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Backup - Wikipedia.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span>Storage</div>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span>Backup methods</div>
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<li id="toc-Unstructured" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Unstructured">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span>Unstructured</div>
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<li id="toc-Full_only/System_imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3">
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span>Full only/System imaging</div>
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</ul>
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Incremental">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span>Incremental</div>
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<ul id="toc-Incremental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
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<li id="toc-Near-CDP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Near-CDP">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span>Near-CDP</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Near-CDP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
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<li id="toc-Reverse_incremental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Reverse_incremental">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span>Reverse incremental</div>
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</ul>
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<li id="toc-Differential" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Differential">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.6</span>Differential</div>
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</ul>
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Storage_media">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span>Storage media</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Storage_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
<li id="toc-Magnetic_tape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Magnetic_tape">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span>Magnetic tape</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Magnetic_tape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Hard_disk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Hard_disk">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span>Hard disk</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Hard_disk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Optical_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Optical_storage">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span>Optical storage</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Optical_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Solid-state_drive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Solid-state_drive">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span>Solid-state drive</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Solid-state_drive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Remote_backup_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Remote_backup_service">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span>Remote backup service</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Remote_backup_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
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</li>
<li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Management">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span>Management</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
<li id="toc-Online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Online">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span>Online</div>
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<ul id="toc-Online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
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<li id="toc-Near-line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Near-line">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span>Near-line</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Near-line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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</li>
<li id="toc-Off-line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Off-line">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span>Off-line</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Off-line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Off-site_data_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Off-site_data_protection">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span>Off-site data protection</div>
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<ul id="toc-Off-site_data_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
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<li id="toc-Backup_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Backup_site">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span>Backup site</div>
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<ul id="toc-Backup_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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<li id="toc-Selection_and_extraction_of_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Selection_and_extraction_of_data">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span>Selection and extraction of data</div>
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Files">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span>Files</div>
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<li id="toc-Filesystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Filesystems">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span>Filesystems</div>
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<ul id="toc-Filesystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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<li id="toc-Live_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Live_data">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span>Live data</div>
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<ul id="toc-Live_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
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<li id="toc-Metadata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Metadata">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span>Metadata</div>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span>Manