecs.showpoint ? fspecs.precision - significand_size : 0;
+    size += 1 + to_unsigned(num_zeros > 0 ? num_zeros : 0);
+    auto grouping = Grouping(loc, fspecs.locale);
+    size += to_unsigned(grouping.count_separators(exp));
+    return write_padded<align::right>(out, specs, size, [&](iterator it) {
+      if (sign) *it++ = detail::sign<Char>(sign);
+      it = write_significand(it, significand, significand_size, exp,
+                             decimal_point, grouping);
+      return num_zeros > 0 ? detail::fill_n(it, num_zeros, zero) : it;
+    });
+  }
+  // 1234e-6 -> 0.001234
+  int num_zeros = -exp;
+  if (significand_size == 0 && fspecs.precision >= 0 &&
+      fspecs.precision < num_zeros) {
+    num_zeros = fspecs.precision;
+  }
+  bool pointy = num_zeros != 0 || significand_size != 0 || fspecs.showpoint;
+  size += 1 + (pointy ? 1 : 0) + to_unsigned(num_zeros);
+  return write_padded<align::right>(out, specs, size, [&](iterator it) {
+    if (sign) *it++ = detail::sign<Char>(sign);
+    *it++ = zero;
+    if (!pointy) return it;
+    *it++ = decimal_point;
+    it = detail::fill_n(it, num_zeros, zero);
+    return write_significand<Char>(it, significand, significand_size);
+  });
+}
+
+template <typename Char> class fallback_digit_grouping {
+ public:
+  constexpr fallback_digit_grouping(locale_ref, bool) {}
+
+  constexpr auto has_separator() const -> bool { return false; }
+
+  constexpr auto count_separators(int) const -> int { return 0; }
+
+  template <typename Out, typename C>
+  constexpr auto apply(Out out, basic_string_view<C>) const -> Out {
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename DecimalFP, typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write_float(OutputIt out, const DecimalFP& f,
+                                 const format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                 float_specs fspecs, locale_ref loc)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    return do_write_float<OutputIt, DecimalFP, Char,
+                          fallback_digit_grouping<Char>>(out, f, specs, fspecs,
+                                                         loc);
+  } else {
+    return do_write_float(out, f, specs, fspecs, loc);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T> constexpr auto isnan(T value) -> bool {
+  return !(value >= value);  // std::isnan doesn't support __float128.
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct has_isfinite : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct has_isfinite<T, enable_if_t<sizeof(std::isfinite(T())) != 0>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value&&
+                                        has_isfinite<T>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto isfinite(T value) -> bool {
+  constexpr T inf = T(std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
+  if (is_constant_evaluated())
+    return !detail::isnan(value) && value < inf && value > -inf;
+  return std::isfinite(value);
+}
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!has_isfinite<T>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto isfinite(T value) -> bool {
+  T inf = T(std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
+  // std::isfinite doesn't support __float128.
+  return !detail::isnan(value) && value < inf && value > -inf;
+}
+
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE FMT_CONSTEXPR bool signbit(T value) {
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) {
+#ifdef __cpp_if_constexpr
+    if constexpr (std::numeric_limits<double>::is_iec559) {
+      auto bits = detail::bit_cast<uint64_t>(static_cast<double>(value));
+      return (bits >> (num_bits<uint64_t>() - 1)) != 0;
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+  return std::signbit(static_cast<double>(value));
+}
+
+inline FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void adjust_precision(int& precision, int exp10) {
+  // Adjust fixed precision by exponent because it is relative to decimal
+  // point.
+  if (exp10 > 0 && precision > max_value<int>() - exp10)
+    FMT_THROW(format_error("number is too big"));
+  precision += exp10;
+}
+
+class bigint {
+ private:
+  // A bigint is stored as an array of bigits (big digits), with bigit at index
+  // 0 being the least significant one.
+  using bigit = uint32_t;
+  using double_bigit = uint64_t;
+  enum { bigits_capacity = 32 };
+  basic_memory_buffer<bigit, bigits_capacity> bigits_;
+  int exp_;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto operator[](int index) const -> bigit {
+    return bigits_[to_unsigned(index)];
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto operator[](int index) -> bigit& {
+    return bigits_[to_unsigned(index)];
+  }
+
+  static constexpr const int bigit_bits = num_bits<bigit>();
+
+  friend struct formatter<bigint>;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void subtract_bigits(int index, bigit other, bigit& borrow) {
+    auto result = static_cast<double_bigit>((*this)[index]) - other - borrow;
+    (*this)[index] = static_cast<bigit>(result);
+    borrow = static_cast<bigit>(result >> (bigit_bits * 2 - 1));
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void remove_leading_zeros() {
+    int num_bigits = static_cast<int>(bigits_.size()) - 1;
+    while (num_bigits > 0 && (*this)[num_bigits] == 0) --num_bigits;
+    bigits_.resize(to_unsigned(num_bigits + 1));
+  }
+
+  // Computes *this -= other assuming aligned bigints and *this >= other.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void subtract_aligned(const bigint& other) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(other.exp_ >= exp_, "unaligned bigints");
+    FMT_ASSERT(compare(*this, other) >= 0, "");
+    bigit borrow = 0;
+    int i = other.exp_ - exp_;
+    for (size_t j = 0, n = other.bigits_.size(); j != n; ++i, ++j)
+      subtract_bigits(i, other.bigits_[j], borrow);
+    while (borrow > 0) subtract_bigits(i, 0, borrow);
+    remove_leading_zeros();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void multiply(uint32_t value) {
+    const double_bigit wide_value = value;
+    bigit carry = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0, n = bigits_.size(); i < n; ++i) {
+      double_bigit result = bigits_[i] * wide_value + carry;
+      bigits_[i] = static_cast<bigit>(result);
+      carry = static_cast<bigit>(result >> bigit_bits);
+    }
+    if (carry != 0) bigits_.push_back(carry);
+  }
+
+  template <typename UInt, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<UInt, uint64_t>::value ||
+                                         std::is_same<UInt, uint128_t>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void multiply(UInt value) {
+    using half_uint =
+        conditional_t<std::is_same<UInt, uint128_t>::value, uint64_t, uint32_t>;
+    const int shift = num_bits<half_uint>() - bigit_bits;
+    const UInt lower = static_cast<half_uint>(value);
+    const UInt upper = value >> num_bits<half_uint>();
+    UInt carry = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0, n = bigits_.size(); i < n; ++i) {
+      UInt result = lower * bigits_[i] + static_cast<bigit>(carry);
+      carry = (upper * bigits_[i] << shift) + (result >> bigit_bits) +
+              (carry >> bigit_bits);
+      bigits_[i] = static_cast<bigit>(result);
+    }
+    while (carry != 0) {
+      bigits_.push_back(static_cast<bigit>(carry));
+      carry >>= bigit_bits;
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename UInt, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<UInt, uint64_t>::value ||
+                                         std::is_same<UInt, uint128_t>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void assign(UInt n) {
+    size_t num_bigits = 0;
+    do {
+      bigits_[num_bigits++] = static_cast<bigit>(n);
+      n >>= bigit_bits;
+    } while (n != 0);
+    bigits_.resize(num_bigits);
+    exp_ = 0;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 bigint() : exp_(0) {}
+  explicit bigint(uint64_t n) { assign(n); }
+
+  bigint(const bigint&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const bigint&) = delete;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void assign(const bigint& other) {
+    auto size = other.bigits_.size();
+    bigits_.resize(size);
+    auto data = other.bigits_.data();
+    copy_str<bigit>(data, data + size, bigits_.data());
+    exp_ = other.exp_;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Int> FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void operator=(Int n) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(n > 0, "");
+    assign(uint64_or_128_t<Int>(n));
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto num_bigits() const -> int {
+    return static_cast<int>(bigits_.size()) + exp_;
+  }
+
+  FMT_NOINLINE FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto operator<<=(int shift) -> bigint& {
+    FMT_ASSERT(shift >= 0, "");
+    exp_ += shift / bigit_bits;
+    shift %= bigit_bits;
+    if (shift == 0) return *this;
+    bigit carry = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0, n = bigits_.size(); i < n; ++i) {
+      bigit c = bigits_[i] >> (bigit_bits - shift);
+      bigits_[i] = (bigits_[i] << shift) + carry;
+      carry = c;
+    }
+    if (carry != 0) bigits_.push_back(carry);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Int>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto operator*=(Int value) -> bigint& {
+    FMT_ASSERT(value > 0, "");
+    multiply(uint32_or_64_or_128_t<Int>(value));
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto compare(const bigint& lhs, const bigint& rhs)
+      -> int {
+    int num_lhs_bigits = lhs.num_bigits(), num_rhs_bigits = rhs.num_bigits();
+    if (num_lhs_bigits != num_rhs_bigits)
+      return num_lhs_bigits > num_rhs_bigits ? 1 : -1;
+    int i = static_cast<int>(lhs.bigits_.size()) - 1;
+    int j = static_cast<int>(rhs.bigits_.size()) - 1;
+    int end = i - j;
+    if (end < 0) end = 0;
+    for (; i >= end; --i, --j) {
+      bigit lhs_bigit = lhs[i], rhs_bigit = rhs[j];
+      if (lhs_bigit != rhs_bigit) return lhs_bigit > rhs_bigit ? 1 : -1;
+    }
+    if (i != j) return i > j ? 1 : -1;
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // Returns compare(lhs1 + lhs2, rhs).
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto add_compare(const bigint& lhs1,
+                                          const bigint& lhs2, const bigint& rhs)
+      -> int {
+    auto minimum = [](int a, int b) { return a < b ? a : b; };
+    auto maximum = [](int a, int b) { return a > b ? a : b; };
+    int max_lhs_bigits = maximum(lhs1.num_bigits(), lhs2.num_bigits());
+    int num_rhs_bigits = rhs.num_bigits();
+    if (max_lhs_bigits + 1 < num_rhs_bigits) return -1;
+    if (max_lhs_bigits > num_rhs_bigits) return 1;
+    auto get_bigit = [](const bigint& n, int i) -> bigit {
+      return i >= n.exp_ && i < n.num_bigits() ? n[i - n.exp_] : 0;
+    };
+    double_bigit borrow = 0;
+    int min_exp = minimum(minimum(lhs1.exp_, lhs2.exp_), rhs.exp_);
+    for (int i = num_rhs_bigits - 1; i >= min_exp; --i) {
+      double_bigit sum =
+          static_cast<double_bigit>(get_bigit(lhs1, i)) + get_bigit(lhs2, i);
+      bigit rhs_bigit = get_bigit(rhs, i);
+      if (sum > rhs_bigit + borrow) return 1;
+      borrow = rhs_bigit + borrow - sum;
+      if (borrow > 1) return -1;
+      borrow <<= bigit_bits;
+    }
+    return borrow != 0 ? -1 : 0;
+  }
+
+  // Assigns pow(10, exp) to this bigint.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void assign_pow10(int exp) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(exp >= 0, "");
+    if (exp == 0) return *this = 1;
+    // Find the top bit.
+    int bitmask = 1;
+    while (exp >= bitmask) bitmask <<= 1;
+    bitmask >>= 1;
+    // pow(10, exp) = pow(5, exp) * pow(2, exp). First compute pow(5, exp) by
+    // repeated squaring and multiplication.
+    *this = 5;
+    bitmask >>= 1;
+    while (bitmask != 0) {
+      square();
+      if ((exp & bitmask) != 0) *this *= 5;
+      bitmask >>= 1;
+    }
+    *this <<= exp;  // Multiply by pow(2, exp) by shifting.
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void square() {
+    int num_bigits = static_cast<int>(bigits_.size());
+    int num_result_bigits = 2 * num_bigits;
+    basic_memory_buffer<bigit, bigits_capacity> n(std::move(bigits_));
+    bigits_.resize(to_unsigned(num_result_bigits));
+    auto sum = uint128_t();
+    for (int bigit_index = 0; bigit_index < num_bigits; ++bigit_index) {
+      // Compute bigit at position bigit_index of the result by adding
+      // cross-product terms n[i] * n[j] such that i + j == bigit_index.
+      for (int i = 0, j = bigit_index; j >= 0; ++i, --j) {
+        // Most terms are multiplied twice which can be optimized in the future.
+        sum += static_cast<double_bigit>(n[i]) * n[j];
+      }
+      (*this)[bigit_index] = static_cast<bigit>(sum);
+      sum >>= num_bits<bigit>();  // Compute the carry.
+    }
+    // Do the same for the top half.
+    for (int bigit_index = num_bigits; bigit_index < num_result_bigits;
+         ++bigit_index) {
+      for (int j = num_bigits - 1, i = bigit_index - j; i < num_bigits;)
+        sum += static_cast<double_bigit>(n[i++]) * n[j--];
+      (*this)[bigit_index] = static_cast<bigit>(sum);
+      sum >>= num_bits<bigit>();
+    }
+    remove_leading_zeros();
+    exp_ *= 2;
+  }
+
+  // If this bigint has a bigger exponent than other, adds trailing zero to make
+  // exponents equal. This simplifies some operations such as subtraction.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void align(const bigint& other) {
+    int exp_difference = exp_ - other.exp_;
+    if (exp_difference <= 0) return;
+    int num_bigits = static_cast<int>(bigits_.size());
+    bigits_.resize(to_unsigned(num_bigits + exp_difference));
+    for (int i = num_bigits - 1, j = i + exp_difference; i >= 0; --i, --j)
+      bigits_[j] = bigits_[i];
+    std::uninitialized_fill_n(bigits_.data(), exp_difference, 0u);
+    exp_ -= exp_difference;
+  }
+
+  // Divides this bignum by divisor, assigning the remainder to this and
+  // returning the quotient.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto divmod_assign(const bigint& divisor) -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(this != &divisor, "");
+    if (compare(*this, divisor) < 0) return 0;
+    FMT_ASSERT(divisor.bigits_[divisor.bigits_.size() - 1u] != 0, "");
+    align(divisor);
+    int quotient = 0;
+    do {
+      subtract_aligned(divisor);
+      ++quotient;
+    } while (compare(*this, divisor) >= 0);
+    return quotient;
+  }
+};
+
+// format_dragon flags.
+enum dragon {
+  predecessor_closer = 1,
+  fixup = 2,  // Run fixup to correct exp10 which can be off by one.
+  fixed = 4,
+};
+
+// Formats a floating-point number using a variation of the Fixed-Precision
+// Positive Floating-Point Printout ((FPP)^2) algorithm by Steele & White:
+// https://fmt.dev/papers/p372-steele.pdf.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline void format_dragon(basic_fp<uint128_t> value,
+                                          unsigned flags, int num_digits,
+                                          buffer<char>& buf, int& exp10) {
+  bigint numerator;    // 2 * R in (FPP)^2.
+  bigint denominator;  // 2 * S in (FPP)^2.
+  // lower and upper are differences between value and corresponding boundaries.
+  bigint lower;             // (M^- in (FPP)^2).
+  bigint upper_store;       // upper's value if different from lower.
+  bigint* upper = nullptr;  // (M^+ in (FPP)^2).
+  // Shift numerator and denominator by an extra bit or two (if lower boundary
+  // is closer) to make lower and upper integers. This eliminates multiplication
+  // by 2 during later computations.
+  bool is_predecessor_closer = (flags & dragon::predecessor_closer) != 0;
+  int shift = is_predecessor_closer ? 2 : 1;
+  if (value.e >= 0) {
+    numerator = value.f;
+    numerator <<= value.e + shift;
+    lower = 1;
+    lower <<= value.e;
+    if (is_predecessor_closer) {
+      upper_store = 1;
+      upper_store <<= value.e + 1;
+      upper = &upper_store;
+    }
+    denominator.assign_pow10(exp10);
+    denominator <<= shift;
+  } else if (exp10 < 0) {
+    numerator.assign_pow10(-exp10);
+    lower.assign(numerator);
+    if (is_predecessor_closer) {
+      upper_store.assign(numerator);
+      upper_store <<= 1;
+      upper = &upper_store;
+    }
+    numerator *= value.f;
+    numerator <<= shift;
+    denominator = 1;
+    denominator <<= shift - value.e;
+  } else {
+    numerator = value.f;
+    numerator <<= shift;
+    denominator.assign_pow10(exp10);
+    denominator <<= shift - value.e;
+    lower = 1;
+    if (is_predecessor_closer) {
+      upper_store = 1ULL << 1;
+      upper = &upper_store;
+    }
+  }
+  int even = static_cast<int>((value.f & 1) == 0);
+  if (!upper) upper = &lower;
+  bool shortest = num_digits < 0;
+  if ((flags & dragon::fixup) != 0) {
+    if (add_compare(numerator, *upper, denominator) + even <= 0) {
+      --exp10;
+      numerator *= 10;
+      if (num_digits < 0) {
+        lower *= 10;
+        if (upper != &lower) *upper *= 10;
+      }
+    }
+    if ((flags & dragon::fixed) != 0) adjust_precision(num_digits, exp10 + 1);
+  }
+  // Invariant: value == (numerator / denominator) * pow(10, exp10).
+  if (shortest) {
+    // Generate the shortest representation.
+    num_digits = 0;
+    char* data = buf.data();
+    for (;;) {
+      int digit = numerator.divmod_assign(denominator);
+      bool low = compare(numerator, lower) - even < 0;  // numerator <[=] lower.
+      // numerator + upper >[=] pow10:
+      bool high = add_compare(numerator, *upper, denominator) + even > 0;
+      data[num_digits++] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
+      if (low || high) {
+        if (!low) {
+          ++data[num_digits - 1];
+        } else if (high) {
+          int result = add_compare(numerator, numerator, denominator);
+          // Round half to even.
+          if (result > 0 || (result == 0 && (digit % 2) != 0))
+            ++data[num_digits - 1];
+        }
+        buf.try_resize(to_unsigned(num_digits));
+        exp10 -= num_digits - 1;
+        return;
+      }
+      numerator *= 10;
+      lower *= 10;
+      if (upper != &lower) *upper *= 10;
+    }
+  }
+  // Generate the given number of digits.
+  exp10 -= num_digits - 1;
+  if (num_digits <= 0) {
+    denominator *= 10;
+    auto digit = add_compare(numerator, numerator, denominator) > 0 ? '1' : '0';
+    buf.push_back(digit);
+    return;
+  }
+  buf.try_resize(to_unsigned(num_digits));
+  for (int i = 0; i < num_digits - 1; ++i) {
+    int digit = numerator.divmod_assign(denominator);
+    buf[i] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
+    numerator *= 10;
+  }
+  int digit = numerator.divmod_assign(denominator);
+  auto result = add_compare(numerator, numerator, denominator);
+  if (result > 0 || (result == 0 && (digit % 2) != 0)) {
+    if (digit == 9) {
+      const auto overflow = '0' + 10;
+      buf[num_digits - 1] = overflow;
+      // Propagate the carry.
+      for (int i = num_digits - 1; i > 0 && buf[i] == overflow; --i) {
+        buf[i] = '0';
+        ++buf[i - 1];
+      }
+      if (buf[0] == overflow) {
+        buf[0] = '1';
+        if ((flags & dragon::fixed) != 0)
+          buf.push_back('0');
+        else
+          ++exp10;
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    ++digit;
+  }
+  buf[num_digits - 1] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
+}
+
+// Formats a floating-point number using the hexfloat format.
+template <typename Float, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_double_double<Float>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void format_hexfloat(Float value, int precision,
+                                     float_specs specs, buffer<char>& buf) {
+  // float is passed as double to reduce the number of instantiations and to
+  // simplify implementation.
+  static_assert(!std::is_same<Float, float>::value, "");
+
+  using info = dragonbox::float_info<Float>;
+
+  // Assume Float is in the format [sign][exponent][significand].
+  using carrier_uint = typename info::carrier_uint;
+
+  constexpr auto num_float_significand_bits =
+      detail::num_significand_bits<Float>();
+
+  basic_fp<carrier_uint> f(value);
+  f.e += num_float_significand_bits;
+  if (!has_implicit_bit<Float>()) --f.e;
+
+  constexpr auto num_fraction_bits =
+      num_float_significand_bits + (has_implicit_bit<Float>() ? 1 : 0);
+  constexpr auto num_xdigits = (num_fraction_bits + 3) / 4;
+
+  constexpr auto leading_shift = ((num_xdigits - 1) * 4);
+  const auto leading_mask = carrier_uint(0xF) << leading_shift;
+  const auto leading_xdigit =
+      static_cast<uint32_t>((f.f & leading_mask) >> leading_shift);
+  if (leading_xdigit > 1) f.e -= (32 - countl_zero(leading_xdigit) - 1);
+
+  int print_xdigits = num_xdigits - 1;
+  if (precision >= 0 && print_xdigits > precision) {
+    const int shift = ((print_xdigits - precision - 1) * 4);
+    const auto mask = carrier_uint(0xF) << shift;
+    const auto v = static_cast<uint32_t>((f.f & mask) >> shift);
+
+    if (v >= 8) {
+      const auto inc = carrier_uint(1) << (shift + 4);
+      f.f += inc;
+      f.f &= ~(inc - 1);
+    }
+
+    // Check long double overflow
+    if (!has_implicit_bit<Float>()) {
+      const auto implicit_bit = carrier_uint(1) << num_float_significand_bits;
+      if ((f.f & implicit_bit) == implicit_bit) {
+        f.f >>= 4;
+        f.e += 4;
+      }
+    }
+
+    print_xdigits = precision;
+  }
+
+  char xdigits[num_bits<carrier_uint>() / 4];
+  detail::fill_n(xdigits, sizeof(xdigits), '0');
+  format_uint<4>(xdigits, f.f, num_xdigits, specs.upper);
+
+  // Remove zero tail
+  while (print_xdigits > 0 && xdigits[print_xdigits] == '0') --print_xdigits;
+
+  buf.push_back('0');
+  buf.push_back(specs.upper ? 'X' : 'x');
+  buf.push_back(xdigits[0]);
+  if (specs.showpoint || print_xdigits > 0 || print_xdigits < precision)
+    buf.push_back('.');
+  buf.append(xdigits + 1, xdigits + 1 + print_xdigits);
+  for (; print_xdigits < precision; ++print_xdigits) buf.push_back('0');
+
+  buf.push_back(specs.upper ? 'P' : 'p');
+
+  uint32_t abs_e;
+  if (f.e < 0) {
+    buf.push_back('-');
+    abs_e = static_cast<uint32_t>(-f.e);
+  } else {
+    buf.push_back('+');
+    abs_e = static_cast<uint32_t>(f.e);
+  }
+  format_decimal<char>(appender(buf), abs_e, detail::count_digits(abs_e));
+}
+
+template <typename Float, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_double_double<Float>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void format_hexfloat(Float value, int precision,
+                                     float_specs specs, buffer<char>& buf) {
+  format_hexfloat(static_cast<double>(value), precision, specs, buf);
+}
+
+constexpr auto fractional_part_rounding_thresholds(int index) -> uint32_t {
+  // For checking rounding thresholds.
+  // The kth entry is chosen to be the smallest integer such that the
+  // upper 32-bits of 10^(k+1) times it is strictly bigger than 5 * 10^k.
+  // It is equal to ceil(2^31 + 2^32/10^(k + 1)).
+  // These are stored in a string literal because we cannot have static arrays
+  // in constexpr functions and non-static ones are poorly optimized.
+  return U"\x9999999a\x828f5c29\x80418938\x80068db9\x8000a7c6\x800010c7"
+         U"\x800001ae\x8000002b"[index];
+}
+
+template <typename Float>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto format_float(Float value, int precision, float_specs specs,
+                                  buffer<char>& buf) -> int {
+  // float is passed as double to reduce the number of instantiations.
+  static_assert(!std::is_same<Float, float>::value, "");
+  FMT_ASSERT(value >= 0, "value is negative");
+  auto converted_value = convert_float(value);
+
+  const bool fixed = specs.format == float_format::fixed;
+  if (value <= 0) {  // <= instead of == to silence a warning.
+    if (precision <= 0 || !fixed) {
+      buf.push_back('0');
+      return 0;
+    }
+    buf.try_resize(to_unsigned(precision));
+    fill_n(buf.data(), precision, '0');
+    return -precision;
+  }
+
+  int exp = 0;
+  bool use_dragon = true;
+  unsigned dragon_flags = 0;
+  if (!is_fast_float<Float>() || is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    const auto inv_log2_10 = 0.3010299956639812;  // 1 / log2(10)
+    using info = dragonbox::float_info<decltype(converted_value)>;
+    const auto f = basic_fp<typename info::carrier_uint>(converted_value);
+    // Compute exp, an approximate power of 10, such that
+    //   10^(exp - 1) <= value < 10^exp or 10^exp <= value < 10^(exp + 1).
+    // This is based on log10(value) == log2(value) / log2(10) and approximation
+    // of log2(value) by e + num_fraction_bits idea from double-conversion.
+    auto e = (f.e + count_digits<1>(f.f) - 1) * inv_log2_10 - 1e-10;
+    exp = static_cast<int>(e);
+    if (e > exp) ++exp;  // Compute ceil.
+    dragon_flags = dragon::fixup;
+  } else if (precision < 0) {
+    // Use Dragonbox for the shortest format.
+    if (specs.binary32) {
+      auto dec = dragonbox::to_decimal(static_cast<float>(value));
+      write<char>(buffer_appender<char>(buf), dec.significand);
+      return dec.exponent;
+    }
+    auto dec = dragonbox::to_decimal(static_cast<double>(value));
+    write<char>(buffer_appender<char>(buf), dec.significand);
+    return dec.exponent;
+  } else {
+    // Extract significand bits and exponent bits.
+    using info = dragonbox::float_info<double>;
+    auto br = bit_cast<uint64_t>(static_cast<double>(value));
+
+    const uint64_t significand_mask =
+        (static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << num_significand_bits<double>()) - 1;
+    uint64_t significand = (br & significand_mask);
+    int exponent = static_cast<int>((br & exponent_mask<double>()) >>
+                                    num_significand_bits<double>());
+
+    if (exponent != 0) {  // Check if normal.
+      exponent -= exponent_bias<double>() + num_significand_bits<double>();
+      significand |=
+          (static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << num_significand_bits<double>());
+      significand <<= 1;
+    } else {
+      // Normalize subnormal inputs.
+      FMT_ASSERT(significand != 0, "zeros should not appear here");
+      int shift = countl_zero(significand);
+      FMT_ASSERT(shift >= num_bits<uint64_t>() - num_significand_bits<double>(),
+                 "");
+      shift -= (num_bits<uint64_t>() - num_significand_bits<double>() - 2);
+      exponent = (std::numeric_limits<double>::min_exponent -
+                  num_significand_bits<double>()) -
+                 shift;
+      significand <<= shift;
+    }
+
+    // Compute the first several nonzero decimal significand digits.
+    // We call the number we get the first segment.
+    const int k = info::kappa - dragonbox::floor_log10_pow2(exponent);
+    exp = -k;
+    const int beta = exponent + dragonbox::floor_log2_pow10(k);
+    uint64_t first_segment;
+    bool has_more_segments;
+    int digits_in_the_first_segment;
+    {
+      const auto r = dragonbox::umul192_upper128(
+          significand << beta, dragonbox::get_cached_power(k));
+      first_segment = r.high();
+      has_more_segments = r.low() != 0;
+
+      // The first segment can have 18 ~ 19 digits.
+      if (first_segment >= 1000000000000000000ULL) {
+        digits_in_the_first_segment = 19;
+      } else {
+        // When it is of 18-digits, we align it to 19-digits by adding a bogus
+        // zero at the end.
+        digits_in_the_first_segment = 18;
+        first_segment *= 10;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Compute the actual number of decimal digits to print.
+    if (fixed) adjust_precision(precision, exp + digits_in_the_first_segment);
+
+    // Use Dragon4 only when there might be not enough digits in the first
+    // segment.
+    if (digits_in_the_first_segment > precision) {
+      use_dragon = false;
+
+      if (precision <= 0) {
+        exp += digits_in_the_first_segment;
+
+        if (precision < 0) {
+          // Nothing to do, since all we have are just leading zeros.
+          buf.try_resize(0);
+        } else {
+          // We may need to round-up.
+          buf.try_resize(1);
+          if ((first_segment | static_cast<uint64_t>(has_more_segments)) >
+              5000000000000000000ULL) {
+            buf[0] = '1';
+          } else {
+            buf[0] = '0';
+          }
+        }
+      }  // precision <= 0
+      else {
+        exp += digits_in_the_first_segment - precision;
+
+        // When precision > 0, we divide the first segment into three
+        // subsegments, each with 9, 9, and 0 ~ 1 digits so that each fits
+        // in 32-bits which usually allows faster calculation than in
+        // 64-bits. Since some compiler (e.g. MSVC) doesn't know how to optimize
+        // division-by-constant for large 64-bit divisors, we do it here
+        // manually. The magic number 7922816251426433760 below is equal to
+        // ceil(2^(64+32) / 10^10).
+        const uint32_t first_subsegment = static_cast<uint32_t>(
+            dragonbox::umul128_upper64(first_segment, 7922816251426433760ULL) >>
+            32);
+        const uint64_t second_third_subsegments =
+            first_segment - first_subsegment * 10000000000ULL;
+
+        uint64_t prod;
+        uint32_t digits;
+        bool should_round_up;
+        int number_of_digits_to_print = precision > 9 ? 9 : precision;
+
+        // Print a 9-digits subsegment, either the first or the second.
+        auto print_subsegment = [&](uint32_t subsegment, char* buffer) {
+          int number_of_digits_printed = 0;
+
+          // If we want to print an odd number of digits from the subsegment,
+          if ((number_of_digits_to_print & 1) != 0) {
+            // Convert to 64-bit fixed-point fractional form with 1-digit
+            // integer part. The magic number 720575941 is a good enough
+            // approximation of 2^(32 + 24) / 10^8; see
+            // https://jk-jeon.github.io/posts/2022/12/fixed-precision-formatting/#fixed-length-case
+            // for details.
+            prod = ((subsegment * static_cast<uint64_t>(720575941)) >> 24) + 1;
+            digits = static_cast<uint32_t>(prod >> 32);
+            *buffer = static_cast<char>('0' + digits);
+            number_of_digits_printed++;
+          }
+          // If we want to print an even number of digits from the
+          // first_subsegment,
+          else {
+            // Convert to 64-bit fixed-point fractional form with 2-digits
+            // integer part. The magic number 450359963 is a good enough
+            // approximation of 2^(32 + 20) / 10^7; see
+            // https://jk-jeon.github.io/posts/2022/12/fixed-precision-formatting/#fixed-length-case
+            // for details.
+            prod = ((subsegment * static_cast<uint64_t>(450359963)) >> 20) + 1;
+            digits = static_cast<uint32_t>(prod >> 32);
+            copy2(buffer, digits2(digits));
+            number_of_digits_printed += 2;
+          }
+
+          // Print all digit pairs.
+          while (number_of_digits_printed < number_of_digits_to_print) {
+            prod = static_cast<uint32_t>(prod) * static_cast<uint64_t>(100);
+            digits = static_cast<uint32_t>(prod >> 32);
+            copy2(buffer + number_of_digits_printed, digits2(digits));
+            number_of_digits_printed += 2;
+          }
+        };
+
+        // Print first subsegment.
+        print_subsegment(first_subsegment, buf.data());
+
+        // Perform rounding if the first subsegment is the last subsegment to
+        // print.
+        if (precision <= 9) {
+          // Rounding inside the subsegment.
+          // We round-up if:
+          //  - either the fractional part is strictly larger than 1/2, or
+          //  - the fractional part is exactly 1/2 and the last digit is odd.
+          // We rely on the following observations:
+          //  - If fractional_part >= threshold, then the fractional part is
+          //    strictly larger than 1/2.
+          //  - If the MSB of fractional_part is set, then the fractional part
+          //    must be at least 1/2.
+          //  - When the MSB of fractional_part is set, either
+          //    second_third_subsegments being nonzero or has_more_segments
+          //    being true means there are further digits not printed, so the
+          //    fractional part is strictly larger than 1/2.
+          if (precision < 9) {
+            uint32_t fractional_part = static_cast<uint32_t>(prod);
+            should_round_up =
+                fractional_part >= fractional_part_rounding_thresholds(
+                                       8 - number_of_digits_to_print) ||
+                ((fractional_part >> 31) &
+                 ((digits & 1) | (second_third_subsegments != 0) |
+                  has_more_segments)) != 0;
+          }
+          // Rounding at the subsegment boundary.
+          // In this case, the fractional part is at least 1/2 if and only if
+          // second_third_subsegments >= 5000000000ULL, and is strictly larger
+          // than 1/2 if we further have either second_third_subsegments >
+          // 5000000000ULL or has_more_segments == true.
+          else {
+            should_round_up = second_third_subsegments > 5000000000ULL ||
+                              (second_third_subsegments == 5000000000ULL &&
+                               ((digits & 1) != 0 || has_more_segments));
+          }
+        }
+        // Otherwise, print the second subsegment.
+        else {
+          // Compilers are not aware of how to leverage the maximum value of
+          // second_third_subsegments to find out a better magic number which
+          // allows us to eliminate an additional shift. 1844674407370955162 =
+          // ceil(2^64/10) < ceil(2^64*(10^9/(10^10 - 1))).
+          const uint32_t second_subsegment =
+              static_cast<uint32_t>(dragonbox::umul128_upper64(
+                  second_third_subsegments, 1844674407370955162ULL));
+          const uint32_t third_subsegment =
+              static_cast<uint32_t>(second_third_subsegments) -
+              second_subsegment * 10;
+
+          number_of_digits_to_print = precision - 9;
+          print_subsegment(second_subsegment, buf.data() + 9);
+
+          // Rounding inside the subsegment.
+          if (precision < 18) {
+            // The condition third_subsegment != 0 implies that the segment was
+            // of 19 digits, so in this case the third segment should be
+            // consisting of a genuine digit from the input.
+            uint32_t fractional_part = static_cast<uint32_t>(prod);
+            should_round_up =
+                fractional_part >= fractional_part_rounding_thresholds(
+                                       8 - number_of_digits_to_print) ||
+                ((fractional_part >> 31) &
+                 ((digits & 1) | (third_subsegment != 0) |
+                  has_more_segments)) != 0;
+          }
+          // Rounding at the subsegment boundary.
+          else {
+            // In this case, the segment must be of 19 digits, thus
+            // the third subsegment should be consisting of a genuine digit from
+            // the input.
+            should_round_up = third_subsegment > 5 ||
+                              (third_subsegment == 5 &&
+                               ((digits & 1) != 0 || has_more_segments));
+          }
+        }
+
+        // Round-up if necessary.
+        if (should_round_up) {
+          ++buf[precision - 1];
+          for (int i = precision - 1; i > 0 && buf[i] > '9'; --i) {
+            buf[i] = '0';
+            ++buf[i - 1];
+          }
+          if (buf[0] > '9') {
+            buf[0] = '1';
+            if (fixed)
+              buf[precision++] = '0';
+            else
+              ++exp;
+          }
+        }
+        buf.try_resize(to_unsigned(precision));
+      }
+    }  // if (digits_in_the_first_segment > precision)
+    else {
+      // Adjust the exponent for its use in Dragon4.
+      exp += digits_in_the_first_segment - 1;
+    }
+  }
+  if (use_dragon) {
+    auto f = basic_fp<uint128_t>();
+    bool is_predecessor_closer = specs.binary32
+                                     ? f.assign(static_cast<float>(value))
+                                     : f.assign(converted_value);
+    if (is_predecessor_closer) dragon_flags |= dragon::predecessor_closer;
+    if (fixed) dragon_flags |= dragon::fixed;
+    // Limit precision to the maximum possible number of significant digits in
+    // an IEEE754 double because we don't need to generate zeros.
+    const int max_double_digits = 767;
+    if (precision > max_double_digits) precision = max_double_digits;
+    format_dragon(f, dragon_flags, precision, buf, exp);
+  }
+  if (!fixed && !specs.showpoint) {
+    // Remove trailing zeros.
+    auto num_digits = buf.size();
+    while (num_digits > 0 && buf[num_digits - 1] == '0') {
+      --num_digits;
+      ++exp;
+    }
+    buf.try_resize(num_digits);
+  }
+  return exp;
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write_float(OutputIt out, T value,
+                                 format_specs<Char> specs, locale_ref loc)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  float_specs fspecs = parse_float_type_spec(specs);
+  fspecs.sign = specs.sign;
+  if (detail::signbit(value)) {  // value < 0 is false for NaN so use signbit.
+    fspecs.sign = sign::minus;
+    value = -value;
+  } else if (fspecs.sign == sign::minus) {
+    fspecs.sign = sign::none;
+  }
+
+  if (!detail::isfinite(value))
+    return write_nonfinite(out, detail::isnan(value), specs, fspecs);
+
+  if (specs.align == align::numeric && fspecs.sign) {
+    auto it = reserve(out, 1);
+    *it++ = detail::sign<Char>(fspecs.sign);
+    out = base_iterator(out, it);
+    fspecs.sign = sign::none;
+    if (specs.width != 0) --specs.width;
+  }
+
+  memory_buffer buffer;
+  if (fspecs.format == float_format::hex) {
+    if (fspecs.sign) buffer.push_back(detail::sign<char>(fspecs.sign));
+    format_hexfloat(convert_float(value), specs.precision, fspecs, buffer);
+    return write_bytes<align::right>(out, {buffer.data(), buffer.size()},
+                                     specs);
+  }
+  int precision = specs.precision >= 0 || specs.type == presentation_type::none
+                      ? specs.precision
+                      : 6;
+  if (fspecs.format == float_format::exp) {
+    if (precision == max_value<int>())
+      throw_format_error("number is too big");
+    else
+      ++precision;
+  } else if (fspecs.format != float_format::fixed && precision == 0) {
+    precision = 1;
+  }
+  if (const_check(std::is_same<T, float>())) fspecs.binary32 = true;
+  int exp = format_float(convert_float(value), precision, fspecs, buffer);
+  fspecs.precision = precision;
+  auto f = big_decimal_fp{buffer.data(), static_cast<int>(buffer.size()), exp};
+  return write_float(out, f, specs, fspecs, loc);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write(OutputIt out, T value, format_specs<Char> specs,
+                           locale_ref loc = {}) -> OutputIt {
+  if (const_check(!is_supported_floating_point(value))) return out;
+  return specs.localized && write_loc(out, value, specs, loc)
+             ? out
+             : write_float(out, value, specs, loc);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_fast_float<T>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write(OutputIt out, T value) -> OutputIt {
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) return write(out, value, format_specs<Char>());
+  if (const_check(!is_supported_floating_point(value))) return out;
+
+  auto fspecs = float_specs();
+  if (detail::signbit(value)) {
+    fspecs.sign = sign::minus;
+    value = -value;
+  }
+
+  constexpr auto specs = format_specs<Char>();
+  using floaty = conditional_t<std::is_same<T, long double>::value, double, T>;
+  using floaty_uint = typename dragonbox::float_info<floaty>::carrier_uint;
+  floaty_uint mask = exponent_mask<floaty>();
+  if ((bit_cast<floaty_uint>(value) & mask) == mask)
+    return write_nonfinite(out, std::isnan(value), specs, fspecs);
+
+  auto dec = dragonbox::to_decimal(static_cast<floaty>(value));
+  return write_float(out, dec, specs, fspecs, {});
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_floating_point<T>::value &&
+                        !is_fast_float<T>::value)>
+inline auto write(OutputIt out, T value) -> OutputIt {
+  return write(out, value, format_specs<Char>());
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+auto write(OutputIt out, monostate, format_specs<Char> = {}, locale_ref = {})
+    -> OutputIt {
+  FMT_ASSERT(false, "");
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<Char> value)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  auto it = reserve(out, value.size());
+  it = copy_str_noinline<Char>(value.begin(), value.end(), it);
+  return base_iterator(out, it);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_string<T>::value)>
+constexpr auto write(OutputIt out, const T& value) -> OutputIt {
+  return write<Char>(out, to_string_view(value));
+}
+
+// FMT_ENABLE_IF() condition separated to workaround an MSVC bug.
+template <
+    typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+    bool check =
+        std::is_enum<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, Char>::value &&
+        mapped_type_constant<T, basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>>::value !=
+            type::custom_type,
+    FMT_ENABLE_IF(check)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, T value) -> OutputIt {
+  return write<Char>(out, static_cast<underlying_t<T>>(value));
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<T, bool>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, T value,
+                         const format_specs<Char>& specs = {}, locale_ref = {})
+    -> OutputIt {
+  return specs.type != presentation_type::none &&
+                 specs.type != presentation_type::string
+             ? write(out, value ? 1 : 0, specs, {})
+             : write_bytes(out, value ? "true" : "false", specs);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, Char value) -> OutputIt {
+  auto it = reserve(out, 1);
+  *it++ = value;
+  return base_iterator(out, it);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS auto write(OutputIt out, const Char* value)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  if (value) return write(out, basic_string_view<Char>(value));
+  throw_format_error("string pointer is null");
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<T, void>::value)>
+auto write(OutputIt out, const T* value, const format_specs<Char>& specs = {},
+           locale_ref = {}) -> OutputIt {
+  return write_ptr<Char>(out, bit_cast<uintptr_t>(value), &specs);
+}
+
+// A write overload that handles implicit conversions.
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          typename Context = basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, const T& value) -> enable_if_t<
+    std::is_class<T>::value && !is_string<T>::value &&
+        !is_floating_point<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, Char>::value &&
+        !std::is_same<T, remove_cvref_t<decltype(arg_mapper<Context>().map(
+                             value))>>::value,
+    OutputIt> {
+  return write<Char>(out, arg_mapper<Context>().map(value));
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          typename Context = basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, const T& value)
+    -> enable_if_t<mapped_type_constant<T, Context>::value == type::custom_type,
+                   OutputIt> {
+  auto formatter = typename Context::template formatter_type<T>();
+  auto parse_ctx = typename Context::parse_context_type({});
+  formatter.parse(parse_ctx);
+  auto ctx = Context(out, {}, {});
+  return formatter.format(value, ctx);
+}
+
+// An argument visitor that formats the argument and writes it via the output
+// iterator. It's a class and not a generic lambda for compatibility with C++11.
+template <typename Char> struct default_arg_formatter {
+  using iterator = buffer_appender<Char>;
+  using context = buffer_context<Char>;
+
+  iterator out;
+  basic_format_args<context> args;
+  locale_ref loc;
+
+  template <typename T> auto operator()(T value) -> iterator {
+    return write<Char>(out, value);
+  }
+  auto operator()(typename basic_format_arg<context>::handle h) -> iterator {
+    basic_format_parse_context<Char> parse_ctx({});
+    context format_ctx(out, args, loc);
+    h.format(parse_ctx, format_ctx);
+    return format_ctx.out();
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char> struct arg_formatter {
+  using iterator = buffer_appender<Char>;
+  using context = buffer_context<Char>;
+
+  iterator out;
+  const format_specs<Char>& specs;
+  locale_ref locale;
+
+  template <typename T>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto operator()(T value) -> iterator {
+    return detail::write(out, value, specs, locale);
+  }
+  auto operator()(typename basic_format_arg<context>::handle) -> iterator {
+    // User-defined types are handled separately because they require access
+    // to the parse context.
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+struct width_checker {
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integer<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(T value) -> unsigned long long {
+    if (is_negative(value)) throw_format_error("negative width");
+    return static_cast<unsigned long long>(value);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_integer<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(T) -> unsigned long long {
+    throw_format_error("width is not integer");
+    return 0;
+  }
+};
+
+struct precision_checker {
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integer<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(T value) -> unsigned long long {
+    if (is_negative(value)) throw_format_error("negative precision");
+    return static_cast<unsigned long long>(value);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_integer<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(T) -> unsigned long long {
+    throw_format_error("precision is not integer");
+    return 0;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Handler, typename FormatArg>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get_dynamic_spec(FormatArg arg) -> int {
+  unsigned long long value = visit_format_arg(Handler(), arg);
+  if (value > to_unsigned(max_value<int>()))
+    throw_format_error("number is too big");
+  return static_cast<int>(value);
+}
+
+template <typename Context, typename ID>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get_arg(Context& ctx, ID id) -> decltype(ctx.arg(id)) {
+  auto arg = ctx.arg(id);
+  if (!arg) ctx.on_error("argument not found");
+  return arg;
+}
+
+template <typename Handler, typename Context>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void handle_dynamic_spec(int& value,
+                                       arg_ref<typename Context::char_type> ref,
+                                       Context& ctx) {
+  switch (ref.kind) {
+  case arg_id_kind::none:
+    break;
+  case arg_id_kind::index:
+    value = detail::get_dynamic_spec<Handler>(get_arg(ctx, ref.val.index));
+    break;
+  case arg_id_kind::name:
+    value = detail::get_dynamic_spec<Handler>(get_arg(ctx, ref.val.name));
+    break;
+  }
+}
+
+#if FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+#  if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+template <typename T, typename Char, size_t N,
+          fmt::detail_exported::fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
+struct statically_named_arg : view {
+  static constexpr auto name = Str.data;
+
+  const T& value;
+  statically_named_arg(const T& v) : value(v) {}
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char, size_t N,
+          fmt::detail_exported::fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
+struct is_named_arg<statically_named_arg<T, Char, N, Str>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char, size_t N,
+          fmt::detail_exported::fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
+struct is_statically_named_arg<statically_named_arg<T, Char, N, Str>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename Char, size_t N,
+          fmt::detail_exported::fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
+struct udl_arg {
+  template <typename T> auto operator=(T&& value) const {
+    return statically_named_arg<T, Char, N, Str>(std::forward<T>(value));
+  }
+};
+#  else
+template <typename Char> struct udl_arg {
+  const Char* str;
+
+  template <typename T> auto operator=(T&& value) const -> named_arg<Char, T> {
+    return {str, std::forward<T>(value)};
+  }
+};
+#  endif
+#endif  // FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+
+template <typename Locale, typename Char>
+auto vformat(const Locale& loc, basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
+             basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  auto buf = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt, args, detail::locale_ref(loc));
+  return {buf.data(), buf.size()};
+}
+
+using format_func = void (*)(detail::buffer<char>&, int, const char*);
+
+FMT_API void format_error_code(buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
+                               string_view message) noexcept;
+
+FMT_API void report_error(format_func func, int error_code,
+                          const char* message) noexcept;
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_API auto vsystem_error(int error_code, string_view format_str,
+                           format_args args) -> std::system_error;
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Constructs :class:`std::system_error` with a message formatted with
+  ``fmt::format(fmt, args...)``.
+  *error_code* is a system error code as given by ``errno``.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    // This throws std::system_error with the description
+    //   cannot open file 'madeup': No such file or directory
+    // or similar (system message may vary).
+    const char* filename = "madeup";
+    std::FILE* file = std::fopen(filename, "r");
+    if (!file)
+      throw fmt::system_error(errno, "cannot open file '{}'", filename);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+auto system_error(int error_code, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> std::system_error {
+  return vsystem_error(error_code, fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats an error message for an error returned by an operating system or a
+  language runtime, for example a file opening error, and writes it to *out*.
+  The format is the same as the one used by ``std::system_error(ec, message)``
+  where ``ec`` is ``std::error_code(error_code, std::generic_category()})``.
+  It is implementation-defined but normally looks like:
+
+  .. parsed-literal::
+     *<message>*: *<system-message>*
+
+  where *<message>* is the passed message and *<system-message>* is the system
+  message corresponding to the error code.
+  *error_code* is a system error code as given by ``errno``.
+  \endrst
+ */
+FMT_API void format_system_error(detail::buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
+                                 const char* message) noexcept;
+
+// Reports a system error without throwing an exception.
+// Can be used to report errors from destructors.
+FMT_API void report_system_error(int error_code, const char* message) noexcept;
+
+/** Fast integer formatter. */
+class format_int {
+ private:
+  // Buffer should be large enough to hold all digits (digits10 + 1),
+  // a sign and a null character.
+  enum { buffer_size = std::numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::digits10 + 3 };
+  mutable char buffer_[buffer_size];
+  char* str_;
+
+  template <typename UInt> auto format_unsigned(UInt value) -> char* {
+    auto n = static_cast<detail::uint32_or_64_or_128_t<UInt>>(value);
+    return detail::format_decimal(buffer_, n, buffer_size - 1).begin;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Int> auto format_signed(Int value) -> char* {
+    auto abs_value = static_cast<detail::uint32_or_64_or_128_t<Int>>(value);
+    bool negative = value < 0;
+    if (negative) abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
+    auto begin = format_unsigned(abs_value);
+    if (negative) *--begin = '-';
+    return begin;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit format_int(int value) : str_(format_signed(value)) {}
+  explicit format_int(long value) : str_(format_signed(value)) {}
+  explicit format_int(long long value) : str_(format_signed(value)) {}
+  explicit format_int(unsigned value) : str_(format_unsigned(value)) {}
+  explicit format_int(unsigned long value) : str_(format_unsigned(value)) {}
+  explicit format_int(unsigned long long value)
+      : str_(format_unsigned(value)) {}
+
+  /** Returns the number of characters written to the output buffer. */
+  auto size() const -> size_t {
+    return detail::to_unsigned(buffer_ - str_ + buffer_size - 1);
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Returns a pointer to the output buffer content. No terminating null
+    character is appended.
+   */
+  auto data() const -> const char* { return str_; }
+
+  /**
+    Returns a pointer to the output buffer content with terminating null
+    character appended.
+   */
+  auto c_str() const -> const char* {
+    buffer_[buffer_size - 1] = '\0';
+    return str_;
+  }
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Returns the content of the output buffer as an ``std::string``.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  auto str() const -> std::string { return std::string(str_, size()); }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<T, Char, enable_if_t<detail::has_format_as<T>::value>>
+    : formatter<detail::format_as_t<T>, Char> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const T& value, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    using base = formatter<detail::format_as_t<T>, Char>;
+    return base::format(format_as(value), ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+#define FMT_FORMAT_AS(Type, Base) \
+  template <typename Char>        \
+  struct formatter<Type, Char> : formatter<Base, Char> {}
+
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(signed char, int);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(unsigned char, unsigned);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(short, int);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(unsigned short, unsigned);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(long, detail::long_type);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(unsigned long, detail::ulong_type);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(Char*, const Char*);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(std::basic_string<Char>, basic_string_view<Char>);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(std::nullptr_t, const void*);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(detail::std_string_view<Char>, basic_string_view<Char>);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(void*, const void*);
+
+template <typename Char, size_t N>
+struct formatter<Char[N], Char> : formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char> {};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Converts ``p`` to ``const void*`` for pointer formatting.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    auto s = fmt::format("{}", fmt::ptr(p));
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T> auto ptr(T p) -> const void* {
+  static_assert(std::is_pointer<T>::value, "");
+  return detail::bit_cast<const void*>(p);
+}
+template <typename T, typename Deleter>
+auto ptr(const std::unique_ptr<T, Deleter>& p) -> const void* {
+  return p.get();
+}
+template <typename T> auto ptr(const std::shared_ptr<T>& p) -> const void* {
+  return p.get();
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Converts ``e`` to the underlying type.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    enum class color { red, green, blue };
+    auto s = fmt::format("{}", fmt::underlying(color::red));
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Enum>
+constexpr auto underlying(Enum e) noexcept -> underlying_t<Enum> {
+  return static_cast<underlying_t<Enum>>(e);
+}
+
+namespace enums {
+template <typename Enum, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_enum<Enum>::value)>
+constexpr auto format_as(Enum e) noexcept -> underlying_t<Enum> {
+  return static_cast<underlying_t<Enum>>(e);
+}
+}  // namespace enums
+
+class bytes {
+ private:
+  string_view data_;
+  friend struct formatter<bytes>;
+
+ public:
+  explicit bytes(string_view data) : data_(data) {}
+};
+
+template <> struct formatter<bytes> {
+ private:
+  detail::dynamic_format_specs<> specs_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> const char* {
+    return parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), specs_, ctx,
+                              detail::type::string_type);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(bytes b, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::width_checker>(specs_.width,
+                                                       specs_.width_ref, ctx);
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::precision_checker>(
+        specs_.precision, specs_.precision_ref, ctx);
+    return detail::write_bytes(ctx.out(), b.data_, specs_);
+  }
+};
+
+// group_digits_view is not derived from view because it copies the argument.
+template <typename T> struct group_digits_view {
+  T value;
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns a view that formats an integer value using ',' as a locale-independent
+  thousands separator.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print("{}", fmt::group_digits(12345));
+    // Output: "12,345"
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T> auto group_digits(T value) -> group_digits_view<T> {
+  return {value};
+}
+
+template <typename T> struct formatter<group_digits_view<T>> : formatter<T> {
+ private:
+  detail::dynamic_format_specs<> specs_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> const char* {
+    return parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), specs_, ctx,
+                              detail::type::int_type);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(group_digits_view<T> t, FormatContext& ctx)
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::width_checker>(specs_.width,
+                                                       specs_.width_ref, ctx);
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::precision_checker>(
+        specs_.precision, specs_.precision_ref, ctx);
+    return detail::write_int(
+        ctx.out(), static_cast<detail::uint64_or_128_t<T>>(t.value), 0, specs_,
+        detail::digit_grouping<char>("\3", ","));
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T> struct nested_view {
+  const formatter<T>* fmt;
+  const T* value;
+};
+
+template <typename T> struct formatter<nested_view<T>> {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(format_parse_context& ctx) -> const char* {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+  auto format(nested_view<T> view, format_context& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return view.fmt->format(*view.value, ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T> struct nested_formatter {
+ private:
+  int width_;
+  detail::fill_t<char> fill_;
+  align_t align_ : 4;
+  formatter<T> formatter_;
+
+ public:
+  constexpr nested_formatter() : width_(0), align_(align_t::none) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(format_parse_context& ctx) -> const char* {
+    auto specs = detail::dynamic_format_specs<char>();
+    auto it = parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), specs, ctx,
+                                 detail::type::none_type);
+    width_ = specs.width;
+    fill_ = specs.fill;
+    align_ = specs.align;
+    ctx.advance_to(it);
+    return formatter_.parse(ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <typename F>
+  auto write_padded(format_context& ctx, F write) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    if (width_ == 0) return write(ctx.out());
+    auto buf = memory_buffer();
+    write(std::back_inserter(buf));
+    auto specs = format_specs<>();
+    specs.width = width_;
+    specs.fill = fill_;
+    specs.align = align_;
+    return detail::write(ctx.out(), string_view(buf.data(), buf.size()), specs);
+  }
+
+  auto nested(const T& value) const -> nested_view<T> {
+    return nested_view<T>{&formatter_, &value};
+  }
+};
+
+// DEPRECATED! join_view will be moved to ranges.h.
+template <typename It, typename Sentinel, typename Char = char>
+struct join_view : detail::view {
+  It begin;
+  Sentinel end;
+  basic_string_view<Char> sep;
+
+  join_view(It b, Sentinel e, basic_string_view<Char> s)
+      : begin(b), end(e), sep(s) {}
+};
+
+template <typename It, typename Sentinel, typename Char>
+struct formatter<join_view<It, Sentinel, Char>, Char> {
+ private:
+  using value_type =
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_ranges
+      std::iter_value_t<It>;
+#else
+      typename std::iterator_traits<It>::value_type;
+#endif
+  formatter<remove_cvref_t<value_type>, Char> value_formatter_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    return value_formatter_.parse(ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const join_view<It, Sentinel, Char>& value,
+              FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto it = value.begin;
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    if (it != value.end) {
+      out = value_formatter_.format(*it, ctx);
+      ++it;
+      while (it != value.end) {
+        out = detail::copy_str<Char>(value.sep.begin(), value.sep.end(), out);
+        ctx.advance_to(out);
+        out = value_formatter_.format(*it, ctx);
+        ++it;
+      }
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+  Returns a view that formats the iterator range `[begin, end)` with elements
+  separated by `sep`.
+ */
+template <typename It, typename Sentinel>
+auto join(It begin, Sentinel end, string_view sep) -> join_view<It, Sentinel> {
+  return {begin, end, sep};
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns a view that formats `range` with elements separated by `sep`.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3};
+    fmt::print("{}", fmt::join(v, ", "));
+    // Output: "1, 2, 3"
+
+  ``fmt::join`` applies passed format specifiers to the range elements::
+
+    fmt::print("{:02}", fmt::join(v, ", "));
+    // Output: "01, 02, 03"
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Range>
+auto join(Range&& range, string_view sep)
+    -> join_view<detail::iterator_t<Range>, detail::sentinel_t<Range>> {
+  return join(std::begin(range), std::end(range), sep);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Converts *value* to ``std::string`` using the default format for type *T*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+    std::string answer = fmt::to_string(42);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value &&
+                                    !detail::has_format_as<T>::value)>
+inline auto to_string(const T& value) -> std::string {
+  auto buffer = memory_buffer();
+  detail::write<char>(appender(buffer), value);
+  return {buffer.data(), buffer.size()};
+}
+
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+FMT_NODISCARD inline auto to_string(T value) -> std::string {
+  // The buffer should be large enough to store the number including the sign
+  // or "false" for bool.
+  constexpr int max_size = detail::digits10<T>() + 2;
+  char buffer[max_size > 5 ? static_cast<unsigned>(max_size) : 5];
+  char* begin = buffer;
+  return std::string(begin, detail::write<char>(begin, value));
+}
+
+template <typename Char, size_t SIZE>
+FMT_NODISCARD auto to_string(const basic_memory_buffer<Char, SIZE>& buf)
+    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  auto size = buf.size();
+  detail::assume(size < std::basic_string<Char>().max_size());
+  return std::basic_string<Char>(buf.data(), size);
+}
+
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value &&
+                                    detail::has_format_as<T>::value)>
+inline auto to_string(const T& value) -> std::string {
+  return to_string(format_as(value));
+}
+
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename Char>
+void vformat_to(buffer<Char>& buf, basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
+                typename vformat_args<Char>::type args, locale_ref loc) {
+  auto out = buffer_appender<Char>(buf);
+  if (fmt.size() == 2 && equal2(fmt.data(), "{}")) {
+    auto arg = args.get(0);
+    if (!arg) throw_format_error("argument not found");
+    visit_format_arg(default_arg_formatter<Char>{out, args, loc}, arg);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  struct format_handler : error_handler {
+    basic_format_parse_context<Char> parse_context;
+    buffer_context<Char> context;
+
+    format_handler(buffer_appender<Char> p_out, basic_string_view<Char> str,
+                   basic_format_args<buffer_context<Char>> p_args,
+                   locale_ref p_loc)
+        : parse_context(str), context(p_out, p_args, p_loc) {}
+
+    void on_text(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
+      auto text = basic_string_view<Char>(begin, to_unsigned(end - begin));
+      context.advance_to(write<Char>(context.out(), text));
+    }
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id() -> int {
+      return parse_context.next_arg_id();
+    }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id(int id) -> int {
+      return parse_context.check_arg_id(id), id;
+    }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char> id) -> int {
+      int arg_id = context.arg_id(id);
+      if (arg_id < 0) throw_format_error("argument not found");
+      return arg_id;
+    }
+
+    FMT_INLINE void on_replacement_field(int id, const Char*) {
+      auto arg = get_arg(context, id);
+      context.advance_to(visit_format_arg(
+          default_arg_formatter<Char>{context.out(), context.args(),
+                                      context.locale()},
+          arg));
+    }
+
+    auto on_format_specs(int id, const Char* begin, const Char* end)
+        -> const Char* {
+      auto arg = get_arg(context, id);
+      // Not using a visitor for custom types gives better codegen.
+      if (arg.format_custom(begin, parse_context, context))
+        return parse_context.begin();
+      auto specs = detail::dynamic_format_specs<Char>();
+      begin = parse_format_specs(begin, end, specs, parse_context, arg.type());
+      detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::width_checker>(
+          specs.width, specs.width_ref, context);
+      detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::precision_checker>(
+          specs.precision, specs.precision_ref, context);
+      if (begin == end || *begin != '}')
+        throw_format_error("missing '}' in format string");
+      auto f = arg_formatter<Char>{context.out(), specs, context.locale()};
+      context.advance_to(visit_format_arg(f, arg));
+      return begin;
+    }
+  };
+  detail::parse_format_string<false>(fmt, format_handler(out, fmt, args, loc));
+}
+
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+
+#ifndef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+extern template FMT_API void vformat_to(buffer<char>&, string_view,
+                                        typename vformat_args<>::type,
+                                        locale_ref);
+extern template FMT_API auto thousands_sep_impl<char>(locale_ref)
+    -> thousands_sep_result<char>;
+extern template FMT_API auto thousands_sep_impl<wchar_t>(locale_ref)
+    -> thousands_sep_result<wchar_t>;
+extern template FMT_API auto decimal_point_impl(locale_ref) -> char;
+extern template FMT_API auto decimal_point_impl(locale_ref) -> wchar_t;
+#endif  // FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+#if FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+inline namespace literals {
+/**
+  \rst
+  User-defined literal equivalent of :func:`fmt::arg`.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    using namespace fmt::literals;
+    fmt::print("Elapsed time: {s:.2f} seconds", "s"_a=1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+#  if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+template <detail_exported::fixed_string Str> constexpr auto operator""_a() {
+  using char_t = remove_cvref_t<decltype(Str.data[0])>;
+  return detail::udl_arg<char_t, sizeof(Str.data) / sizeof(char_t), Str>();
+}
+#  else
+constexpr auto operator""_a(const char* s, size_t) -> detail::udl_arg<char> {
+  return {s};
+}
+#  endif
+}  // namespace literals
+#endif  // FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+
+template <typename Locale, FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_locale<Locale>::value)>
+inline auto vformat(const Locale& loc, string_view fmt, format_args args)
+    -> std::string {
+  return detail::vformat(loc, fmt, args);
+}
+
+template <typename Locale, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_locale<Locale>::value)>
+inline auto format(const Locale& loc, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> std::string {
+  return fmt::vformat(loc, string_view(fmt), fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Locale,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value&&
+                            detail::is_locale<Locale>::value)>
+auto vformat_to(OutputIt out, const Locale& loc, string_view fmt,
+                format_args args) -> OutputIt {
+  using detail::get_buffer;
+  auto&& buf = get_buffer<char>(out);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt, args, detail::locale_ref(loc));
+  return detail::get_iterator(buf, out);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Locale, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value&&
+                            detail::is_locale<Locale>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE auto format_to(OutputIt out, const Locale& loc,
+                          format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) -> OutputIt {
+  return vformat_to(out, loc, fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename Locale, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_locale<Locale>::value)>
+FMT_NODISCARD FMT_INLINE auto formatted_size(const Locale& loc,
+                                             format_string<T...> fmt,
+                                             T&&... args) -> size_t {
+  auto buf = detail::counting_buffer<>();
+  detail::vformat_to<char>(buf, fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...),
+                           detail::locale_ref(loc));
+  return buf.count();
+}
+
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+template <typename FormatContext>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto
+formatter<T, Char,
+          enable_if_t<detail::type_constant<T, Char>::value !=
+                      detail::type::custom_type>>::format(const T& val,
+                                                          FormatContext& ctx)
+    const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+  if (specs_.width_ref.kind == detail::arg_id_kind::none &&
+      specs_.precision_ref.kind == detail::arg_id_kind::none) {
+    return detail::write<Char>(ctx.out(), val, specs_, ctx.locale());
+  }
+  auto specs = specs_;
+  detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::width_checker>(specs.width,
+                                                     specs.width_ref, ctx);
+  detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::precision_checker>(
+      specs.precision, specs.precision_ref, ctx);
+  return detail::write<Char>(ctx.out(), val, specs, ctx.locale());
+}
+
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#ifdef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+#  define FMT_FUNC inline
+#  include "format-inl.h"
+#else
+#  define FMT_FUNC
+#endif
+
+#endif  // FMT_FORMAT_H_
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/os.h b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/os.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3c7b3ccb48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/os.h
@@ -0,0 +1,455 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - optional OS-specific functionality
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_OS_H_
+#define FMT_OS_H_
+
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <system_error>  // std::system_error
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+#if defined __APPLE__ || defined(__FreeBSD__)
+#  if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<xlocale.h>)
+#    include <xlocale.h>  // for LC_NUMERIC_MASK on OS X
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_FCNTL
+// UWP doesn't provide _pipe.
+#  if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE("winapifamily.h")
+#    include <winapifamily.h>
+#  endif
+#  if (FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<fcntl.h>) || defined(__APPLE__) || \
+       defined(__linux__)) &&                              \
+      (!defined(WINAPI_FAMILY) ||                          \
+       (WINAPI_FAMILY == WINAPI_FAMILY_DESKTOP_APP))
+#    include <fcntl.h>  // for O_RDONLY
+#    define FMT_USE_FCNTL 1
+#  else
+#    define FMT_USE_FCNTL 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_POSIX
+#  if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
+// Fix warnings about deprecated symbols.
+#    define FMT_POSIX(call) _##call
+#  else
+#    define FMT_POSIX(call) call
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Calls to system functions are wrapped in FMT_SYSTEM for testability.
+#ifdef FMT_SYSTEM
+#  define FMT_HAS_SYSTEM
+#  define FMT_POSIX_CALL(call) FMT_SYSTEM(call)
+#else
+#  define FMT_SYSTEM(call) ::call
+#  ifdef _WIN32
+// Fix warnings about deprecated symbols.
+#    define FMT_POSIX_CALL(call) ::_##call
+#  else
+#    define FMT_POSIX_CALL(call) ::call
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Retries the expression while it evaluates to error_result and errno
+// equals to EINTR.
+#ifndef _WIN32
+#  define FMT_RETRY_VAL(result, expression, error_result) \
+    do {                                                  \
+      (result) = (expression);                            \
+    } while ((result) == (error_result) && errno == EINTR)
+#else
+#  define FMT_RETRY_VAL(result, expression, error_result) result = (expression)
+#endif
+
+#define FMT_RETRY(result, expression) FMT_RETRY_VAL(result, expression, -1)
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A reference to a null-terminated string. It can be constructed from a C
+  string or ``std::string``.
+
+  You can use one of the following type aliases for common character types:
+
+  +---------------+-----------------------------+
+  | Type          | Definition                  |
+  +===============+=============================+
+  | cstring_view  | basic_cstring_view<char>    |
+  +---------------+-----------------------------+
+  | wcstring_view | basic_cstring_view<wchar_t> |
+  +---------------+-----------------------------+
+
+  This class is most useful as a parameter type to allow passing
+  different types of strings to a function, for example::
+
+    template <typename... Args>
+    std::string format(cstring_view format_str, const Args & ... args);
+
+    format("{}", 42);
+    format(std::string("{}"), 42);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Char> class basic_cstring_view {
+ private:
+  const Char* data_;
+
+ public:
+  /** Constructs a string reference object from a C string. */
+  basic_cstring_view(const Char* s) : data_(s) {}
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Constructs a string reference from an ``std::string`` object.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  basic_cstring_view(const std::basic_string<Char>& s) : data_(s.c_str()) {}
+
+  /** Returns the pointer to a C string. */
+  auto c_str() const -> const Char* { return data_; }
+};
+
+using cstring_view = basic_cstring_view<char>;
+using wcstring_view = basic_cstring_view<wchar_t>;
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+FMT_API const std::error_category& system_category() noexcept;
+
+namespace detail {
+FMT_API void format_windows_error(buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
+                                  const char* message) noexcept;
+}
+
+FMT_API std::system_error vwindows_error(int error_code, string_view format_str,
+                                         format_args args);
+
+/**
+ \rst
+ Constructs a :class:`std::system_error` object with the description
+ of the form
+
+ .. parsed-literal::
+   *<message>*: *<system-message>*
+
+ where *<message>* is the formatted message and *<system-message>* is the
+ system message corresponding to the error code.
+ *error_code* is a Windows error code as given by ``GetLastError``.
+ If *error_code* is not a valid error code such as -1, the system message
+ will look like "error -1".
+
+ **Example**::
+
+   // This throws a system_error with the description
+   //   cannot open file 'madeup': The system cannot find the file specified.
+   // or similar (system message may vary).
+   const char *filename = "madeup";
+   LPOFSTRUCT of = LPOFSTRUCT();
+   HFILE file = OpenFile(filename, &of, OF_READ);
+   if (file == HFILE_ERROR) {
+     throw fmt::windows_error(GetLastError(),
+                              "cannot open file '{}'", filename);
+   }
+ \endrst
+*/
+template <typename... Args>
+std::system_error windows_error(int error_code, string_view message,
+                                const Args&... args) {
+  return vwindows_error(error_code, message, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+}
+
+// Reports a Windows error without throwing an exception.
+// Can be used to report errors from destructors.
+FMT_API void report_windows_error(int error_code, const char* message) noexcept;
+#else
+inline auto system_category() noexcept -> const std::error_category& {
+  return std::system_category();
+}
+#endif  // _WIN32
+
+// std::system is not available on some platforms such as iOS (#2248).
+#ifdef __OSX__
+template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+void say(const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
+  std::system(format("say \"{}\"", format(format_str, args...)).c_str());
+}
+#endif
+
+// A buffered file.
+class buffered_file {
+ private:
+  FILE* file_;
+
+  friend class file;
+
+  explicit buffered_file(FILE* f) : file_(f) {}
+
+ public:
+  buffered_file(const buffered_file&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const buffered_file&) = delete;
+
+  // Constructs a buffered_file object which doesn't represent any file.
+  buffered_file() noexcept : file_(nullptr) {}
+
+  // Destroys the object closing the file it represents if any.
+  FMT_API ~buffered_file() noexcept;
+
+ public:
+  buffered_file(buffered_file&& other) noexcept : file_(other.file_) {
+    other.file_ = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  auto operator=(buffered_file&& other) -> buffered_file& {
+    close();
+    file_ = other.file_;
+    other.file_ = nullptr;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // Opens a file.
+  FMT_API buffered_file(cstring_view filename, cstring_view mode);
+
+  // Closes the file.
+  FMT_API void close();
+
+  // Returns the pointer to a FILE object representing this file.
+  auto get() const noexcept -> FILE* { return file_; }
+
+  FMT_API auto descriptor() const -> int;
+
+  void vprint(string_view format_str, format_args args) {
+    fmt::vprint(file_, format_str, args);
+  }
+
+  template <typename... Args>
+  inline void print(string_view format_str, const Args&... args) {
+    vprint(format_str, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+  }
+};
+
+#if FMT_USE_FCNTL
+// A file. Closed file is represented by a file object with descriptor -1.
+// Methods that are not declared with noexcept may throw
+// fmt::system_error in case of failure. Note that some errors such as
+// closing the file multiple times will cause a crash on Windows rather
+// than an exception. You can get standard behavior by overriding the
+// invalid parameter handler with _set_invalid_parameter_handler.
+class FMT_API file {
+ private:
+  int fd_;  // File descriptor.
+
+  // Constructs a file object with a given descriptor.
+  explicit file(int fd) : fd_(fd) {}
+
+ public:
+  // Possible values for the oflag argument to the constructor.
+  enum {
+    RDONLY = FMT_POSIX(O_RDONLY),  // Open for reading only.
+    WRONLY = FMT_POSIX(O_WRONLY),  // Open for writing only.
+    RDWR = FMT_POSIX(O_RDWR),      // Open for reading and writing.
+    CREATE = FMT_POSIX(O_CREAT),   // Create if the file doesn't exist.
+    APPEND = FMT_POSIX(O_APPEND),  // Open in append mode.
+    TRUNC = FMT_POSIX(O_TRUNC)     // Truncate the content of the file.
+  };
+
+  // Constructs a file object which doesn't represent any file.
+  file() noexcept : fd_(-1) {}
+
+  // Opens a file and constructs a file object representing this file.
+  file(cstring_view path, int oflag);
+
+ public:
+  file(const file&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const file&) = delete;
+
+  file(file&& other) noexcept : fd_(other.fd_) { other.fd_ = -1; }
+
+  // Move assignment is not noexcept because close may throw.
+  auto operator=(file&& other) -> file& {
+    close();
+    fd_ = other.fd_;
+    other.fd_ = -1;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // Destroys the object closing the file it represents if any.
+  ~file() noexcept;
+
+  // Returns the file descriptor.
+  auto descriptor() const noexcept -> int { return fd_; }
+
+  // Closes the file.
+  void close();
+
+  // Returns the file size. The size has signed type for consistency with
+  // stat::st_size.
+  auto size() const -> long long;
+
+  // Attempts to read count bytes from the file into the specified buffer.
+  auto read(void* buffer, size_t count) -> size_t;
+
+  // Attempts to write count bytes from the specified buffer to the file.
+  auto write(const void* buffer, size_t count) -> size_t;
+
+  // Duplicates a file descriptor with the dup function and returns
+  // the duplicate as a file object.
+  static auto dup(int fd) -> file;
+
+  // Makes fd be the copy of this file descriptor, closing fd first if
+  // necessary.
+  void dup2(int fd);
+
+  // Makes fd be the copy of this file descriptor, closing fd first if
+  // necessary.
+  void dup2(int fd, std::error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+  // Creates a pipe setting up read_end and write_end file objects for reading
+  // and writing respectively.
+  // DEPRECATED! Taking files as out parameters is deprecated.
+  static void pipe(file& read_end, file& write_end);
+
+  // Creates a buffered_file object associated with this file and detaches
+  // this file object from the file.
+  auto fdopen(const char* mode) -> buffered_file;
+
+#  if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
+  // Opens a file and constructs a file object representing this file by
+  // wcstring_view filename. Windows only.
+  static file open_windows_file(wcstring_view path, int oflag);
+#  endif
+};
+
+// Returns the memory page size.
+auto getpagesize() -> long;
+
+namespace detail {
+
+struct buffer_size {
+  buffer_size() = default;
+  size_t value = 0;
+  auto operator=(size_t val) const -> buffer_size {
+    auto bs = buffer_size();
+    bs.value = val;
+    return bs;
+  }
+};
+
+struct ostream_params {
+  int oflag = file::WRONLY | file::CREATE | file::TRUNC;
+  size_t buffer_size = BUFSIZ > 32768 ? BUFSIZ : 32768;
+
+  ostream_params() {}
+
+  template <typename... T>
+  ostream_params(T... params, int new_oflag) : ostream_params(params...) {
+    oflag = new_oflag;
+  }
+
+  template <typename... T>
+  ostream_params(T... params, detail::buffer_size bs)
+      : ostream_params(params...) {
+    this->buffer_size = bs.value;
+  }
+
+// Intel has a bug that results in failure to deduce a constructor
+// for empty parameter packs.
+#  if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && __INTEL_COMPILER < 2000
+  ostream_params(int new_oflag) : oflag(new_oflag) {}
+  ostream_params(detail::buffer_size bs) : buffer_size(bs.value) {}
+#  endif
+};
+
+class file_buffer final : public buffer<char> {
+  file file_;
+
+  FMT_API void grow(size_t) override;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_API file_buffer(cstring_view path, const ostream_params& params);
+  FMT_API file_buffer(file_buffer&& other);
+  FMT_API ~file_buffer();
+
+  void flush() {
+    if (size() == 0) return;
+    file_.write(data(), size() * sizeof(data()[0]));
+    clear();
+  }
+
+  void close() {
+    flush();
+    file_.close();
+  }
+};
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+// Added {} below to work around default constructor error known to
+// occur in Xcode versions 7.2.1 and 8.2.1.
+constexpr detail::buffer_size buffer_size{};
+
+/** A fast output stream which is not thread-safe. */
+class FMT_API ostream {
+ private:
+  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 4251)
+  detail::file_buffer buffer_;
+
+  ostream(cstring_view path, const detail::ostream_params& params)
+      : buffer_(path, params) {}
+
+ public:
+  ostream(ostream&& other) : buffer_(std::move(other.buffer_)) {}
+
+  ~ostream();
+
+  void flush() { buffer_.flush(); }
+
+  template <typename... T>
+  friend auto output_file(cstring_view path, T... params) -> ostream;
+
+  void close() { buffer_.close(); }
+
+  /**
+    Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt`` and writes the
+    output to the file.
+   */
+  template <typename... T> void print(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+    vformat_to(std::back_inserter(buffer_), fmt,
+               fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Opens a file for writing. Supported parameters passed in *params*:
+
+  * ``<integer>``: Flags passed to `open
+    <https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007904875/functions/open.html>`_
+    (``file::WRONLY | file::CREATE | file::TRUNC`` by default)
+  * ``buffer_size=<integer>``: Output buffer size
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    auto out = fmt::output_file("guide.txt");
+    out.print("Don't {}", "Panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+inline auto output_file(cstring_view path, T... params) -> ostream {
+  return {path, detail::ostream_params(params...)};
+}
+#endif  // FMT_USE_FCNTL
+
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_OS_H_
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/ostream.h b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/ostream.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26fb3b5ac0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/ostream.h
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - std::ostream support
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_OSTREAM_H_
+#define FMT_OSTREAM_H_
+
+#include <fstream>  // std::filebuf
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#  ifdef __GLIBCXX__
+#    include <ext/stdio_filebuf.h>
+#    include <ext/stdio_sync_filebuf.h>
+#  endif
+#  include <io.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename Streambuf> class formatbuf : public Streambuf {
+ private:
+  using char_type = typename Streambuf::char_type;
+  using streamsize = decltype(std::declval<Streambuf>().sputn(nullptr, 0));
+  using int_type = typename Streambuf::int_type;
+  using traits_type = typename Streambuf::traits_type;
+
+  buffer<char_type>& buffer_;
+
+ public:
+  explicit formatbuf(buffer<char_type>& buf) : buffer_(buf) {}
+
+ protected:
+  // The put area is always empty. This makes the implementation simpler and has
+  // the advantage that the streambuf and the buffer are always in sync and
+  // sputc never writes into uninitialized memory. A disadvantage is that each
+  // call to sputc always results in a (virtual) call to overflow. There is no
+  // disadvantage here for sputn since this always results in a call to xsputn.
+
+  auto overflow(int_type ch) -> int_type override {
+    if (!traits_type::eq_int_type(ch, traits_type::eof()))
+      buffer_.push_back(static_cast<char_type>(ch));
+    return ch;
+  }
+
+  auto xsputn(const char_type* s, streamsize count) -> streamsize override {
+    buffer_.append(s, s + count);
+    return count;
+  }
+};
+
+// Generate a unique explicit instantion in every translation unit using a tag
+// type in an anonymous namespace.
+namespace {
+struct file_access_tag {};
+}  // namespace
+template <typename Tag, typename BufType, FILE* BufType::*FileMemberPtr>
+class file_access {
+  friend auto get_file(BufType& obj) -> FILE* { return obj.*FileMemberPtr; }
+};
+
+#if FMT_MSC_VERSION
+template class file_access<file_access_tag, std::filebuf,
+                           &std::filebuf::_Myfile>;
+auto get_file(std::filebuf&) -> FILE*;
+#endif
+
+inline auto write_ostream_unicode(std::ostream& os, fmt::string_view data)
+    -> bool {
+  FILE* f = nullptr;
+#if FMT_MSC_VERSION
+  if (auto* buf = dynamic_cast<std::filebuf*>(os.rdbuf()))
+    f = get_file(*buf);
+  else
+    return false;
+#elif defined(_WIN32) && defined(__GLIBCXX__)
+  auto* rdbuf = os.rdbuf();
+  if (auto* sfbuf = dynamic_cast<__gnu_cxx::stdio_sync_filebuf<char>*>(rdbuf))
+    f = sfbuf->file();
+  else if (auto* fbuf = dynamic_cast<__gnu_cxx::stdio_filebuf<char>*>(rdbuf))
+    f = fbuf->file();
+  else
+    return false;
+#else
+  ignore_unused(os, data, f);
+#endif
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  if (f) {
+    int fd = _fileno(f);
+    if (_isatty(fd)) {
+      os.flush();
+      return write_console(fd, data);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  return false;
+}
+inline auto write_ostream_unicode(std::wostream&,
+                                  fmt::basic_string_view<wchar_t>) -> bool {
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Write the content of buf to os.
+// It is a separate function rather than a part of vprint to simplify testing.
+template <typename Char>
+void write_buffer(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, buffer<Char>& buf) {
+  const Char* buf_data = buf.data();
+  using unsigned_streamsize = std::make_unsigned<std::streamsize>::type;
+  unsigned_streamsize size = buf.size();
+  unsigned_streamsize max_size = to_unsigned(max_value<std::streamsize>());
+  do {
+    unsigned_streamsize n = size <= max_size ? size : max_size;
+    os.write(buf_data, static_cast<std::streamsize>(n));
+    buf_data += n;
+    size -= n;
+  } while (size != 0);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename T>
+void format_value(buffer<Char>& buf, const T& value) {
+  auto&& format_buf = formatbuf<std::basic_streambuf<Char>>(buf);
+  auto&& output = std::basic_ostream<Char>(&format_buf);
+#if !defined(FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR)
+  output.imbue(std::locale::classic());  // The default is always unlocalized.
+#endif
+  output << value;
+  output.exceptions(std::ios_base::failbit | std::ios_base::badbit);
+}
+
+template <typename T> struct streamed_view {
+  const T& value;
+};
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+// Formats an object of type T that has an overloaded ostream operator<<.
+template <typename Char>
+struct basic_ostream_formatter : formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char> {
+  void set_debug_format() = delete;
+
+  template <typename T, typename OutputIt>
+  auto format(const T& value, basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>& ctx) const
+      -> OutputIt {
+    auto buffer = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+    detail::format_value(buffer, value);
+    return formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char>::format(
+        {buffer.data(), buffer.size()}, ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+using ostream_formatter = basic_ostream_formatter<char>;
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<detail::streamed_view<T>, Char>
+    : basic_ostream_formatter<Char> {
+  template <typename OutputIt>
+  auto format(detail::streamed_view<T> view,
+              basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>& ctx) const -> OutputIt {
+    return basic_ostream_formatter<Char>::format(view.value, ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns a view that formats `value` via an ostream ``operator<<``.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print("Current thread id: {}\n",
+               fmt::streamed(std::this_thread::get_id()));
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T>
+constexpr auto streamed(const T& value) -> detail::streamed_view<T> {
+  return {value};
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+inline void vprint_directly(std::ostream& os, string_view format_str,
+                            format_args args) {
+  auto buffer = memory_buffer();
+  detail::vformat_to(buffer, format_str, args);
+  detail::write_buffer(os, buffer);
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_EXPORT template <typename Char>
+void vprint(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os,
+            basic_string_view<type_identity_t<Char>> format_str,
+            basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
+  auto buffer = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+  detail::vformat_to(buffer, format_str, args);
+  if (detail::write_ostream_unicode(os, {buffer.data(), buffer.size()})) return;
+  detail::write_buffer(os, buffer);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to the stream *os*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print(cerr, "Don't {}!", "panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+FMT_EXPORT template <typename... T>
+void print(std::ostream& os, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  const auto& vargs = fmt::make_format_args(args...);
+  if (detail::is_utf8())
+    vprint(os, fmt, vargs);
+  else
+    detail::vprint_directly(os, fmt, vargs);
+}
+
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename... Args>
+void print(std::wostream& os,
+           basic_format_string<wchar_t, type_identity_t<Args>...> fmt,
+           Args&&... args) {
+  vprint(os, fmt, fmt::make_format_args<buffer_context<wchar_t>>(args...));
+}
+
+FMT_EXPORT template <typename... T>
+void println(std::ostream& os, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  fmt::print(os, "{}\n", fmt::format(fmt, std::forward<T>(args)...));
+}
+
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename... Args>
+void println(std::wostream& os,
+             basic_format_string<wchar_t, type_identity_t<Args>...> fmt,
+             Args&&... args) {
+  print(os, L"{}\n", fmt::format(fmt, std::forward<Args>(args)...));
+}
+
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_OSTREAM_H_
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/printf.h b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/printf.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..07e81577cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/printf.h
@@ -0,0 +1,675 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - legacy printf implementation
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_PRINTF_H_
+#define FMT_PRINTF_H_
+
+#include <algorithm>  // std::max
+#include <limits>     // std::numeric_limits
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+
+template <typename T> struct printf_formatter {
+  printf_formatter() = delete;
+};
+
+template <typename Char> class basic_printf_context {
+ private:
+  detail::buffer_appender<Char> out_;
+  basic_format_args<basic_printf_context> args_;
+
+  static_assert(std::is_same<Char, char>::value ||
+                    std::is_same<Char, wchar_t>::value,
+                "Unsupported code unit type.");
+
+ public:
+  using char_type = Char;
+  using parse_context_type = basic_format_parse_context<Char>;
+  template <typename T> using formatter_type = printf_formatter<T>;
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Constructs a ``printf_context`` object. References to the arguments are
+    stored in the context object so make sure they have appropriate lifetimes.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  basic_printf_context(detail::buffer_appender<Char> out,
+                       basic_format_args<basic_printf_context> args)
+      : out_(out), args_(args) {}
+
+  auto out() -> detail::buffer_appender<Char> { return out_; }
+  void advance_to(detail::buffer_appender<Char>) {}
+
+  auto locale() -> detail::locale_ref { return {}; }
+
+  auto arg(int id) const -> basic_format_arg<basic_printf_context> {
+    return args_.get(id);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
+    detail::error_handler().on_error(message);
+  }
+};
+
+namespace detail {
+
+// Checks if a value fits in int - used to avoid warnings about comparing
+// signed and unsigned integers.
+template <bool IsSigned> struct int_checker {
+  template <typename T> static auto fits_in_int(T value) -> bool {
+    unsigned max = max_value<int>();
+    return value <= max;
+  }
+  static auto fits_in_int(bool) -> bool { return true; }
+};
+
+template <> struct int_checker<true> {
+  template <typename T> static auto fits_in_int(T value) -> bool {
+    return value >= (std::numeric_limits<int>::min)() &&
+           value <= max_value<int>();
+  }
+  static auto fits_in_int(int) -> bool { return true; }
+};
+
+struct printf_precision_handler {
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  auto operator()(T value) -> int {
+    if (!int_checker<std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed>::fits_in_int(value))
+      throw_format_error("number is too big");
+    return (std::max)(static_cast<int>(value), 0);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  auto operator()(T) -> int {
+    throw_format_error("precision is not integer");
+    return 0;
+  }
+};
+
+// An argument visitor that returns true iff arg is a zero integer.
+struct is_zero_int {
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  auto operator()(T value) -> bool {
+    return value == 0;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  auto operator()(T) -> bool {
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T> struct make_unsigned_or_bool : std::make_unsigned<T> {};
+
+template <> struct make_unsigned_or_bool<bool> {
+  using type = bool;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Context> class arg_converter {
+ private:
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  basic_format_arg<Context>& arg_;
+  char_type type_;
+
+ public:
+  arg_converter(basic_format_arg<Context>& arg, char_type type)
+      : arg_(arg), type_(type) {}
+
+  void operator()(bool value) {
+    if (type_ != 's') operator()<bool>(value);
+  }
+
+  template <typename U, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<U>::value)>
+  void operator()(U value) {
+    bool is_signed = type_ == 'd' || type_ == 'i';
+    using target_type = conditional_t<std::is_same<T, void>::value, U, T>;
+    if (const_check(sizeof(target_type) <= sizeof(int))) {
+      // Extra casts are used to silence warnings.
+      if (is_signed) {
+        auto n = static_cast<int>(static_cast<target_type>(value));
+        arg_ = detail::make_arg<Context>(n);
+      } else {
+        using unsigned_type = typename make_unsigned_or_bool<target_type>::type;
+        auto n = static_cast<unsigned>(static_cast<unsigned_type>(value));
+        arg_ = detail::make_arg<Context>(n);
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (is_signed) {
+        // glibc's printf doesn't sign extend arguments of smaller types:
+        //   std::printf("%lld", -42);  // prints "4294967254"
+        // but we don't have to do the same because it's a UB.
+        auto n = static_cast<long long>(value);
+        arg_ = detail::make_arg<Context>(n);
+      } else {
+        auto n = static_cast<typename make_unsigned_or_bool<U>::type>(value);
+        arg_ = detail::make_arg<Context>(n);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename U, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<U>::value)>
+  void operator()(U) {}  // No conversion needed for non-integral types.
+};
+
+// Converts an integer argument to T for printf, if T is an integral type.
+// If T is void, the argument is converted to corresponding signed or unsigned
+// type depending on the type specifier: 'd' and 'i' - signed, other -
+// unsigned).
+template <typename T, typename Context, typename Char>
+void convert_arg(basic_format_arg<Context>& arg, Char type) {
+  visit_format_arg(arg_converter<T, Context>(arg, type), arg);
+}
+
+// Converts an integer argument to char for printf.
+template <typename Context> class char_converter {
+ private:
+  basic_format_arg<Context>& arg_;
+
+ public:
+  explicit char_converter(basic_format_arg<Context>& arg) : arg_(arg) {}
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  void operator()(T value) {
+    auto c = static_cast<typename Context::char_type>(value);
+    arg_ = detail::make_arg<Context>(c);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  void operator()(T) {}  // No conversion needed for non-integral types.
+};
+
+// An argument visitor that return a pointer to a C string if argument is a
+// string or null otherwise.
+template <typename Char> struct get_cstring {
+  template <typename T> auto operator()(T) -> const Char* { return nullptr; }
+  auto operator()(const Char* s) -> const Char* { return s; }
+};
+
+// Checks if an argument is a valid printf width specifier and sets
+// left alignment if it is negative.
+template <typename Char> class printf_width_handler {
+ private:
+  format_specs<Char>& specs_;
+
+ public:
+  explicit printf_width_handler(format_specs<Char>& specs) : specs_(specs) {}
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  auto operator()(T value) -> unsigned {
+    auto width = static_cast<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>>(value);
+    if (detail::is_negative(value)) {
+      specs_.align = align::left;
+      width = 0 - width;
+    }
+    unsigned int_max = max_value<int>();
+    if (width > int_max) throw_format_error("number is too big");
+    return static_cast<unsigned>(width);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  auto operator()(T) -> unsigned {
+    throw_format_error("width is not integer");
+    return 0;
+  }
+};
+
+// Workaround for a bug with the XL compiler when initializing
+// printf_arg_formatter's base class.
+template <typename Char>
+auto make_arg_formatter(buffer_appender<Char> iter, format_specs<Char>& s)
+    -> arg_formatter<Char> {
+  return {iter, s, locale_ref()};
+}
+
+// The ``printf`` argument formatter.
+template <typename Char>
+class printf_arg_formatter : public arg_formatter<Char> {
+ private:
+  using base = arg_formatter<Char>;
+  using context_type = basic_printf_context<Char>;
+
+  context_type& context_;
+
+  void write_null_pointer(bool is_string = false) {
+    auto s = this->specs;
+    s.type = presentation_type::none;
+    write_bytes(this->out, is_string ? "(null)" : "(nil)", s);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  printf_arg_formatter(buffer_appender<Char> iter, format_specs<Char>& s,
+                       context_type& ctx)
+      : base(make_arg_formatter(iter, s)), context_(ctx) {}
+
+  void operator()(monostate value) { base::operator()(value); }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  void operator()(T value) {
+    // MSVC2013 fails to compile separate overloads for bool and Char so use
+    // std::is_same instead.
+    if (!std::is_same<T, Char>::value) {
+      base::operator()(value);
+      return;
+    }
+    format_specs<Char> fmt_specs = this->specs;
+    if (fmt_specs.type != presentation_type::none &&
+        fmt_specs.type != presentation_type::chr) {
+      return (*this)(static_cast<int>(value));
+    }
+    fmt_specs.sign = sign::none;
+    fmt_specs.alt = false;
+    fmt_specs.fill[0] = ' ';  // Ignore '0' flag for char types.
+    // align::numeric needs to be overwritten here since the '0' flag is
+    // ignored for non-numeric types
+    if (fmt_specs.align == align::none || fmt_specs.align == align::numeric)
+      fmt_specs.align = align::right;
+    write<Char>(this->out, static_cast<Char>(value), fmt_specs);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+  void operator()(T value) {
+    base::operator()(value);
+  }
+
+  /** Formats a null-terminated C string. */
+  void operator()(const char* value) {
+    if (value)
+      base::operator()(value);
+    else
+      write_null_pointer(this->specs.type != presentation_type::pointer);
+  }
+
+  /** Formats a null-terminated wide C string. */
+  void operator()(const wchar_t* value) {
+    if (value)
+      base::operator()(value);
+    else
+      write_null_pointer(this->specs.type != presentation_type::pointer);
+  }
+
+  void operator()(basic_string_view<Char> value) { base::operator()(value); }
+
+  /** Formats a pointer. */
+  void operator()(const void* value) {
+    if (value)
+      base::operator()(value);
+    else
+      write_null_pointer();
+  }
+
+  /** Formats an argument of a custom (user-defined) type. */
+  void operator()(typename basic_format_arg<context_type>::handle handle) {
+    auto parse_ctx = basic_format_parse_context<Char>({});
+    handle.format(parse_ctx, context_);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+void parse_flags(format_specs<Char>& specs, const Char*& it, const Char* end) {
+  for (; it != end; ++it) {
+    switch (*it) {
+    case '-':
+      specs.align = align::left;
+      break;
+    case '+':
+      specs.sign = sign::plus;
+      break;
+    case '0':
+      specs.fill[0] = '0';
+      break;
+    case ' ':
+      if (specs.sign != sign::plus) specs.sign = sign::space;
+      break;
+    case '#':
+      specs.alt = true;
+      break;
+    default:
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename GetArg>
+auto parse_header(const Char*& it, const Char* end, format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                  GetArg get_arg) -> int {
+  int arg_index = -1;
+  Char c = *it;
+  if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
+    // Parse an argument index (if followed by '$') or a width possibly
+    // preceded with '0' flag(s).
+    int value = parse_nonnegative_int(it, end, -1);
+    if (it != end && *it == '$') {  // value is an argument index
+      ++it;
+      arg_index = value != -1 ? value : max_value<int>();
+    } else {
+      if (c == '0') specs.fill[0] = '0';
+      if (value != 0) {
+        // Nonzero value means that we parsed width and don't need to
+        // parse it or flags again, so return now.
+        if (value == -1) throw_format_error("number is too big");
+        specs.width = value;
+        return arg_index;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  parse_flags(specs, it, end);
+  // Parse width.
+  if (it != end) {
+    if (*it >= '0' && *it <= '9') {
+      specs.width = parse_nonnegative_int(it, end, -1);
+      if (specs.width == -1) throw_format_error("number is too big");
+    } else if (*it == '*') {
+      ++it;
+      specs.width = static_cast<int>(visit_format_arg(
+          detail::printf_width_handler<Char>(specs), get_arg(-1)));
+    }
+  }
+  return arg_index;
+}
+
+inline auto parse_printf_presentation_type(char c, type t)
+    -> presentation_type {
+  using pt = presentation_type;
+  constexpr auto integral_set = sint_set | uint_set | bool_set | char_set;
+  switch (c) {
+  case 'd':
+    return in(t, integral_set) ? pt::dec : pt::none;
+  case 'o':
+    return in(t, integral_set) ? pt::oct : pt::none;
+  case 'x':
+    return in(t, integral_set) ? pt::hex_lower : pt::none;
+  case 'X':
+    return in(t, integral_set) ? pt::hex_upper : pt::none;
+  case 'a':
+    return in(t, float_set) ? pt::hexfloat_lower : pt::none;
+  case 'A':
+    return in(t, float_set) ? pt::hexfloat_upper : pt::none;
+  case 'e':
+    return in(t, float_set) ? pt::exp_lower : pt::none;
+  case 'E':
+    return in(t, float_set) ? pt::exp_upper : pt::none;
+  case 'f':
+    return in(t, float_set) ? pt::fixed_lower : pt::none;
+  case 'F':
+    return in(t, float_set) ? pt::fixed_upper : pt::none;
+  case 'g':
+    return in(t, float_set) ? pt::general_lower : pt::none;
+  case 'G':
+    return in(t, float_set) ? pt::general_upper : pt::none;
+  case 'c':
+    return in(t, integral_set) ? pt::chr : pt::none;
+  case 's':
+    return in(t, string_set | cstring_set) ? pt::string : pt::none;
+  case 'p':
+    return in(t, pointer_set | cstring_set) ? pt::pointer : pt::none;
+  default:
+    return pt::none;
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Context>
+void vprintf(buffer<Char>& buf, basic_string_view<Char> format,
+             basic_format_args<Context> args) {
+  using iterator = buffer_appender<Char>;
+  auto out = iterator(buf);
+  auto context = basic_printf_context<Char>(out, args);
+  auto parse_ctx = basic_format_parse_context<Char>(format);
+
+  // Returns the argument with specified index or, if arg_index is -1, the next
+  // argument.
+  auto get_arg = [&](int arg_index) {
+    if (arg_index < 0)
+      arg_index = parse_ctx.next_arg_id();
+    else
+      parse_ctx.check_arg_id(--arg_index);
+    return detail::get_arg(context, arg_index);
+  };
+
+  const Char* start = parse_ctx.begin();
+  const Char* end = parse_ctx.end();
+  auto it = start;
+  while (it != end) {
+    if (!find<false, Char>(it, end, '%', it)) {
+      it = end;  // find leaves it == nullptr if it doesn't find '%'.
+      break;
+    }
+    Char c = *it++;
+    if (it != end && *it == c) {
+      write(out, basic_string_view<Char>(start, to_unsigned(it - start)));
+      start = ++it;
+      continue;
+    }
+    write(out, basic_string_view<Char>(start, to_unsigned(it - 1 - start)));
+
+    auto specs = format_specs<Char>();
+    specs.align = align::right;
+
+    // Parse argument index, flags and width.
+    int arg_index = parse_header(it, end, specs, get_arg);
+    if (arg_index == 0) throw_format_error("argument not found");
+
+    // Parse precision.
+    if (it != end && *it == '.') {
+      ++it;
+      c = it != end ? *it : 0;
+      if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
+        specs.precision = parse_nonnegative_int(it, end, 0);
+      } else if (c == '*') {
+        ++it;
+        specs.precision = static_cast<int>(
+            visit_format_arg(printf_precision_handler(), get_arg(-1)));
+      } else {
+        specs.precision = 0;
+      }
+    }
+
+    auto arg = get_arg(arg_index);
+    // For d, i, o, u, x, and X conversion specifiers, if a precision is
+    // specified, the '0' flag is ignored
+    if (specs.precision >= 0 && arg.is_integral()) {
+      // Ignore '0' for non-numeric types or if '-' present.
+      specs.fill[0] = ' ';
+    }
+    if (specs.precision >= 0 && arg.type() == type::cstring_type) {
+      auto str = visit_format_arg(get_cstring<Char>(), arg);
+      auto str_end = str + specs.precision;
+      auto nul = std::find(str, str_end, Char());
+      auto sv = basic_string_view<Char>(
+          str, to_unsigned(nul != str_end ? nul - str : specs.precision));
+      arg = make_arg<basic_printf_context<Char>>(sv);
+    }
+    if (specs.alt && visit_format_arg(is_zero_int(), arg)) specs.alt = false;
+    if (specs.fill[0] == '0') {
+      if (arg.is_arithmetic() && specs.align != align::left)
+        specs.align = align::numeric;
+      else
+        specs.fill[0] = ' ';  // Ignore '0' flag for non-numeric types or if '-'
+                              // flag is also present.
+    }
+
+    // Parse length and convert the argument to the required type.
+    c = it != end ? *it++ : 0;
+    Char t = it != end ? *it : 0;
+    switch (c) {
+    case 'h':
+      if (t == 'h') {
+        ++it;
+        t = it != end ? *it : 0;
+        convert_arg<signed char>(arg, t);
+      } else {
+        convert_arg<short>(arg, t);
+      }
+      break;
+    case 'l':
+      if (t == 'l') {
+        ++it;
+        t = it != end ? *it : 0;
+        convert_arg<long long>(arg, t);
+      } else {
+        convert_arg<long>(arg, t);
+      }
+      break;
+    case 'j':
+      convert_arg<intmax_t>(arg, t);
+      break;
+    case 'z':
+      convert_arg<size_t>(arg, t);
+      break;
+    case 't':
+      convert_arg<std::ptrdiff_t>(arg, t);
+      break;
+    case 'L':
+      // printf produces garbage when 'L' is omitted for long double, no
+      // need to do the same.
+      break;
+    default:
+      --it;
+      convert_arg<void>(arg, c);
+    }
+
+    // Parse type.
+    if (it == end) throw_format_error("invalid format string");
+    char type = static_cast<char>(*it++);
+    if (arg.is_integral()) {
+      // Normalize type.
+      switch (type) {
+      case 'i':
+      case 'u':
+        type = 'd';
+        break;
+      case 'c':
+        visit_format_arg(char_converter<basic_printf_context<Char>>(arg), arg);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    specs.type = parse_printf_presentation_type(type, arg.type());
+    if (specs.type == presentation_type::none)
+      throw_format_error("invalid format specifier");
+
+    start = it;
+
+    // Format argument.
+    visit_format_arg(printf_arg_formatter<Char>(out, specs, context), arg);
+  }
+  write(out, basic_string_view<Char>(start, to_unsigned(it - start)));
+}
+}  // namespace detail
+
+using printf_context = basic_printf_context<char>;
+using wprintf_context = basic_printf_context<wchar_t>;
+
+using printf_args = basic_format_args<printf_context>;
+using wprintf_args = basic_format_args<wprintf_context>;
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Constructs an `~fmt::format_arg_store` object that contains references to
+  arguments and can be implicitly converted to `~fmt::printf_args`.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+inline auto make_printf_args(const T&... args)
+    -> format_arg_store<printf_context, T...> {
+  return {args...};
+}
+
+// DEPRECATED!
+template <typename... T>
+inline auto make_wprintf_args(const T&... args)
+    -> format_arg_store<wprintf_context, T...> {
+  return {args...};
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+inline auto vsprintf(
+    basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
+    basic_format_args<basic_printf_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  auto buf = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+  detail::vprintf(buf, fmt, args);
+  return to_string(buf);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats arguments and returns the result as a string.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    std::string message = fmt::sprintf("The answer is %d", 42);
+  \endrst
+*/
+template <typename S, typename... T,
+          typename Char = enable_if_t<detail::is_string<S>::value, char_t<S>>>
+inline auto sprintf(const S& fmt, const T&... args) -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  return vsprintf(detail::to_string_view(fmt),
+                  fmt::make_format_args<basic_printf_context<Char>>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+inline auto vfprintf(
+    std::FILE* f, basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
+    basic_format_args<basic_printf_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> int {
+  auto buf = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+  detail::vprintf(buf, fmt, args);
+  size_t size = buf.size();
+  return std::fwrite(buf.data(), sizeof(Char), size, f) < size
+             ? -1
+             : static_cast<int>(size);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to the file *f*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::fprintf(stderr, "Don't %s!", "panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename S, typename... T, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline auto fprintf(std::FILE* f, const S& fmt, const T&... args) -> int {
+  return vfprintf(f, detail::to_string_view(fmt),
+                  fmt::make_format_args<basic_printf_context<Char>>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_DEPRECATED inline auto vprintf(
+    basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
+    basic_format_args<basic_printf_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> int {
+  return vfprintf(stdout, fmt, args);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to ``stdout``.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::printf("Elapsed time: %.2f seconds", 1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+inline auto printf(string_view fmt, const T&... args) -> int {
+  return vfprintf(stdout, fmt, make_printf_args(args...));
+}
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_DEPRECATED inline auto printf(basic_string_view<wchar_t> fmt,
+                                  const T&... args) -> int {
+  return vfprintf(stdout, fmt, make_wprintf_args(args...));
+}
+
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_PRINTF_H_
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/ranges.h b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/ranges.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3638fffb83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/ranges.h
@@ -0,0 +1,738 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - range and tuple support
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich and {fmt} contributors
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_RANGES_H_
+#define FMT_RANGES_H_
+
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename Range, typename OutputIt>
+auto copy(const Range& range, OutputIt out) -> OutputIt {
+  for (auto it = range.begin(), end = range.end(); it != end; ++it)
+    *out++ = *it;
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+auto copy(const char* str, OutputIt out) -> OutputIt {
+  while (*str) *out++ = *str++;
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt> auto copy(char ch, OutputIt out) -> OutputIt {
+  *out++ = ch;
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt> auto copy(wchar_t ch, OutputIt out) -> OutputIt {
+  *out++ = ch;
+  return out;
+}
+
+// Returns true if T has a std::string-like interface, like std::string_view.
+template <typename T> class is_std_string_like {
+  template <typename U>
+  static auto check(U* p)
+      -> decltype((void)p->find('a'), p->length(), (void)p->data(), int());
+  template <typename> static void check(...);
+
+ public:
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      is_string<T>::value ||
+      std::is_convertible<T, std_string_view<char>>::value ||
+      !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(nullptr))>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct is_std_string_like<fmt::basic_string_view<Char>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T> class is_map {
+  template <typename U> static auto check(U*) -> typename U::mapped_type;
+  template <typename> static void check(...);
+
+ public:
+#ifdef FMT_FORMAT_MAP_AS_LIST  // DEPRECATED!
+  static constexpr const bool value = false;
+#else
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(nullptr))>::value;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <typename T> class is_set {
+  template <typename U> static auto check(U*) -> typename U::key_type;
+  template <typename> static void check(...);
+
+ public:
+#ifdef FMT_FORMAT_SET_AS_LIST  // DEPRECATED!
+  static constexpr const bool value = false;
+#else
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(nullptr))>::value && !is_map<T>::value;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <typename... Ts> struct conditional_helper {};
+
+template <typename T, typename _ = void> struct is_range_ : std::false_type {};
+
+#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION || FMT_MSC_VERSION > 1800
+
+#  define FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(val)  \
+    ->decltype(val) { return val; } \
+    static_assert(                  \
+        true, "")  // This makes it so that a semicolon is required after the
+                   // macro, which helps clang-format handle the formatting.
+
+// C array overload
+template <typename T, std::size_t N>
+auto range_begin(const T (&arr)[N]) -> const T* {
+  return arr;
+}
+template <typename T, std::size_t N>
+auto range_end(const T (&arr)[N]) -> const T* {
+  return arr + N;
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct has_member_fn_begin_end_t : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct has_member_fn_begin_end_t<T, void_t<decltype(std::declval<T>().begin()),
+                                           decltype(std::declval<T>().end())>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+// Member function overload
+template <typename T>
+auto range_begin(T&& rng) FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(static_cast<T&&>(rng).begin());
+template <typename T>
+auto range_end(T&& rng) FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(static_cast<T&&>(rng).end());
+
+// ADL overload. Only participates in overload resolution if member functions
+// are not found.
+template <typename T>
+auto range_begin(T&& rng)
+    -> enable_if_t<!has_member_fn_begin_end_t<T&&>::value,
+                   decltype(begin(static_cast<T&&>(rng)))> {
+  return begin(static_cast<T&&>(rng));
+}
+template <typename T>
+auto range_end(T&& rng) -> enable_if_t<!has_member_fn_begin_end_t<T&&>::value,
+                                       decltype(end(static_cast<T&&>(rng)))> {
+  return end(static_cast<T&&>(rng));
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct has_const_begin_end : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct has_mutable_begin_end : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct has_const_begin_end<
+    T,
+    void_t<
+        decltype(detail::range_begin(std::declval<const remove_cvref_t<T>&>())),
+        decltype(detail::range_end(std::declval<const remove_cvref_t<T>&>()))>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct has_mutable_begin_end<
+    T, void_t<decltype(detail::range_begin(std::declval<T>())),
+              decltype(detail::range_end(std::declval<T>())),
+              // the extra int here is because older versions of MSVC don't
+              // SFINAE properly unless there are distinct types
+              int>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct is_range_<T, void>
+    : std::integral_constant<bool, (has_const_begin_end<T>::value ||
+                                    has_mutable_begin_end<T>::value)> {};
+#  undef FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN
+#endif
+
+// tuple_size and tuple_element check.
+template <typename T> class is_tuple_like_ {
+  template <typename U>
+  static auto check(U* p) -> decltype(std::tuple_size<U>::value, int());
+  template <typename> static void check(...);
+
+ public:
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(nullptr))>::value;
+};
+
+// Check for integer_sequence
+#if defined(__cpp_lib_integer_sequence) || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1900
+template <typename T, T... N>
+using integer_sequence = std::integer_sequence<T, N...>;
+template <size_t... N> using index_sequence = std::index_sequence<N...>;
+template <size_t N> using make_index_sequence = std::make_index_sequence<N>;
+#else
+template <typename T, T... N> struct integer_sequence {
+  using value_type = T;
+
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR auto size() -> size_t { return sizeof...(N); }
+};
+
+template <size_t... N> using index_sequence = integer_sequence<size_t, N...>;
+
+template <typename T, size_t N, T... Ns>
+struct make_integer_sequence : make_integer_sequence<T, N - 1, N - 1, Ns...> {};
+template <typename T, T... Ns>
+struct make_integer_sequence<T, 0, Ns...> : integer_sequence<T, Ns...> {};
+
+template <size_t N>
+using make_index_sequence = make_integer_sequence<size_t, N>;
+#endif
+
+template <typename T>
+using tuple_index_sequence = make_index_sequence<std::tuple_size<T>::value>;
+
+template <typename T, typename C, bool = is_tuple_like_<T>::value>
+class is_tuple_formattable_ {
+ public:
+  static constexpr const bool value = false;
+};
+template <typename T, typename C> class is_tuple_formattable_<T, C, true> {
+  template <std::size_t... Is>
+  static auto check2(index_sequence<Is...>,
+                     integer_sequence<bool, (Is == Is)...>) -> std::true_type;
+  static auto check2(...) -> std::false_type;
+  template <std::size_t... Is>
+  static auto check(index_sequence<Is...>) -> decltype(check2(
+      index_sequence<Is...>{},
+      integer_sequence<bool,
+                       (is_formattable<typename std::tuple_element<Is, T>::type,
+                                       C>::value)...>{}));
+
+ public:
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      decltype(check(tuple_index_sequence<T>{}))::value;
+};
+
+template <typename Tuple, typename F, size_t... Is>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void for_each(index_sequence<Is...>, Tuple&& t, F&& f) {
+  using std::get;
+  // Using a free function get<Is>(Tuple) now.
+  const int unused[] = {0, ((void)f(get<Is>(t)), 0)...};
+  ignore_unused(unused);
+}
+
+template <typename Tuple, typename F>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void for_each(Tuple&& t, F&& f) {
+  for_each(tuple_index_sequence<remove_cvref_t<Tuple>>(),
+           std::forward<Tuple>(t), std::forward<F>(f));
+}
+
+template <typename Tuple1, typename Tuple2, typename F, size_t... Is>
+void for_each2(index_sequence<Is...>, Tuple1&& t1, Tuple2&& t2, F&& f) {
+  using std::get;
+  const int unused[] = {0, ((void)f(get<Is>(t1), get<Is>(t2)), 0)...};
+  ignore_unused(unused);
+}
+
+template <typename Tuple1, typename Tuple2, typename F>
+void for_each2(Tuple1&& t1, Tuple2&& t2, F&& f) {
+  for_each2(tuple_index_sequence<remove_cvref_t<Tuple1>>(),
+            std::forward<Tuple1>(t1), std::forward<Tuple2>(t2),
+            std::forward<F>(f));
+}
+
+namespace tuple {
+// Workaround a bug in MSVC 2019 (v140).
+template <typename Char, typename... T>
+using result_t = std::tuple<formatter<remove_cvref_t<T>, Char>...>;
+
+using std::get;
+template <typename Tuple, typename Char, std::size_t... Is>
+auto get_formatters(index_sequence<Is...>)
+    -> result_t<Char, decltype(get<Is>(std::declval<Tuple>()))...>;
+}  // namespace tuple
+
+#if FMT_MSC_VERSION && FMT_MSC_VERSION < 1920
+// Older MSVC doesn't get the reference type correctly for arrays.
+template <typename R> struct range_reference_type_impl {
+  using type = decltype(*detail::range_begin(std::declval<R&>()));
+};
+
+template <typename T, std::size_t N> struct range_reference_type_impl<T[N]> {
+  using type = T&;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+using range_reference_type = typename range_reference_type_impl<T>::type;
+#else
+template <typename Range>
+using range_reference_type =
+    decltype(*detail::range_begin(std::declval<Range&>()));
+#endif
+
+// We don't use the Range's value_type for anything, but we do need the Range's
+// reference type, with cv-ref stripped.
+template <typename Range>
+using uncvref_type = remove_cvref_t<range_reference_type<Range>>;
+
+template <typename Formatter>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto maybe_set_debug_format(Formatter& f, bool set)
+    -> decltype(f.set_debug_format(set)) {
+  f.set_debug_format(set);
+}
+template <typename Formatter>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void maybe_set_debug_format(Formatter&, ...) {}
+
+// These are not generic lambdas for compatibility with C++11.
+template <typename ParseContext> struct parse_empty_specs {
+  template <typename Formatter> FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(Formatter& f) {
+    f.parse(ctx);
+    detail::maybe_set_debug_format(f, true);
+  }
+  ParseContext& ctx;
+};
+template <typename FormatContext> struct format_tuple_element {
+  using char_type = typename FormatContext::char_type;
+
+  template <typename T>
+  void operator()(const formatter<T, char_type>& f, const T& v) {
+    if (i > 0)
+      ctx.advance_to(detail::copy_str<char_type>(separator, ctx.out()));
+    ctx.advance_to(f.format(v, ctx));
+    ++i;
+  }
+
+  int i;
+  FormatContext& ctx;
+  basic_string_view<char_type> separator;
+};
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <typename T> struct is_tuple_like {
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      detail::is_tuple_like_<T>::value && !detail::is_range_<T>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename C> struct is_tuple_formattable {
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      detail::is_tuple_formattable_<T, C>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename Tuple, typename Char>
+struct formatter<Tuple, Char,
+                 enable_if_t<fmt::is_tuple_like<Tuple>::value &&
+                             fmt::is_tuple_formattable<Tuple, Char>::value>> {
+ private:
+  decltype(detail::tuple::get_formatters<Tuple, Char>(
+      detail::tuple_index_sequence<Tuple>())) formatters_;
+
+  basic_string_view<Char> separator_ = detail::string_literal<Char, ',', ' '>{};
+  basic_string_view<Char> opening_bracket_ =
+      detail::string_literal<Char, '('>{};
+  basic_string_view<Char> closing_bracket_ =
+      detail::string_literal<Char, ')'>{};
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR formatter() {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_separator(basic_string_view<Char> sep) {
+    separator_ = sep;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_brackets(basic_string_view<Char> open,
+                                  basic_string_view<Char> close) {
+    opening_bracket_ = open;
+    closing_bracket_ = close;
+  }
+
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    auto it = ctx.begin();
+    if (it != ctx.end() && *it != '}')
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format specifier"));
+    detail::for_each(formatters_, detail::parse_empty_specs<ParseContext>{ctx});
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const Tuple& value, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    ctx.advance_to(detail::copy_str<Char>(opening_bracket_, ctx.out()));
+    detail::for_each2(
+        formatters_, value,
+        detail::format_tuple_element<FormatContext>{0, ctx, separator_});
+    return detail::copy_str<Char>(closing_bracket_, ctx.out());
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char> struct is_range {
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      detail::is_range_<T>::value && !detail::is_std_string_like<T>::value &&
+      !std::is_convertible<T, std::basic_string<Char>>::value &&
+      !std::is_convertible<T, detail::std_string_view<Char>>::value;
+};
+
+namespace detail {
+template <typename Context> struct range_mapper {
+  using mapper = arg_mapper<Context>;
+
+  template <typename T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(has_formatter<remove_cvref_t<T>, Context>::value)>
+  static auto map(T&& value) -> T&& {
+    return static_cast<T&&>(value);
+  }
+  template <typename T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(!has_formatter<remove_cvref_t<T>, Context>::value)>
+  static auto map(T&& value)
+      -> decltype(mapper().map(static_cast<T&&>(value))) {
+    return mapper().map(static_cast<T&&>(value));
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename Element>
+using range_formatter_type =
+    formatter<remove_cvref_t<decltype(range_mapper<buffer_context<Char>>{}.map(
+                  std::declval<Element>()))>,
+              Char>;
+
+template <typename R>
+using maybe_const_range =
+    conditional_t<has_const_begin_end<R>::value, const R, R>;
+
+// Workaround a bug in MSVC 2015 and earlier.
+#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1910
+template <typename R, typename Char>
+struct is_formattable_delayed
+    : is_formattable<uncvref_type<maybe_const_range<R>>, Char> {};
+#endif
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <typename...> struct conjunction : std::true_type {};
+template <typename P> struct conjunction<P> : P {};
+template <typename P1, typename... Pn>
+struct conjunction<P1, Pn...>
+    : conditional_t<bool(P1::value), conjunction<Pn...>, P1> {};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char, typename Enable = void>
+struct range_formatter;
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct range_formatter<
+    T, Char,
+    enable_if_t<conjunction<std::is_same<T, remove_cvref_t<T>>,
+                            is_formattable<T, Char>>::value>> {
+ private:
+  detail::range_formatter_type<Char, T> underlying_;
+  basic_string_view<Char> separator_ = detail::string_literal<Char, ',', ' '>{};
+  basic_string_view<Char> opening_bracket_ =
+      detail::string_literal<Char, '['>{};
+  basic_string_view<Char> closing_bracket_ =
+      detail::string_literal<Char, ']'>{};
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR range_formatter() {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto underlying() -> detail::range_formatter_type<Char, T>& {
+    return underlying_;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_separator(basic_string_view<Char> sep) {
+    separator_ = sep;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_brackets(basic_string_view<Char> open,
+                                  basic_string_view<Char> close) {
+    opening_bracket_ = open;
+    closing_bracket_ = close;
+  }
+
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    auto it = ctx.begin();
+    auto end = ctx.end();
+
+    if (it != end && *it == 'n') {
+      set_brackets({}, {});
+      ++it;
+    }
+
+    if (it != end && *it != '}') {
+      if (*it != ':') FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format specifier"));
+      ++it;
+    } else {
+      detail::maybe_set_debug_format(underlying_, true);
+    }
+
+    ctx.advance_to(it);
+    return underlying_.parse(ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <typename R, typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(R&& range, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    detail::range_mapper<buffer_context<Char>> mapper;
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    out = detail::copy_str<Char>(opening_bracket_, out);
+    int i = 0;
+    auto it = detail::range_begin(range);
+    auto end = detail::range_end(range);
+    for (; it != end; ++it) {
+      if (i > 0) out = detail::copy_str<Char>(separator_, out);
+      ctx.advance_to(out);
+      auto&& item = *it;
+      out = underlying_.format(mapper.map(item), ctx);
+      ++i;
+    }
+    out = detail::copy_str<Char>(closing_bracket_, out);
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+enum class range_format { disabled, map, set, sequence, string, debug_string };
+
+namespace detail {
+template <typename T>
+struct range_format_kind_
+    : std::integral_constant<range_format,
+                             std::is_same<uncvref_type<T>, T>::value
+                                 ? range_format::disabled
+                             : is_map<T>::value ? range_format::map
+                             : is_set<T>::value ? range_format::set
+                                                : range_format::sequence> {};
+
+template <range_format K, typename R, typename Char, typename Enable = void>
+struct range_default_formatter;
+
+template <range_format K>
+using range_format_constant = std::integral_constant<range_format, K>;
+
+template <range_format K, typename R, typename Char>
+struct range_default_formatter<
+    K, R, Char,
+    enable_if_t<(K == range_format::sequence || K == range_format::map ||
+                 K == range_format::set)>> {
+  using range_type = detail::maybe_const_range<R>;
+  range_formatter<detail::uncvref_type<range_type>, Char> underlying_;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR range_default_formatter() { init(range_format_constant<K>()); }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void init(range_format_constant<range_format::set>) {
+    underlying_.set_brackets(detail::string_literal<Char, '{'>{},
+                             detail::string_literal<Char, '}'>{});
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void init(range_format_constant<range_format::map>) {
+    underlying_.set_brackets(detail::string_literal<Char, '{'>{},
+                             detail::string_literal<Char, '}'>{});
+    underlying_.underlying().set_brackets({}, {});
+    underlying_.underlying().set_separator(
+        detail::string_literal<Char, ':', ' '>{});
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void init(range_format_constant<range_format::sequence>) {}
+
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return underlying_.parse(ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(range_type& range, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return underlying_.format(range, ctx);
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <typename T, typename Char, typename Enable = void>
+struct range_format_kind
+    : conditional_t<
+          is_range<T, Char>::value, detail::range_format_kind_<T>,
+          std::integral_constant<range_format, range_format::disabled>> {};
+
+template <typename R, typename Char>
+struct formatter<
+    R, Char,
+    enable_if_t<conjunction<bool_constant<range_format_kind<R, Char>::value !=
+                                          range_format::disabled>
+// Workaround a bug in MSVC 2015 and earlier.
+#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1910
+                            ,
+                            detail::is_formattable_delayed<R, Char>
+#endif
+                            >::value>>
+    : detail::range_default_formatter<range_format_kind<R, Char>::value, R,
+                                      Char> {
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename... T> struct tuple_join_view : detail::view {
+  const std::tuple<T...>& tuple;
+  basic_string_view<Char> sep;
+
+  tuple_join_view(const std::tuple<T...>& t, basic_string_view<Char> s)
+      : tuple(t), sep{s} {}
+};
+
+// Define FMT_TUPLE_JOIN_SPECIFIERS to enable experimental format specifiers
+// support in tuple_join. It is disabled by default because of issues with
+// the dynamic width and precision.
+#ifndef FMT_TUPLE_JOIN_SPECIFIERS
+#  define FMT_TUPLE_JOIN_SPECIFIERS 0
+#endif
+
+template <typename Char, typename... T>
+struct formatter<tuple_join_view<Char, T...>, Char> {
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return do_parse(ctx, std::integral_constant<size_t, sizeof...(T)>());
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const tuple_join_view<Char, T...>& value,
+              FormatContext& ctx) const -> typename FormatContext::iterator {
+    return do_format(value, ctx,
+                     std::integral_constant<size_t, sizeof...(T)>());
+  }
+
+ private:
+  std::tuple<formatter<typename std::decay<T>::type, Char>...> formatters_;
+
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto do_parse(ParseContext& ctx,
+                              std::integral_constant<size_t, 0>)
+      -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <typename ParseContext, size_t N>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto do_parse(ParseContext& ctx,
+                              std::integral_constant<size_t, N>)
+      -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    auto end = ctx.begin();
+#if FMT_TUPLE_JOIN_SPECIFIERS
+    end = std::get<sizeof...(T) - N>(formatters_).parse(ctx);
+    if (N > 1) {
+      auto end1 = do_parse(ctx, std::integral_constant<size_t, N - 1>());
+      if (end != end1)
+        FMT_THROW(format_error("incompatible format specs for tuple elements"));
+    }
+#endif
+    return end;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto do_format(const tuple_join_view<Char, T...>&, FormatContext& ctx,
+                 std::integral_constant<size_t, 0>) const ->
+      typename FormatContext::iterator {
+    return ctx.out();
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext, size_t N>
+  auto do_format(const tuple_join_view<Char, T...>& value, FormatContext& ctx,
+                 std::integral_constant<size_t, N>) const ->
+      typename FormatContext::iterator {
+    auto out = std::get<sizeof...(T) - N>(formatters_)
+                   .format(std::get<sizeof...(T) - N>(value.tuple), ctx);
+    if (N > 1) {
+      out = std::copy(value.sep.begin(), value.sep.end(), out);
+      ctx.advance_to(out);
+      return do_format(value, ctx, std::integral_constant<size_t, N - 1>());
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+namespace detail {
+// Check if T has an interface like a container adaptor (e.g. std::stack,
+// std::queue, std::priority_queue).
+template <typename T> class is_container_adaptor_like {
+  template <typename U> static auto check(U* p) -> typename U::container_type;
+  template <typename> static void check(...);
+
+ public:
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(nullptr))>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename Container> struct all {
+  const Container& c;
+  auto begin() const -> typename Container::const_iterator { return c.begin(); }
+  auto end() const -> typename Container::const_iterator { return c.end(); }
+};
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<
+    T, Char,
+    enable_if_t<conjunction<detail::is_container_adaptor_like<T>,
+                            bool_constant<range_format_kind<T, Char>::value ==
+                                          range_format::disabled>>::value>>
+    : formatter<detail::all<typename T::container_type>, Char> {
+  using all = detail::all<typename T::container_type>;
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const T& t, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    struct getter : T {
+      static auto get(const T& t) -> all {
+        return {t.*(&getter::c)};  // Access c through the derived class.
+      }
+    };
+    return formatter<all>::format(getter::get(t), ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns an object that formats `tuple` with elements separated by `sep`.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    std::tuple<int, char> t = {1, 'a'};
+    fmt::print("{}", fmt::join(t, ", "));
+    // Output: "1, a"
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto join(const std::tuple<T...>& tuple, string_view sep)
+    -> tuple_join_view<char, T...> {
+  return {tuple, sep};
+}
+
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto join(const std::tuple<T...>& tuple,
+                        basic_string_view<wchar_t> sep)
+    -> tuple_join_view<wchar_t, T...> {
+  return {tuple, sep};
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns an object that formats `initializer_list` with elements separated by
+  `sep`.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print("{}", fmt::join({1, 2, 3}, ", "));
+    // Output: "1, 2, 3"
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T>
+auto join(std::initializer_list<T> list, string_view sep)
+    -> join_view<const T*, const T*> {
+  return join(std::begin(list), std::end(list), sep);
+}
+
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_RANGES_H_
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/std.h b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/std.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7cff115920
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/std.h
@@ -0,0 +1,537 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - formatters for standard library types
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_STD_H_
+#define FMT_STD_H_
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <bitset>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <exception>
+#include <memory>
+#include <thread>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <typeinfo>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "format.h"
+#include "ostream.h"
+
+#if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<version>)
+#  include <version>
+#endif
+// Checking FMT_CPLUSPLUS for warning suppression in MSVC.
+#if FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201703L
+#  if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<filesystem>)
+#    include <filesystem>
+#  endif
+#  if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<variant>)
+#    include <variant>
+#  endif
+#  if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<optional>)
+#    include <optional>
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_CPLUSPLUS > 201703L && FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<source_location>)
+#  include <source_location>
+#endif
+
+// GCC 4 does not support FMT_HAS_INCLUDE.
+#if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<cxxabi.h>) || defined(__GLIBCXX__)
+#  include <cxxabi.h>
+// Android NDK with gabi++ library on some architectures does not implement
+// abi::__cxa_demangle().
+#  ifndef __GABIXX_CXXABI_H__
+#    define FMT_HAS_ABI_CXA_DEMANGLE
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Check if typeid is available.
+#ifndef FMT_USE_TYPEID
+// __RTTI is for EDG compilers. In MSVC typeid is available without RTTI.
+#  if defined(__GXX_RTTI) || FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_rtti) || FMT_MSC_VERSION || \
+      defined(__INTEL_RTTI__) || defined(__RTTI)
+#    define FMT_USE_TYPEID 1
+#  else
+#    define FMT_USE_TYPEID 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// For older Xcode versions, __cpp_lib_xxx flags are inaccurately defined.
+#ifndef FMT_CPP_LIB_FILESYSTEM
+#  ifdef __cpp_lib_filesystem
+#    define FMT_CPP_LIB_FILESYSTEM __cpp_lib_filesystem
+#  else
+#    define FMT_CPP_LIB_FILESYSTEM 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_CPP_LIB_VARIANT
+#  ifdef __cpp_lib_variant
+#    define FMT_CPP_LIB_VARIANT __cpp_lib_variant
+#  else
+#    define FMT_CPP_LIB_VARIANT 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_CPP_LIB_FILESYSTEM
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename Char, typename PathChar>
+auto get_path_string(const std::filesystem::path& p,
+                     const std::basic_string<PathChar>& native) {
+  if constexpr (std::is_same_v<Char, char> && std::is_same_v<PathChar, wchar_t>)
+    return to_utf8<wchar_t>(native, to_utf8_error_policy::replace);
+  else
+    return p.string<Char>();
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename PathChar>
+void write_escaped_path(basic_memory_buffer<Char>& quoted,
+                        const std::filesystem::path& p,
+                        const std::basic_string<PathChar>& native) {
+  if constexpr (std::is_same_v<Char, char> &&
+                std::is_same_v<PathChar, wchar_t>) {
+    auto buf = basic_memory_buffer<wchar_t>();
+    write_escaped_string<wchar_t>(std::back_inserter(buf), native);
+    bool valid = to_utf8<wchar_t>::convert(quoted, {buf.data(), buf.size()});
+    FMT_ASSERT(valid, "invalid utf16");
+  } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<Char, PathChar>) {
+    write_escaped_string<std::filesystem::path::value_type>(
+        std::back_inserter(quoted), native);
+  } else {
+    write_escaped_string<Char>(std::back_inserter(quoted), p.string<Char>());
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename Char> struct formatter<std::filesystem::path, Char> {
+ private:
+  format_specs<Char> specs_;
+  detail::arg_ref<Char> width_ref_;
+  bool debug_ = false;
+  char path_type_ = 0;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_debug_format(bool set = true) { debug_ = set; }
+
+  template <typename ParseContext> FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) {
+    auto it = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
+    if (it == end) return it;
+
+    it = detail::parse_align(it, end, specs_);
+    if (it == end) return it;
+
+    it = detail::parse_dynamic_spec(it, end, specs_.width, width_ref_, ctx);
+    if (it != end && *it == '?') {
+      debug_ = true;
+      ++it;
+    }
+    if (it != end && (*it == 'g')) path_type_ = *it++;
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::filesystem::path& p, FormatContext& ctx) const {
+    auto specs = specs_;
+#  ifdef _WIN32
+    auto path_string = !path_type_ ? p.native() : p.generic_wstring();
+#  else
+    auto path_string = !path_type_ ? p.native() : p.generic_string();
+#  endif
+
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::width_checker>(specs.width, width_ref_,
+                                                       ctx);
+    if (!debug_) {
+      auto s = detail::get_path_string<Char>(p, path_string);
+      return detail::write(ctx.out(), basic_string_view<Char>(s), specs);
+    }
+    auto quoted = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+    detail::write_escaped_path(quoted, p, path_string);
+    return detail::write(ctx.out(),
+                         basic_string_view<Char>(quoted.data(), quoted.size()),
+                         specs);
+  }
+};
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+#endif  // FMT_CPP_LIB_FILESYSTEM
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <std::size_t N, typename Char>
+struct formatter<std::bitset<N>, Char> : nested_formatter<string_view> {
+ private:
+  // Functor because C++11 doesn't support generic lambdas.
+  struct writer {
+    const std::bitset<N>& bs;
+
+    template <typename OutputIt>
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(OutputIt out) -> OutputIt {
+      for (auto pos = N; pos > 0; --pos) {
+        out = detail::write<Char>(out, bs[pos - 1] ? Char('1') : Char('0'));
+      }
+
+      return out;
+    }
+  };
+
+ public:
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::bitset<N>& bs, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return write_padded(ctx, writer{bs});
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename Char>
+struct formatter<std::thread::id, Char> : basic_ostream_formatter<Char> {};
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_optional
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<std::optional<T>, Char,
+                 std::enable_if_t<is_formattable<T, Char>::value>> {
+ private:
+  formatter<T, Char> underlying_;
+  static constexpr basic_string_view<Char> optional =
+      detail::string_literal<Char, 'o', 'p', 't', 'i', 'o', 'n', 'a', 'l',
+                             '('>{};
+  static constexpr basic_string_view<Char> none =
+      detail::string_literal<Char, 'n', 'o', 'n', 'e'>{};
+
+  template <class U>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR static auto maybe_set_debug_format(U& u, bool set)
+      -> decltype(u.set_debug_format(set)) {
+    u.set_debug_format(set);
+  }
+
+  template <class U>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR static void maybe_set_debug_format(U&, ...) {}
+
+ public:
+  template <typename ParseContext> FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) {
+    maybe_set_debug_format(underlying_, true);
+    return underlying_.parse(ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::optional<T>& opt, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    if (!opt) return detail::write<Char>(ctx.out(), none);
+
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    out = detail::write<Char>(out, optional);
+    ctx.advance_to(out);
+    out = underlying_.format(*opt, ctx);
+    return detail::write(out, ')');
+  }
+};
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+#endif  // __cpp_lib_optional
+
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_source_location
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <> struct formatter<std::source_location> {
+  template <typename ParseContext> FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::source_location& loc, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    out = detail::write(out, loc.file_name());
+    out = detail::write(out, ':');
+    out = detail::write<char>(out, loc.line());
+    out = detail::write(out, ':');
+    out = detail::write<char>(out, loc.column());
+    out = detail::write(out, ": ");
+    out = detail::write(out, loc.function_name());
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_CPP_LIB_VARIANT
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename T>
+using variant_index_sequence =
+    std::make_index_sequence<std::variant_size<T>::value>;
+
+template <typename> struct is_variant_like_ : std::false_type {};
+template <typename... Types>
+struct is_variant_like_<std::variant<Types...>> : std::true_type {};
+
+// formattable element check.
+template <typename T, typename C> class is_variant_formattable_ {
+  template <std::size_t... Is>
+  static std::conjunction<
+      is_formattable<std::variant_alternative_t<Is, T>, C>...>
+      check(std::index_sequence<Is...>);
+
+ public:
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      decltype(check(variant_index_sequence<T>{}))::value;
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T>
+auto write_variant_alternative(OutputIt out, const T& v) -> OutputIt {
+  if constexpr (is_string<T>::value)
+    return write_escaped_string<Char>(out, detail::to_string_view(v));
+  else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, Char>)
+    return write_escaped_char(out, v);
+  else
+    return write<Char>(out, v);
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <typename T> struct is_variant_like {
+  static constexpr const bool value = detail::is_variant_like_<T>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename C> struct is_variant_formattable {
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      detail::is_variant_formattable_<T, C>::value;
+};
+
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename Char> struct formatter<std::monostate, Char> {
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::monostate&, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return detail::write<Char>(ctx.out(), "monostate");
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename Variant, typename Char>
+struct formatter<
+    Variant, Char,
+    std::enable_if_t<std::conjunction_v<
+        is_variant_like<Variant>, is_variant_formattable<Variant, Char>>>> {
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const Variant& value, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+
+    out = detail::write<Char>(out, "variant(");
+    FMT_TRY {
+      std::visit(
+          [&](const auto& v) {
+            out = detail::write_variant_alternative<Char>(out, v);
+          },
+          value);
+    }
+    FMT_CATCH(const std::bad_variant_access&) {
+      detail::write<Char>(out, "valueless by exception");
+    }
+    *out++ = ')';
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+#endif  // FMT_CPP_LIB_VARIANT
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename Char> struct formatter<std::error_code, Char> {
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto format(const std::error_code& ec, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    out = detail::write_bytes(out, ec.category().name(), format_specs<Char>());
+    out = detail::write<Char>(out, Char(':'));
+    out = detail::write<Char>(out, ec.value());
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<
+    T, Char,  // DEPRECATED! Mixing code unit types.
+    typename std::enable_if<std::is_base_of<std::exception, T>::value>::type> {
+ private:
+  bool with_typename_ = false;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx)
+      -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    auto it = ctx.begin();
+    auto end = ctx.end();
+    if (it == end || *it == '}') return it;
+    if (*it == 't') {
+      ++it;
+      with_typename_ = FMT_USE_TYPEID != 0;
+    }
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  template <typename OutputIt>
+  auto format(const std::exception& ex,
+              basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>& ctx) const -> OutputIt {
+    format_specs<Char> spec;
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    if (!with_typename_)
+      return detail::write_bytes(out, string_view(ex.what()), spec);
+
+#if FMT_USE_TYPEID
+    const std::type_info& ti = typeid(ex);
+#  ifdef FMT_HAS_ABI_CXA_DEMANGLE
+    int status = 0;
+    std::size_t size = 0;
+    std::unique_ptr<char, void (*)(void*)> demangled_name_ptr(
+        abi::__cxa_demangle(ti.name(), nullptr, &size, &status), &std::free);
+
+    string_view demangled_name_view;
+    if (demangled_name_ptr) {
+      demangled_name_view = demangled_name_ptr.get();
+
+      // Normalization of stdlib inline namespace names.
+      // libc++ inline namespaces.
+      //  std::__1::*       -> std::*
+      //  std::__1::__fs::* -> std::*
+      // libstdc++ inline namespaces.
+      //  std::__cxx11::*             -> std::*
+      //  std::filesystem::__cxx11::* -> std::filesystem::*
+      if (demangled_name_view.starts_with("std::")) {
+        char* begin = demangled_name_ptr.get();
+        char* to = begin + 5;  // std::
+        for (char *from = to, *end = begin + demangled_name_view.size();
+             from < end;) {
+          // This is safe, because demangled_name is NUL-terminated.
+          if (from[0] == '_' && from[1] == '_') {
+            char* next = from + 1;
+            while (next < end && *next != ':') next++;
+            if (next[0] == ':' && next[1] == ':') {
+              from = next + 2;
+              continue;
+            }
+          }
+          *to++ = *from++;
+        }
+        demangled_name_view = {begin, detail::to_unsigned(to - begin)};
+      }
+    } else {
+      demangled_name_view = string_view(ti.name());
+    }
+    out = detail::write_bytes(out, demangled_name_view, spec);
+#  elif FMT_MSC_VERSION
+    string_view demangled_name_view(ti.name());
+    if (demangled_name_view.starts_with("class "))
+      demangled_name_view.remove_prefix(6);
+    else if (demangled_name_view.starts_with("struct "))
+      demangled_name_view.remove_prefix(7);
+    out = detail::write_bytes(out, demangled_name_view, spec);
+#  else
+    out = detail::write_bytes(out, string_view(ti.name()), spec);
+#  endif
+    *out++ = ':';
+    *out++ = ' ';
+    return detail::write_bytes(out, string_view(ex.what()), spec);
+#endif
+  }
+};
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct has_flip : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct has_flip<T, void_t<decltype(std::declval<T>().flip())>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T> struct is_bit_reference_like {
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      std::is_convertible<T, bool>::value &&
+      std::is_nothrow_assignable<T, bool>::value && has_flip<T>::value;
+};
+
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_VERSION
+
+// Workaround for libc++ incompatibility with C++ standard.
+// According to the Standard, `bitset::operator[] const` returns bool.
+template <typename C>
+struct is_bit_reference_like<std::__bit_const_reference<C>> {
+  static constexpr const bool value = true;
+};
+
+#endif
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+// We can't use std::vector<bool, Allocator>::reference and
+// std::bitset<N>::reference because the compiler can't deduce Allocator and N
+// in partial specialization.
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename BitRef, typename Char>
+struct formatter<BitRef, Char,
+                 enable_if_t<detail::is_bit_reference_like<BitRef>::value>>
+    : formatter<bool, Char> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto format(const BitRef& v, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return formatter<bool, Char>::format(v, ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<std::atomic<T>, Char,
+                 enable_if_t<is_formattable<T, Char>::value>>
+    : formatter<T, Char> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::atomic<T>& v, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return formatter<T, Char>::format(v.load(), ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_atomic_flag_test
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename Char>
+struct formatter<std::atomic_flag, Char> : formatter<bool, Char> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::atomic_flag& v, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return formatter<bool, Char>::format(v.test(), ctx);
+  }
+};
+#endif  // __cpp_lib_atomic_flag_test
+
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+#endif  // FMT_STD_H_
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/xchar.h b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/xchar.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f609c5c41a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/xchar.h
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - optional wchar_t and exotic character support
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_XCHAR_H_
+#define FMT_XCHAR_H_
+
+#include <cwchar>
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+#ifndef FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR
+#  include <locale>
+#endif
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename T>
+using is_exotic_char = bool_constant<!std::is_same<T, char>::value>;
+
+inline auto write_loc(std::back_insert_iterator<detail::buffer<wchar_t>> out,
+                      loc_value value, const format_specs<wchar_t>& specs,
+                      locale_ref loc) -> bool {
+#ifndef FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR
+  auto& numpunct =
+      std::use_facet<std::numpunct<wchar_t>>(loc.get<std::locale>());
+  auto separator = std::wstring();
+  auto grouping = numpunct.grouping();
+  if (!grouping.empty()) separator = std::wstring(1, numpunct.thousands_sep());
+  return value.visit(loc_writer<wchar_t>{out, specs, separator, grouping, {}});
+#endif
+  return false;
+}
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+
+using wstring_view = basic_string_view<wchar_t>;
+using wformat_parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<wchar_t>;
+using wformat_context = buffer_context<wchar_t>;
+using wformat_args = basic_format_args<wformat_context>;
+using wmemory_buffer = basic_memory_buffer<wchar_t>;
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
+// Workaround broken conversion on older gcc.
+template <typename... Args> using wformat_string = wstring_view;
+inline auto runtime(wstring_view s) -> wstring_view { return s; }
+#else
+template <typename... Args>
+using wformat_string = basic_format_string<wchar_t, type_identity_t<Args>...>;
+inline auto runtime(wstring_view s) -> runtime_format_string<wchar_t> {
+  return {{s}};
+}
+#endif
+
+template <> struct is_char<wchar_t> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_char<detail::char8_type> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_char<char16_t> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_char<char32_t> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename... T>
+constexpr auto make_wformat_args(const T&... args)
+    -> format_arg_store<wformat_context, T...> {
+  return {args...};
+}
+
+inline namespace literals {
+#if FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS && !FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+constexpr auto operator""_a(const wchar_t* s, size_t)
+    -> detail::udl_arg<wchar_t> {
+  return {s};
+}
+#endif
+}  // namespace literals
+
+template <typename It, typename Sentinel>
+auto join(It begin, Sentinel end, wstring_view sep)
+    -> join_view<It, Sentinel, wchar_t> {
+  return {begin, end, sep};
+}
+
+template <typename Range>
+auto join(Range&& range, wstring_view sep)
+    -> join_view<detail::iterator_t<Range>, detail::sentinel_t<Range>,
+                 wchar_t> {
+  return join(std::begin(range), std::end(range), sep);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+auto join(std::initializer_list<T> list, wstring_view sep)
+    -> join_view<const T*, const T*, wchar_t> {
+  return join(std::begin(list), std::end(list), sep);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
+auto vformat(basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+             basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  auto buf = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, format_str, args);
+  return to_string(buf);
+}
+
+template <typename... T>
+auto format(wformat_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) -> std::wstring {
+  return vformat(fmt::wstring_view(fmt), fmt::make_wformat_args(args...));
+}
+
+// Pass char_t as a default template parameter instead of using
+// std::basic_string<char_t<S>> to reduce the symbol size.
+template <typename S, typename... T, typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<Char, char>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<Char, wchar_t>::value)>
+auto format(const S& format_str, T&&... args) -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  return vformat(detail::to_string_view(format_str),
+                 fmt::make_format_args<buffer_context<Char>>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename Locale, typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_locale<Locale>::value&&
+                            detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline auto vformat(
+    const Locale& loc, const S& format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  return detail::vformat(loc, detail::to_string_view(format_str), args);
+}
+
+template <typename Locale, typename S, typename... T, typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_locale<Locale>::value&&
+                            detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline auto format(const Locale& loc, const S& format_str, T&&... args)
+    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  return detail::vformat(loc, detail::to_string_view(format_str),
+                         fmt::make_format_args<buffer_context<Char>>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
+                            detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+auto vformat_to(OutputIt out, const S& format_str,
+                basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  auto&& buf = detail::get_buffer<Char>(out);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, detail::to_string_view(format_str), args);
+  return detail::get_iterator(buf, out);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... T,
+          typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
+                            detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline auto format_to(OutputIt out, const S& fmt, T&&... args) -> OutputIt {
+  return vformat_to(out, detail::to_string_view(fmt),
+                    fmt::make_format_args<buffer_context<Char>>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename Locale, typename S, typename OutputIt, typename... Args,
+          typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
+                            detail::is_locale<Locale>::value&&
+                                detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline auto vformat_to(
+    OutputIt out, const Locale& loc, const S& format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) -> OutputIt {
+  auto&& buf = detail::get_buffer<Char>(out);
+  vformat_to(buf, detail::to_string_view(format_str), args,
+             detail::locale_ref(loc));
+  return detail::get_iterator(buf, out);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Locale, typename S, typename... T,
+          typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          bool enable = detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value &&
+                        detail::is_locale<Locale>::value &&
+                        detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value>
+inline auto format_to(OutputIt out, const Locale& loc, const S& format_str,
+                      T&&... args) ->
+    typename std::enable_if<enable, OutputIt>::type {
+  return vformat_to(out, loc, detail::to_string_view(format_str),
+                    fmt::make_format_args<buffer_context<Char>>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
+                            detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline auto vformat_to_n(
+    OutputIt out, size_t n, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt> {
+  using traits = detail::fixed_buffer_traits;
+  auto buf = detail::iterator_buffer<OutputIt, Char, traits>(out, n);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, format_str, args);
+  return {buf.out(), buf.count()};
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... T,
+          typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
+                            detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline auto format_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n, const S& fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt> {
+  return vformat_to_n(out, n, detail::to_string_view(fmt),
+                      fmt::make_format_args<buffer_context<Char>>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename... T, typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline auto formatted_size(const S& fmt, T&&... args) -> size_t {
+  auto buf = detail::counting_buffer<Char>();
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, detail::to_string_view(fmt),
+                     fmt::make_format_args<buffer_context<Char>>(args...));
+  return buf.count();
+}
+
+inline void vprint(std::FILE* f, wstring_view fmt, wformat_args args) {
+  auto buf = wmemory_buffer();
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt, args);
+  buf.push_back(L'\0');
+  if (std::fputws(buf.data(), f) == -1)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot write to file")));
+}
+
+inline void vprint(wstring_view fmt, wformat_args args) {
+  vprint(stdout, fmt, args);
+}
+
+template <typename... T>
+void print(std::FILE* f, wformat_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  return vprint(f, wstring_view(fmt), fmt::make_wformat_args(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename... T> void print(wformat_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  return vprint(wstring_view(fmt), fmt::make_wformat_args(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename... T>
+void println(std::FILE* f, wformat_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  return print(f, L"{}\n", fmt::format(fmt, std::forward<T>(args)...));
+}
+
+template <typename... T> void println(wformat_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  return print(L"{}\n", fmt::format(fmt, std::forward<T>(args)...));
+}
+
+/**
+  Converts *value* to ``std::wstring`` using the default format for type *T*.
+ */
+template <typename T> inline auto to_wstring(const T& value) -> std::wstring {
+  return format(FMT_STRING(L"{}"), value);
+}
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_XCHAR_H_
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/src/fmt.cc b/c/vendor/fmt/src/fmt.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5330463a93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/src/fmt.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+module;
+
+// Put all implementation-provided headers into the global module fragment
+// to prevent attachment to this module.
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <climits>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <exception>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <functional>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <limits>
+#include <locale>
+#include <memory>
+#include <optional>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <system_error>
+#include <thread>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <typeinfo>
+#include <utility>
+#include <variant>
+#include <vector>
+#include <version>
+
+#if __has_include(<cxxabi.h>)
+#  include <cxxabi.h>
+#endif
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__MINGW32__)
+#  include <intrin.h>
+#endif
+#if defined __APPLE__ || defined(__FreeBSD__)
+#  include <xlocale.h>
+#endif
+#if __has_include(<winapifamily.h>)
+#  include <winapifamily.h>
+#endif
+#if (__has_include(<fcntl.h>) || defined(__APPLE__) || \
+     defined(__linux__)) &&                            \
+    (!defined(WINAPI_FAMILY) || (WINAPI_FAMILY == WINAPI_FAMILY_DESKTOP_APP))
+#  include <fcntl.h>
+#  include <sys/stat.h>
+#  include <sys/types.h>
+#  ifndef _WIN32
+#    include <unistd.h>
+#  else
+#    include <io.h>
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#  if defined(__GLIBCXX__)
+#    include <ext/stdio_filebuf.h>
+#    include <ext/stdio_sync_filebuf.h>
+#  endif
+#  define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#  include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+export module fmt;
+
+#define FMT_EXPORT export
+#define FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT export {
+#define FMT_END_EXPORT }
+
+// If you define FMT_ATTACH_TO_GLOBAL_MODULE
+//  - all declarations are detached from module 'fmt'
+//  - the module behaves like a traditional static library, too
+//  - all library symbols are mangled traditionally
+//  - you can mix TUs with either importing or #including the {fmt} API
+#ifdef FMT_ATTACH_TO_GLOBAL_MODULE
+extern "C++" {
+#endif
+
+// All library-provided declarations and definitions must be in the module
+// purview to be exported.
+#include "fmt/args.h"
+#include "fmt/chrono.h"
+#include "fmt/color.h"
+#include "fmt/compile.h"
+#include "fmt/format.h"
+#include "fmt/os.h"
+#include "fmt/printf.h"
+#include "fmt/std.h"
+#include "fmt/xchar.h"
+
+#ifdef FMT_ATTACH_TO_GLOBAL_MODULE
+}
+#endif
+
+// gcc doesn't yet implement private module fragments
+#if !FMT_GCC_VERSION
+module :private;
+#endif
+
+#include "format.cc"
+#include "os.cc"
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/src/format.cc b/c/vendor/fmt/src/format.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..391d3a248c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/src/format.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// Formatting library for C++
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#include "fmt/format-inl.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+
+template FMT_API auto dragonbox::to_decimal(float x) noexcept
+    -> dragonbox::decimal_fp<float>;
+template FMT_API auto dragonbox::to_decimal(double x) noexcept
+    -> dragonbox::decimal_fp<double>;
+
+#ifndef FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR
+template FMT_API locale_ref::locale_ref(const std::locale& loc);
+template FMT_API auto locale_ref::get<std::locale>() const -> std::locale;
+#endif
+
+// Explicit instantiations for char.
+
+template FMT_API auto thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref)
+    -> thousands_sep_result<char>;
+template FMT_API auto decimal_point_impl(locale_ref) -> char;
+
+template FMT_API void buffer<char>::append(const char*, const char*);
+
+template FMT_API void vformat_to(buffer<char>&, string_view,
+                                 typename vformat_args<>::type, locale_ref);
+
+// Explicit instantiations for wchar_t.
+
+template FMT_API auto thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref)
+    -> thousands_sep_result<wchar_t>;
+template FMT_API auto decimal_point_impl(locale_ref) -> wchar_t;
+
+template FMT_API void buffer<wchar_t>::append(const wchar_t*, const wchar_t*);
+
+}  // namespace detail
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/src/os.cc b/c/vendor/fmt/src/os.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a639e78c60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/src/os.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,402 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - optional OS-specific functionality
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+// Disable bogus MSVC warnings.
+#if !defined(_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS) && defined(_MSC_VER)
+#  define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+#endif
+
+#include "fmt/os.h"
+
+#include <climits>
+
+#if FMT_USE_FCNTL
+#  include <sys/stat.h>
+#  include <sys/types.h>
+
+#  ifdef _WRS_KERNEL    // VxWorks7 kernel
+#    include <ioLib.h>  // getpagesize
+#  endif
+
+#  ifndef _WIN32
+#    include <unistd.h>
+#  else
+#    ifndef WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#      define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#    endif
+#    include <io.h>
+
+#    ifndef S_IRUSR
+#      define S_IRUSR _S_IREAD
+#    endif
+#    ifndef S_IWUSR
+#      define S_IWUSR _S_IWRITE
+#    endif
+#    ifndef S_IRGRP
+#      define S_IRGRP 0
+#    endif
+#    ifndef S_IWGRP
+#      define S_IWGRP 0
+#    endif
+#    ifndef S_IROTH
+#      define S_IROTH 0
+#    endif
+#    ifndef S_IWOTH
+#      define S_IWOTH 0
+#    endif
+#  endif  // _WIN32
+#endif    // FMT_USE_FCNTL
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#  include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+namespace {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+// Return type of read and write functions.
+using rwresult = int;
+
+// On Windows the count argument to read and write is unsigned, so convert
+// it from size_t preventing integer overflow.
+inline unsigned convert_rwcount(std::size_t count) {
+  return count <= UINT_MAX ? static_cast<unsigned>(count) : UINT_MAX;
+}
+#elif FMT_USE_FCNTL
+// Return type of read and write functions.
+using rwresult = ssize_t;
+
+inline std::size_t convert_rwcount(std::size_t count) { return count; }
+#endif
+}  // namespace
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+namespace detail {
+
+class system_message {
+  system_message(const system_message&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const system_message&) = delete;
+
+  unsigned long result_;
+  wchar_t* message_;
+
+  static bool is_whitespace(wchar_t c) noexcept {
+    return c == L' ' || c == L'\n' || c == L'\r' || c == L'\t' || c == L'\0';
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit system_message(unsigned long error_code)
+      : result_(0), message_(nullptr) {
+    result_ = FormatMessageW(
+        FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER | FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
+            FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
+        nullptr, error_code, MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT),
+        reinterpret_cast<wchar_t*>(&message_), 0, nullptr);
+    if (result_ != 0) {
+      while (result_ != 0 && is_whitespace(message_[result_ - 1])) {
+        --result_;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  ~system_message() { LocalFree(message_); }
+  explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return result_ != 0; }
+  operator basic_string_view<wchar_t>() const noexcept {
+    return basic_string_view<wchar_t>(message_, result_);
+  }
+};
+
+class utf8_system_category final : public std::error_category {
+ public:
+  const char* name() const noexcept override { return "system"; }
+  std::string message(int error_code) const override {
+    auto&& msg = system_message(error_code);
+    if (msg) {
+      auto utf8_message = to_utf8<wchar_t>();
+      if (utf8_message.convert(msg)) {
+        return utf8_message.str();
+      }
+    }
+    return "unknown error";
+  }
+};
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_API const std::error_category& system_category() noexcept {
+  static const detail::utf8_system_category category;
+  return category;
+}
+
+std::system_error vwindows_error(int err_code, string_view format_str,
+                                 format_args args) {
+  auto ec = std::error_code(err_code, system_category());
+  return std::system_error(ec, vformat(format_str, args));
+}
+
+void detail::format_windows_error(detail::buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
+                                  const char* message) noexcept {
+  FMT_TRY {
+    auto&& msg = system_message(error_code);
+    if (msg) {
+      auto utf8_message = to_utf8<wchar_t>();
+      if (utf8_message.convert(msg)) {
+        fmt::format_to(appender(out), FMT_STRING("{}: {}"), message,
+                       string_view(utf8_message));
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  FMT_CATCH(...) {}
+  format_error_code(out, error_code, message);
+}
+
+void report_windows_error(int error_code, const char* message) noexcept {
+  report_error(detail::format_windows_error, error_code, message);
+}
+#endif  // _WIN32
+
+buffered_file::~buffered_file() noexcept {
+  if (file_ && FMT_SYSTEM(fclose(file_)) != 0)
+    report_system_error(errno, "cannot close file");
+}
+
+buffered_file::buffered_file(cstring_view filename, cstring_view mode) {
+  FMT_RETRY_VAL(file_, FMT_SYSTEM(fopen(filename.c_str(), mode.c_str())),
+                nullptr);
+  if (!file_)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot open file {}"),
+                           filename.c_str()));
+}
+
+void buffered_file::close() {
+  if (!file_) return;
+  int result = FMT_SYSTEM(fclose(file_));
+  file_ = nullptr;
+  if (result != 0)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot close file")));
+}
+
+int buffered_file::descriptor() const {
+#if !defined(fileno)
+  int fd = FMT_POSIX_CALL(fileno(file_));
+#elif defined(FMT_HAS_SYSTEM)
+  // fileno is a macro on OpenBSD so we cannot use FMT_POSIX_CALL.
+#  define FMT_DISABLE_MACRO
+  int fd = FMT_SYSTEM(fileno FMT_DISABLE_MACRO(file_));
+#else
+  int fd = fileno(file_);
+#endif
+  if (fd == -1)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot get file descriptor")));
+  return fd;
+}
+
+#if FMT_USE_FCNTL
+#  ifdef _WIN32
+using mode_t = int;
+#  endif
+constexpr mode_t default_open_mode =
+    S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IROTH | S_IWOTH;
+
+file::file(cstring_view path, int oflag) {
+#  if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
+  fd_ = -1;
+  auto converted = detail::utf8_to_utf16(string_view(path.c_str()));
+  *this = file::open_windows_file(converted.c_str(), oflag);
+#  else
+  FMT_RETRY(fd_, FMT_POSIX_CALL(open(path.c_str(), oflag, default_open_mode)));
+  if (fd_ == -1)
+    FMT_THROW(
+        system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot open file {}"), path.c_str()));
+#  endif
+}
+
+file::~file() noexcept {
+  // Don't retry close in case of EINTR!
+  // See http://linux.derkeiler.com/Mailing-Lists/Kernel/2005-09/3000.html
+  if (fd_ != -1 && FMT_POSIX_CALL(close(fd_)) != 0)
+    report_system_error(errno, "cannot close file");
+}
+
+void file::close() {
+  if (fd_ == -1) return;
+  // Don't retry close in case of EINTR!
+  // See http://linux.derkeiler.com/Mailing-Lists/Kernel/2005-09/3000.html
+  int result = FMT_POSIX_CALL(close(fd_));
+  fd_ = -1;
+  if (result != 0)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot close file")));
+}
+
+long long file::size() const {
+#  ifdef _WIN32
+  // Use GetFileSize instead of GetFileSizeEx for the case when _WIN32_WINNT
+  // is less than 0x0500 as is the case with some default MinGW builds.
+  // Both functions support large file sizes.
+  DWORD size_upper = 0;
+  HANDLE handle = reinterpret_cast<HANDLE>(_get_osfhandle(fd_));
+  DWORD size_lower = FMT_SYSTEM(GetFileSize(handle, &size_upper));
+  if (size_lower == INVALID_FILE_SIZE) {
+    DWORD error = GetLastError();
+    if (error != NO_ERROR)
+      FMT_THROW(windows_error(GetLastError(), "cannot get file size"));
+  }
+  unsigned long long long_size = size_upper;
+  return (long_size << sizeof(DWORD) * CHAR_BIT) | size_lower;
+#  else
+  using Stat = struct stat;
+  Stat file_stat = Stat();
+  if (FMT_POSIX_CALL(fstat(fd_, &file_stat)) == -1)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot get file attributes")));
+  static_assert(sizeof(long long) >= sizeof(file_stat.st_size),
+                "return type of file::size is not large enough");
+  return file_stat.st_size;
+#  endif
+}
+
+std::size_t file::read(void* buffer, std::size_t count) {
+  rwresult result = 0;
+  FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(read(fd_, buffer, convert_rwcount(count))));
+  if (result < 0)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot read from file")));
+  return detail::to_unsigned(result);
+}
+
+std::size_t file::write(const void* buffer, std::size_t count) {
+  rwresult result = 0;
+  FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(write(fd_, buffer, convert_rwcount(count))));
+  if (result < 0)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot write to file")));
+  return detail::to_unsigned(result);
+}
+
+file file::dup(int fd) {
+  // Don't retry as dup doesn't return EINTR.
+  // http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/dup.html
+  int new_fd = FMT_POSIX_CALL(dup(fd));
+  if (new_fd == -1)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(
+        errno, FMT_STRING("cannot duplicate file descriptor {}"), fd));
+  return file(new_fd);
+}
+
+void file::dup2(int fd) {
+  int result = 0;
+  FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(dup2(fd_, fd)));
+  if (result == -1) {
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(
+        errno, FMT_STRING("cannot duplicate file descriptor {} to {}"), fd_,
+        fd));
+  }
+}
+
+void file::dup2(int fd, std::error_code& ec) noexcept {
+  int result = 0;
+  FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(dup2(fd_, fd)));
+  if (result == -1) ec = std::error_code(errno, std::generic_category());
+}
+
+void file::pipe(file& read_end, file& write_end) {
+  // Close the descriptors first to make sure that assignments don't throw
+  // and there are no leaks.
+  read_end.close();
+  write_end.close();
+  int fds[2] = {};
+#  ifdef _WIN32
+  // Make the default pipe capacity same as on Linux 2.6.11+.
+  enum { DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 65536 };
+  int result = FMT_POSIX_CALL(pipe(fds, DEFAULT_CAPACITY, _O_BINARY));
+#  else
+  // Don't retry as the pipe function doesn't return EINTR.
+  // http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009696799/functions/pipe.html
+  int result = FMT_POSIX_CALL(pipe(fds));
+#  endif
+  if (result != 0)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot create pipe")));
+  // The following assignments don't throw because read_fd and write_fd
+  // are closed.
+  read_end = file(fds[0]);
+  write_end = file(fds[1]);
+}
+
+buffered_file file::fdopen(const char* mode) {
+// Don't retry as fdopen doesn't return EINTR.
+#  if defined(__MINGW32__) && defined(_POSIX_)
+  FILE* f = ::fdopen(fd_, mode);
+#  else
+  FILE* f = FMT_POSIX_CALL(fdopen(fd_, mode));
+#  endif
+  if (!f) {
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(
+        errno, FMT_STRING("cannot associate stream with file descriptor")));
+  }
+  buffered_file bf(f);
+  fd_ = -1;
+  return bf;
+}
+
+#  if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
+file file::open_windows_file(wcstring_view path, int oflag) {
+  int fd = -1;
+  auto err = _wsopen_s(&fd, path.c_str(), oflag, _SH_DENYNO, default_open_mode);
+  if (fd == -1) {
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(err, FMT_STRING("cannot open file {}"),
+                           detail::to_utf8<wchar_t>(path.c_str()).c_str()));
+  }
+  return file(fd);
+}
+#  endif
+
+#  if !defined(__MSDOS__)
+long getpagesize() {
+#    ifdef _WIN32
+  SYSTEM_INFO si;
+  GetSystemInfo(&si);
+  return si.dwPageSize;
+#    else
+#      ifdef _WRS_KERNEL
+  long size = FMT_POSIX_CALL(getpagesize());
+#      else
+  long size = FMT_POSIX_CALL(sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE));
+#      endif
+
+  if (size < 0)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot get memory page size")));
+  return size;
+#    endif
+}
+#  endif
+
+namespace detail {
+
+void file_buffer::grow(size_t) {
+  if (this->size() == this->capacity()) flush();
+}
+
+file_buffer::file_buffer(cstring_view path,
+                         const detail::ostream_params& params)
+    : file_(path, params.oflag) {
+  set(new char[params.buffer_size], params.buffer_size);
+}
+
+file_buffer::file_buffer(file_buffer&& other)
+    : detail::buffer<char>(other.data(), other.size(), other.capacity()),
+      file_(std::move(other.file_)) {
+  other.clear();
+  other.set(nullptr, 0);
+}
+
+file_buffer::~file_buffer() {
+  flush();
+  delete[] data();
+}
+}  // namespace detail
+
+ostream::~ostream() = default;
+#endif  // FMT_USE_FCNTL
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/support/cmake/FindSetEnv.cmake b/c/vendor/fmt/support/cmake/FindSetEnv.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4e2da5408a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/support/cmake/FindSetEnv.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# A CMake script to find SetEnv.cmd.
+
+find_program(WINSDK_SETENV NAMES SetEnv.cmd
+  PATHS "[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Microsoft SDKs\\Windows;CurrentInstallFolder]/bin")
+if (WINSDK_SETENV AND PRINT_PATH)
+  execute_process(COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E echo "${WINSDK_SETENV}")
+endif ()
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/support/cmake/JoinPaths.cmake b/c/vendor/fmt/support/cmake/JoinPaths.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..32d6d6685c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/support/cmake/JoinPaths.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# This module provides function for joining paths
+# known from from most languages
+#
+# Original license:
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: (MIT OR CC0-1.0)
+# Explicit permission given to distribute this module under
+# the terms of the project as described in /LICENSE.rst.
+# Copyright 2020 Jan Tojnar
+# https://github.com/jtojnar/cmake-snips
+#
+# Modelled after Python’s os.path.join
+# https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/os.path.html#os.path.join
+# Windows not supported
+function(join_paths joined_path first_path_segment)
+    set(temp_path "${first_path_segment}")
+    foreach(current_segment IN LISTS ARGN)
+        if(NOT ("${current_segment}" STREQUAL ""))
+            if(IS_ABSOLUTE "${current_segment}")
+                set(temp_path "${current_segment}")
+            else()
+                set(temp_path "${temp_path}/${current_segment}")
+            endif()
+        endif()
+    endforeach()
+    set(${joined_path} "${temp_path}" PARENT_SCOPE)
+endfunction()
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/support/cmake/fmt-config.cmake.in b/c/vendor/fmt/support/cmake/fmt-config.cmake.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bc1684f245
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/support/cmake/fmt-config.cmake.in
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+@PACKAGE_INIT@
+
+if (NOT TARGET fmt::fmt)
+  include(${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/@targets_export_name@.cmake)
+endif ()
+
+check_required_components(fmt)
diff --git a/c/vendor/fmt/support/cmake/fmt.pc.in b/c/vendor/fmt/support/cmake/fmt.pc.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..29976a8af0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/fmt/support/cmake/fmt.pc.in
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+prefix=@CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX@
+exec_prefix=@CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX@
+libdir=@libdir_for_pc_file@
+includedir=@includedir_for_pc_file@
+
+Name: fmt
+Description: A modern formatting library
+Version: @FMT_VERSION@
+Libs: -L${libdir} -l@FMT_LIB_NAME@
+Cflags: -I${includedir}
+
diff --git a/c/vendor/vendor_fmt.sh b/c/vendor/vendor_fmt.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..ce4f682676
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/vendor/vendor_fmt.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+# Check for updates: https://fmt.dev/latest/index.html
+# XXX: manually update fmt/CMakeLists.txt so add fmt as STATIC
+rm -rf fmt
+curl -L https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases/download/10.2.1/fmt-10.2.1.zip -o fmt.zip
+unzip fmt.zip -d .
+rm fmt.zip
+mv fmt-* fmt
+rm -rf fmt/doc fmt/test
+rm -rf fmt/support/bazel fmt/support/rtd
+rm -rf fmt/support/C++.sublime-syntax fmt/support/README fmt/support/Vagrantfile
+rm -rf fmt/support/*.gradle fmt/support/*.mk fmt/support/*.py fmt/support/*.xml
diff --git a/ci/linux-packages/debian/rules b/ci/linux-packages/debian/rules
index 2a766d5d4b..ce356e2cdc 100755
--- a/ci/linux-packages/debian/rules
+++ b/ci/linux-packages/debian/rules
@@ -78,4 +78,8 @@ override_dh_auto_test:
 override_dh_dwz:
 	# libadbc_driver_flightsql.so.* has compressed DWARF.
 	# We can't use dwz for compressed DWARF.
-	dh_dwz --exclude=libadbc_driver_flightsql --exclude=libadbc_driver_snowflake
+	dh_dwz \
+		--exclude=libadbc_driver_flightsql \
+		--exclude=libadbc_driver_postgresql \
+		--exclude=libadbc_driver_snowflake \
+		--exclude=libadbc_driver_sqlite
diff --git a/ci/scripts/cpp_clang_tidy.sh b/ci/scripts/cpp_clang_tidy.sh
index 5074223b6a..ec7e43b3c6 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/cpp_clang_tidy.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/cpp_clang_tidy.sh
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ build_subproject() {
         -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}"
 
     run-clang-tidy \
+        -extra-arg=-Wno-unknown-warning-option \
         -j $(nproc) \
         -p "${build_dir}" \
         -fix \
diff --git a/ci/scripts/cpp_test.sh b/ci/scripts/cpp_test.sh
index e4f7977ff0..dbdae25371 100755
--- a/ci/scripts/cpp_test.sh
+++ b/ci/scripts/cpp_test.sh
@@ -31,12 +31,12 @@ test_project() {
 
     pushd "${build_dir}/"
 
-    local labels="driver-common"
+    local labels=""
     if [[ "${BUILD_DRIVER_FLIGHTSQL}" -gt 0 ]]; then
        labels="${labels}|driver-flightsql"
     fi
     if [[ "${BUILD_DRIVER_MANAGER}" -gt 0 ]]; then
-       labels="${labels}|driver-manager"
+       labels="${labels}|driver-common|driver-manager"
     fi
     if [[ "${BUILD_DRIVER_POSTGRESQL}" -gt 0 ]]; then
        labels="${labels}|driver-postgresql"
@@ -50,8 +50,10 @@ test_project() {
     if [[ "${BUILD_INTEGRATION_DUCKDB}" -gt 0 ]]; then
        labels="${labels}|integration-duckdb"
     fi
+    # Remove leading pipe
+    labels="${labels:1}"
 
-    ctest \
+    ctest --progress -VV \
         --output-on-failure \
         --no-tests=error \
         -L "${labels}"
diff --git a/dev/release/rat_exclude_files.txt b/dev/release/rat_exclude_files.txt
index eff896ed83..3dbb682a09 100644
--- a/dev/release/rat_exclude_files.txt
+++ b/dev/release/rat_exclude_files.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 *.json
 *.Rproj
 *.Rd
+c/vendor/fmt/*
 c/vendor/sqlite3/sqlite3.c
 c/vendor/sqlite3/sqlite3.h
 c/vendor/portable-snippets/safe-math.h
diff --git a/glib/test/test-connection.rb b/glib/test/test-connection.rb
index 13f8dc1c25..c939a0d474 100644
--- a/glib/test/test-connection.rb
+++ b/glib/test/test-connection.rb
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ def test_db_schemas_all
                          "main",
                          [
                            {
-                             "db_schema_name" => nil,
+                             "db_schema_name" => "",
                              "db_schema_tables" => nil,
                            },
                          ],
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ def test_db_schemas_match
                          "main",
                          [
                            {
-                             "db_schema_name" => nil,
+                             "db_schema_name" => "",
                              "db_schema_tables" => nil,
                            },
                          ],
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ def test_tables_all
                          "main",
                          [
                            {
-                             "db_schema_name" => nil,
+                             "db_schema_name" => "",
                              "db_schema_tables" => [
                                {
                                  "table_columns" => nil,
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ def test_tables_match
                          "main",
                          [
                            {
-                             "db_schema_name" => nil,
+                             "db_schema_name" => "",
                              "db_schema_tables" => [
                                {
                                  "table_columns" => nil,
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ def test_tables_not_match
                          "main",
                          [
                            {
-                             "db_schema_name" => nil,
+                             "db_schema_name" => "",
                              "db_schema_tables" => [],
                            },
                          ],
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ def test_table_types_all
                          "main",
                          [
                            {
-                             "db_schema_name" => nil,
+                             "db_schema_name" => "",
                              "db_schema_tables" => [
                                {
                                  "table_columns" => nil,
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ def test_table_types_match
                          "main",
                          [
                            {
-                             "db_schema_name" => nil,
+                             "db_schema_name" => "",
                              "db_schema_tables" => [
                                {
                                  "table_columns" => nil,
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ def test_table_types_not_match
                          "main",
                          [
                            {
-                             "db_schema_name" => nil,
+                             "db_schema_name" => "",
                              "db_schema_tables" => [],
                            },
                          ],
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ def test_column_all
                          "main",
                          [
                            {
-                             "db_schema_name" => nil,
+                             "db_schema_name" => "",
                              "db_schema_tables" => [
                                {
                                  "table_columns" => [
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ def test_column_match
                          "main",
                          [
                            {
-                             "db_schema_name" => nil,
+                             "db_schema_name" => "",
                              "db_schema_tables" => [
                                {
                                  "table_columns" => [
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ def test_column_not_match
                          "main",
                          [
                            {
-                             "db_schema_name" => nil,
+                             "db_schema_name" => "",
                              "db_schema_tables" => [
                                {
                                  "table_columns" => [],
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ def test_read_only
       message =
         "[adbc][connection][set-option]" +
         "[NOT_IMPLEMENTED][0] " +
-        "[SQLite] Unknown connection option adbc.connection.readonly=false"
+        "[SQLite] Unknown connection option adbc.connection.readonly='false'"
       assert_raise(ADBC::Error::NotImplemented.new(message)) do
         connection.read_only = false
       end
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ def test_isolation_level
         "[NOT_IMPLEMENTED][0] " +
         "[SQLite] Unknown connection option " +
         "adbc.connection.transaction.isolation_level=" +
-        "adbc.connection.transaction.isolation.linearizable"
+        "'adbc.connection.transaction.isolation.linearizable'"
       assert_raise(ADBC::Error::NotImplemented.new(message)) do
         connection.isolation_level = :linearizable
       end
diff --git a/go/adbc/drivermgr/wrapper_sqlite_test.go b/go/adbc/drivermgr/wrapper_sqlite_test.go
index 6ca13e9996..2f1199e19c 100644
--- a/go/adbc/drivermgr/wrapper_sqlite_test.go
+++ b/go/adbc/drivermgr/wrapper_sqlite_test.go
@@ -142,6 +142,7 @@ func (dm *DriverMgrSuite) TestGetObjects() {
 					"catalog_name": "main",
 					"catalog_db_schemas": [
 						{
+					                "db_schema_name": "",
 							"db_schema_tables": [
 								{
 									"table_name": "test_table",
@@ -246,6 +247,7 @@ func (dm *DriverMgrSuite) TestGetObjectsTableName() {
 					"catalog_name": "main",
 					"catalog_db_schemas": [
 						{
+					                "db_schema_name": "",
 							"db_schema_tables": []
 						}
 					]
@@ -279,6 +281,7 @@ func (dm *DriverMgrSuite) TestGetObjectsColumnName() {
 					"catalog_name": "main",
 					"catalog_db_schemas": [
 						{
+					                "db_schema_name": "",
 							"db_schema_tables": [
 								{
 									"table_name": "test_table",
@@ -331,6 +334,7 @@ func (dm *DriverMgrSuite) TestGetObjectsTableType() {
 					"catalog_name": "main",
 					"catalog_db_schemas": [
 						{
+					                "db_schema_name": "",
 							"db_schema_tables": []
 						}
 					]
@@ -363,14 +367,14 @@ func (dm *DriverMgrSuite) TestGetTableSchemaInvalidTable() {
 func (dm *DriverMgrSuite) TestGetTableSchemaCatalog() {
 	catalog := "does_not_exist"
 	schema, err := dm.conn.GetTableSchema(dm.ctx, &catalog, nil, "test_table")
-	dm.NoError(err)
+	dm.Error(err)
 	dm.Nil(schema)
 }
 
 func (dm *DriverMgrSuite) TestGetTableSchemaDBSchema() {
 	dbSchema := "does_not_exist"
 	schema, err := dm.conn.GetTableSchema(dm.ctx, nil, &dbSchema, "test_table")
-	dm.NoError(err)
+	dm.Error(err)
 	dm.Nil(schema)
 }
 
@@ -521,6 +525,7 @@ func (dm *DriverMgrSuite) TestGetParameterSchema() {
 	dm.Require().NoError(err)
 	dm.Require().NoError(st.SetSqlQuery(query))
 	defer st.Close()
+	dm.Require().NoError(st.Prepare(context.Background()))
 
 	expSchema := arrow.NewSchema([]arrow.Field{
 		{Name: "?1", Type: arrow.Null, Nullable: true},
diff --git a/license.tpl b/license.tpl
index 5f0a29efe5..b5943f23af 100644
--- a/license.tpl
+++ b/license.tpl
@@ -246,6 +246,32 @@ All rights reserved.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+3rdparty dependency {fmt} is statically linked in certain binary
+distributions, like the Python wheels. {fmt} is under the MIT license:
+
+Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich and {fmt} contributors
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 3rdparty dependency Go is statically linked in certain binary distributions,
 like the Python wheels. The Go project is under the BSD 3-clause license +
 PATENTS weak patent termination clause
diff --git a/python/adbc_driver_manager/tests/test_dbapi.py b/python/adbc_driver_manager/tests/test_dbapi.py
index 3cad3f64ff..fbc7851834 100644
--- a/python/adbc_driver_manager/tests/test_dbapi.py
+++ b/python/adbc_driver_manager/tests/test_dbapi.py
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ def test_get_objects(sqlite):
     assert metadata[0]["catalog_name"] == "main"
     schemas = metadata[0]["catalog_db_schemas"]
     assert len(schemas) == 1
-    assert schemas[0]["db_schema_name"] is None
+    assert schemas[0]["db_schema_name"] == ""
     tables = schemas[0]["db_schema_tables"]
     assert len(tables) == 1
     assert tables[0]["table_name"] == "temporary"
diff --git a/python/adbc_driver_manager/tests/test_lowlevel.py b/python/adbc_driver_manager/tests/test_lowlevel.py
index 98c8721ca0..f94c90415f 100644
--- a/python/adbc_driver_manager/tests/test_lowlevel.py
+++ b/python/adbc_driver_manager/tests/test_lowlevel.py
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ def test_database_set_options(sqlite):
     db, _ = sqlite
     with pytest.raises(
         adbc_driver_manager.NotSupportedError,
-        match="Unknown database option foo=bar",
+        match="Unknown database option foo='bar'",
     ):
         db.set_options(foo="bar")
 
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ def test_connection_set_options(sqlite):
     _, conn = sqlite
     with pytest.raises(
         adbc_driver_manager.NotSupportedError,
-        match="Unknown connection option foo=bar",
+        match="Unknown connection option foo='bar'",
     ):
         conn.set_options(foo="bar")
 
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ def test_statement_set_options(sqlite):
     with adbc_driver_manager.AdbcStatement(conn) as stmt:
         with pytest.raises(
             adbc_driver_manager.NotSupportedError,
-            match="Unknown statement option foo=bar",
+            match="Unknown statement option foo='bar'",
         ):
             stmt.set_options(foo="bar")
 
diff --git a/r/adbcpostgresql/bootstrap.R b/r/adbcpostgresql/bootstrap.R
index d69a14bbe4..c7bbe300a7 100644
--- a/r/adbcpostgresql/bootstrap.R
+++ b/r/adbcpostgresql/bootstrap.R
@@ -17,31 +17,48 @@
 
 # If we are building within the repo, copy the latest adbc.h and driver source
 # into src/
-files_to_vendor <- c(
-  "../../adbc.h",
-  "../../c/driver/postgresql/postgres_util.h",
-  "../../c/driver/postgresql/postgres_type.h",
-  "../../c/driver/postgresql/copy/copy_common.h",
-  "../../c/driver/postgresql/copy/reader.h",
-  "../../c/driver/postgresql/copy/writer.h",
-  "../../c/driver/postgresql/statement.h",
-  "../../c/driver/postgresql/statement.cc",
-  "../../c/driver/postgresql/connection.h",
-  "../../c/driver/postgresql/connection.cc",
-  "../../c/driver/postgresql/error.h",
-  "../../c/driver/postgresql/error.cc",
-  "../../c/driver/postgresql/database.h",
-  "../../c/driver/postgresql/database.cc",
-  "../../c/driver/postgresql/postgresql.cc",
-  "../../c/driver/postgresql/result_helper.h",
-  "../../c/driver/postgresql/result_helper.cc",
-  "../../c/driver/common/options.h",
-  "../../c/driver/common/utils.h",
-  "../../c/driver/common/utils.c",
-  "../../c/vendor/nanoarrow/nanoarrow.h",
-  "../../c/vendor/nanoarrow/nanoarrow.hpp",
-  "../../c/vendor/nanoarrow/nanoarrow.c"
+source_files <- c(
+  "adbc.h",
+  "c/driver/common/options.h",
+  "c/driver/common/utils.c",
+  "c/driver/common/utils.h",
+  "c/driver/framework/catalog.h",
+  "c/driver/framework/catalog.cc",
+  "c/driver/framework/status.h",
+  "c/driver/postgresql/connection.cc",
+  "c/driver/postgresql/connection.h",
+  "c/driver/postgresql/copy/copy_common.h",
+  "c/driver/postgresql/copy/reader.h",
+  "c/driver/postgresql/copy/writer.h",
+  "c/driver/postgresql/database.cc",
+  "c/driver/postgresql/database.h",
+  "c/driver/postgresql/error.cc",
+  "c/driver/postgresql/error.h",
+  "c/driver/postgresql/postgres_type.h",
+  "c/driver/postgresql/postgres_util.h",
+  "c/driver/postgresql/postgresql.cc",
+  "c/driver/postgresql/result_helper.cc",
+  "c/driver/postgresql/result_helper.h",
+  "c/driver/postgresql/statement.cc",
+  "c/driver/postgresql/statement.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/args.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/chrono.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/color.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/compile.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/core.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/format-inl.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/format.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/os.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/ostream.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/printf.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/ranges.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/std.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/xchar.h",
+  "c/vendor/nanoarrow/nanoarrow.c",
+  "c/vendor/nanoarrow/nanoarrow.h",
+  "c/vendor/nanoarrow/nanoarrow.hpp"
 )
+files_to_vendor <- file.path("../..", source_files)
 
 if (all(file.exists(files_to_vendor))) {
   files_dst <- file.path("src", basename(files_to_vendor))
@@ -63,30 +80,7 @@ if (all(file.exists(files_to_vendor))) {
   }
 
   if (all(file.copy(files_to_vendor, "src"))) {
-    file.rename(
-      c(
-        "src/nanoarrow.c",
-        "src/nanoarrow.h",
-        "src/nanoarrow.hpp",
-        "src/options.h",
-        "src/utils.c",
-        "src/utils.h",
-        "src/copy_common.h",
-        "src/reader.h",
-        "src/writer.h"
-      ),
-      c(
-        "src/nanoarrow/nanoarrow.c",
-        "src/nanoarrow/nanoarrow.h",
-        "src/nanoarrow/nanoarrow.hpp",
-        "src/common/options.h",
-        "src/common/utils.c",
-        "src/common/utils.h",
-        "src/copy/copy_common.h",
-        "src/copy/reader.h",
-        "src/copy/writer.h"
-      )
-    )
+    file.rename(files_dst, file.path("src", source_files))
     cat("All files successfully copied to src/\n")
   } else {
     stop("Failed to vendor all files")
diff --git a/r/adbcpostgresql/src/Makevars.in b/r/adbcpostgresql/src/Makevars.in
index 456c56f964..d3c62fad6a 100644
--- a/r/adbcpostgresql/src/Makevars.in
+++ b/r/adbcpostgresql/src/Makevars.in
@@ -15,15 +15,17 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-PKG_CPPFLAGS=-I../src @cppflags@ -DADBC_EXPORT=""
+CXX_STD = CXX17
+PKG_CPPFLAGS=-I../src -I../src/c/ -I../src/c/vendor/ -I../src/c/vendor/fmt/include/ @cppflags@ -DADBC_EXPORT="" -DFMT_HEADER_ONLY=1
 PKG_LIBS=@libs@
 
 OBJECTS = init.o \
-    error.o \
-    connection.o \
-    database.o \
-    result_helper.o \
-    statement.o \
-    common/utils.o \
-    postgresql.o \
-    nanoarrow/nanoarrow.o
+    c/driver/common/utils.o \
+    c/driver/framework/catalog.o \
+    c/driver/postgresql/connection.o \
+    c/driver/postgresql/database.o \
+    c/driver/postgresql/error.o \
+    c/driver/postgresql/postgresql.o \
+    c/driver/postgresql/result_helper.o \
+    c/driver/postgresql/statement.o \
+    c/vendor/nanoarrow/nanoarrow.o
diff --git a/r/adbcpostgresql/src/Makevars.ucrt b/r/adbcpostgresql/src/Makevars.ucrt
index d0bc24013e..55f722832c 100644
--- a/r/adbcpostgresql/src/Makevars.ucrt
+++ b/r/adbcpostgresql/src/Makevars.ucrt
@@ -15,16 +15,17 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-PKG_CPPFLAGS = -I../src -DADBC_EXPORT="" -D__USE_MINGW_ANSI_STDIO
+PKG_CPPFLAGS = -I../src -I../src/c/ -I../src/c/vendor/ -I../src/c/vendor/fmt/include/ -DADBC_EXPORT="" -D__USE_MINGW_ANSI_STDIO -DFMT_HEADER_ONLY=1
 
 PKG_LIBS = -lpq -lpgcommon -lpgport -lssl -lcrypto -lz -lsecur32 -lws2_32 -lwldap32 -lcrypt32
 
 OBJECTS = init.o \
-    error.o \
-    connection.o \
-    database.o \
-    result_helper.o \
-    statement.o \
-    postgresql.o \
-    common/utils.o \
-    nanoarrow/nanoarrow.o
+    c/driver/common/utils.o \
+    c/driver/framework/catalog.o \
+    c/driver/postgresql/connection.o \
+    c/driver/postgresql/database.o \
+    c/driver/postgresql/error.o \
+    c/driver/postgresql/postgresql.o \
+    c/driver/postgresql/result_helper.o \
+    c/driver/postgresql/statement.o \
+    c/vendor/nanoarrow/nanoarrow.o
diff --git a/r/adbcpostgresql/src/Makevars.win b/r/adbcpostgresql/src/Makevars.win
index e98dc0917b..abd5d82aa2 100644
--- a/r/adbcpostgresql/src/Makevars.win
+++ b/r/adbcpostgresql/src/Makevars.win
@@ -17,19 +17,21 @@
 
 VERSION = 13.2.0
 RWINLIB = ../windows/libpq-$(VERSION)
-PKG_CPPFLAGS = -I$(RWINLIB)/include -I../src -DADBC_EXPORT="" -D__USE_MINGW_ANSI_STDIO
+CXX_STD = CXX17
+PKG_CPPFLAGS = -I$(RWINLIB)/include -I../src -I../src/c/ -I../src/c/vendor/ -I../src/c/vendor/fmt/include/ -DADBC_EXPORT="" -D__USE_MINGW_ANSI_STDIO -DFMT_HEADER_ONLY=1
 PKG_LIBS = -L$(RWINLIB)/lib${R_ARCH}${CRT} \
 	-lpq -lpgport -lpgcommon -lssl -lcrypto -lwsock32 -lsecur32 -lws2_32 -lgdi32 -lcrypt32 -lwldap32
 
 OBJECTS = init.o \
-    error.o \
-    connection.o \
-    database.o \
-    result_helper.o \
-    statement.o \
-    postgresql.o \
-    common/utils.o \
-    nanoarrow/nanoarrow.o
+    c/driver/common/utils.o \
+    c/driver/framework/catalog.o \
+    c/driver/postgresql/connection.o \
+    c/driver/postgresql/database.o \
+    c/driver/postgresql/error.o \
+    c/driver/postgresql/postgresql.o \
+    c/driver/postgresql/result_helper.o \
+    c/driver/postgresql/statement.o \
+    c/vendor/nanoarrow/nanoarrow.o
 
 $(SHLIB):
 
diff --git a/r/adbcpostgresql/src/c/driver/common/.gitignore b/r/adbcpostgresql/src/c/driver/common/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c0263b579b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/r/adbcpostgresql/src/c/driver/common/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# License); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# AS IS BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+options.h
+utils.c
+utils.h
diff --git a/r/adbcpostgresql/src/c/driver/framework/.gitignore b/r/adbcpostgresql/src/c/driver/framework/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c9f345470
--- /dev/null
+++ b/r/adbcpostgresql/src/c/driver/framework/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# License); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# AS IS BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+catalog.h
+catalog.cc
+status.h
diff --git a/r/adbcpostgresql/src/c/driver/postgresql/.gitignore b/r/adbcpostgresql/src/c/driver/postgresql/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aecdf7e986
--- /dev/null
+++ b/r/adbcpostgresql/src/c/driver/postgresql/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# License); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# AS IS BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+connection.cc
+connection.h
+database.cc
+database.h
+error.cc
+error.h
+postgres_type.h
+postgres_util.h
+postgresql.cc
+result_helper.cc
+result_helper.h
+statement.cc
+statement.h
diff --git a/r/adbcpostgresql/src/c/driver/postgresql/copy/.gitignore b/r/adbcpostgresql/src/c/driver/postgresql/copy/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f3e987e465
--- /dev/null
+++ b/r/adbcpostgresql/src/c/driver/postgresql/copy/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# License); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# AS IS BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+copy_common.h
+reader.h
+writer.h
diff --git a/r/adbcpostgresql/src/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/.gitignore b/r/adbcpostgresql/src/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d021f841c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/r/adbcpostgresql/src/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# License); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# AS IS BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+args.h
+chrono.h
+color.h
+compile.h
+core.h
+format-inl.h
+format.h
+os.h
+ostream.h
+printf.h
+ranges.h
+std.h
+xchar.h
diff --git a/r/adbcpostgresql/src/c/vendor/nanoarrow/.gitignore b/r/adbcpostgresql/src/c/vendor/nanoarrow/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b33acf34c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/r/adbcpostgresql/src/c/vendor/nanoarrow/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# License); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# AS IS BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+nanoarrow.c
+nanoarrow.h
+nanoarrow.hpp
diff --git a/r/adbcpostgresql/src/init.c b/r/adbcpostgresql/src/init.cc
similarity index 99%
rename from r/adbcpostgresql/src/init.c
rename to r/adbcpostgresql/src/init.cc
index 91ef4ad7af..1d1c81d824 100644
--- a/r/adbcpostgresql/src/init.c
+++ b/r/adbcpostgresql/src/init.cc
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 #include <adbc.h>
 
+extern "C" {
 AdbcStatusCode AdbcDriverInit(int version, void* raw_driver, struct AdbcError* error);
 
 static SEXP init_func_xptr = 0;
@@ -41,3 +42,4 @@ void R_init_adbcpostgresql(DllInfo* dll) {
   R_PreserveObject(init_func_xptr);
   UNPROTECT(1);
 }
+}
diff --git a/r/adbcsqlite/bootstrap.R b/r/adbcsqlite/bootstrap.R
index e30c593e99..4d8ed670a9 100644
--- a/r/adbcsqlite/bootstrap.R
+++ b/r/adbcsqlite/bootstrap.R
@@ -17,20 +17,45 @@
 
 # If we are building within the repo, copy the latest adbc.h and driver source
 # into src/
-files_to_vendor <- c(
-  "../../adbc.h",
-  "../../c/driver/sqlite/sqlite.c",
-  "../../c/driver/sqlite/statement_reader.c",
-  "../../c/driver/sqlite/statement_reader.h",
-  "../../c/driver/sqlite/types.h",
-  "../../c/driver/common/options.h",
-  "../../c/driver/common/utils.c",
-  "../../c/driver/common/utils.h",
-  "../../c/vendor/nanoarrow/nanoarrow.h",
-  "../../c/vendor/nanoarrow/nanoarrow.c",
-  "../../c/vendor/sqlite3/sqlite3.h",
-  "../../c/vendor/sqlite3/sqlite3.c"
+source_files <- c(
+  "adbc.h",
+  "c/driver/sqlite/sqlite.cc",
+  "c/driver/sqlite/statement_reader.c",
+  "c/driver/sqlite/statement_reader.h",
+  "c/driver/common/options.h",
+  "c/driver/common/utils.c",
+  "c/driver/common/utils.h",
+  "c/driver/framework/base.cc",
+  "c/driver/framework/base.h",
+  "c/driver/framework/base_connection.h",
+  "c/driver/framework/base_database.h",
+  "c/driver/framework/base_statement.h",
+  "c/driver/framework/catalog.h",
+  "c/driver/framework/objects.h",
+  "c/driver/framework/status.h",
+  "c/driver/framework/type_fwd.h",
+  "c/driver/framework/catalog.cc",
+  "c/driver/framework/objects.cc",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/args.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/chrono.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/color.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/compile.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/core.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/format-inl.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/format.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/os.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/ostream.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/printf.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/ranges.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/std.h",
+  "c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/xchar.h",
+  "c/vendor/nanoarrow/nanoarrow.h",
+  "c/vendor/nanoarrow/nanoarrow.hpp",
+  "c/vendor/nanoarrow/nanoarrow.c",
+  "c/vendor/sqlite3/sqlite3.h",
+  "c/vendor/sqlite3/sqlite3.c"
 )
+files_to_vendor <- file.path("../..", source_files)
 
 if (all(file.exists(files_to_vendor))) {
   files_dst <- file.path("src", basename(files_to_vendor))
@@ -48,14 +73,7 @@ if (all(file.exists(files_to_vendor))) {
   )
 
   if (all(file.copy(files_to_vendor, "src"))) {
-    file.rename(
-      c("src/nanoarrow.c", "src/nanoarrow.h",
-        "src/sqlite3.c", "src/sqlite3.h",
-        "src/options.h", "src/utils.c", "src/utils.h"),
-      c("src/nanoarrow/nanoarrow.c", "src/nanoarrow/nanoarrow.h",
-        "tools/sqlite3.c", "tools/sqlite3.h",
-        "src/common/options.h", "src/common/utils.c", "src/common/utils.h")
-    )
+    file.rename(files_dst, file.path("src", source_files))
     cat("All files successfully copied to src/\n")
   } else {
     stop("Failed to vendor all files")
diff --git a/r/adbcsqlite/src/Makevars.in b/r/adbcsqlite/src/Makevars.in
index 81a9b74917..84669a5ab9 100644
--- a/r/adbcsqlite/src/Makevars.in
+++ b/r/adbcsqlite/src/Makevars.in
@@ -15,11 +15,16 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-PKG_CPPFLAGS=-I../src @cppflags@ -DADBC_EXPORT=""
+CXXSTD = CXX17
+PKG_CPPFLAGS=-I../src/ -I../src/c/ -I../src/c/vendor/ -I../src/c/vendor/fmt/include/ @cppflags@ -DADBC_EXPORT="" -DFMT_HEADER_ONLY=1
 PKG_LIBS=@libs@
 
 OBJECTS = init.o \
-    sqlite.o \
-    statement_reader.o \
-    common/utils.o \
-    nanoarrow/nanoarrow.o @objects@
+    c/driver/common/utils.o \
+    c/driver/framework/base.o \
+    c/driver/framework/catalog.o \
+    c/driver/framework/objects.o \
+    c/driver/sqlite/sqlite.o \
+    c/driver/sqlite/statement_reader.o \
+    c/vendor/nanoarrow/nanoarrow.o \
+    c/vendor/sqlite3/sqlite3.o @objects@
diff --git a/r/adbcpostgresql/src/common/.gitignore b/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/driver/common/.gitignore
similarity index 99%
rename from r/adbcpostgresql/src/common/.gitignore
rename to r/adbcsqlite/src/c/driver/common/.gitignore
index 10c3978702..735f377b8a 100644
--- a/r/adbcpostgresql/src/common/.gitignore
+++ b/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/driver/common/.gitignore
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 # KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
-
+options.h
 utils.c
 utils.h
-options.h
diff --git a/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/driver/framework/.gitignore b/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/driver/framework/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9b2a4e357f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/driver/framework/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+base.cc
+base.h
+base_connection.h
+base_database.h
+base_statement.h
+catalog.h
+objects.h
+status.h
+type_fwd.h
+catalog.cc
+objects.cc
diff --git a/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/driver/sqlite/.gitignore b/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/driver/sqlite/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8e5eb9cc3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/driver/sqlite/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+sqlite.cc
+statement_reader.c
+statement_reader.h
diff --git a/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/vendor/fmt/.gitignore b/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/vendor/fmt/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b2a0402cdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/vendor/fmt/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+.clang-format
+CMakeLists.txt
+CONTRIBUTING.md
+ChangeLog.md
+LICENSE
+README.md
diff --git a/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/.gitignore b/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..62ee54b136
--- /dev/null
+++ b/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/vendor/fmt/include/fmt/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+args.h
+chrono.h
+color.h
+compile.h
+core.h
+format-inl.h
+format.h
+os.h
+ostream.h
+printf.h
+ranges.h
+std.h
+xchar.h
diff --git a/r/adbcpostgresql/src/copy/.gitignore b/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/vendor/fmt/src/.gitignore
similarity index 97%
rename from r/adbcpostgresql/src/copy/.gitignore
rename to r/adbcsqlite/src/c/vendor/fmt/src/.gitignore
index 53201cb854..83c7eba3b7 100644
--- a/r/adbcpostgresql/src/copy/.gitignore
+++ b/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/vendor/fmt/src/.gitignore
@@ -14,5 +14,6 @@
 # KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
-
-*.h
+fmt.cc
+format.cc
+os.cc
diff --git a/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/vendor/fmt/support/cmake/.gitignore b/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/vendor/fmt/support/cmake/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f13b4b24ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/vendor/fmt/support/cmake/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+FindSetEnv.cmake
+JoinPaths.cmake
+fmt-config.cmake.in
+fmt.pc.in
diff --git a/r/adbcpostgresql/src/nanoarrow/.gitignore b/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/vendor/nanoarrow/.gitignore
similarity index 99%
rename from r/adbcpostgresql/src/nanoarrow/.gitignore
rename to r/adbcsqlite/src/c/vendor/nanoarrow/.gitignore
index 632b0d8804..2c49ef7362 100644
--- a/r/adbcpostgresql/src/nanoarrow/.gitignore
+++ b/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/vendor/nanoarrow/.gitignore
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 # KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
-
-nanoarrow.c
 nanoarrow.h
 nanoarrow.hpp
+nanoarrow.c
diff --git a/r/adbcpostgresql/src/vendor/portable-snippets/.gitignore b/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/vendor/sqlite3/.gitignore
similarity index 97%
rename from r/adbcpostgresql/src/vendor/portable-snippets/.gitignore
rename to r/adbcsqlite/src/c/vendor/sqlite3/.gitignore
index 31f7e1fd7d..07444722b4 100644
--- a/r/adbcpostgresql/src/vendor/portable-snippets/.gitignore
+++ b/r/adbcsqlite/src/c/vendor/sqlite3/.gitignore
@@ -14,5 +14,5 @@
 # KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
-
-safe-math.h
+sqlite3.h
+sqlite3.c
diff --git a/r/adbcsqlite/src/init.c b/r/adbcsqlite/src/init.cc
similarity index 99%
rename from r/adbcsqlite/src/init.c
rename to r/adbcsqlite/src/init.cc
index fa8a73c844..48dc059169 100644
--- a/r/adbcsqlite/src/init.c
+++ b/r/adbcsqlite/src/init.cc
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 #include <adbc.h>
 
+extern "C" {
 AdbcStatusCode SqliteDriverInit(int version, void* raw_driver, struct AdbcError* error);
 
 static SEXP init_func_xptr = 0;
@@ -40,3 +41,4 @@ void R_init_adbcsqlite(DllInfo* dll) {
   R_PreserveObject(init_func_xptr);
   UNPROTECT(1);
 }
+}
diff --git a/r/adbcsqlite/src/nanoarrow/.gitignore b/r/adbcsqlite/src/nanoarrow/.gitignore
index 87e59e2d1d..632b0d8804 100644
--- a/r/adbcsqlite/src/nanoarrow/.gitignore
+++ b/r/adbcsqlite/src/nanoarrow/.gitignore
@@ -17,3 +17,4 @@
 
 nanoarrow.c
 nanoarrow.h
+nanoarrow.hpp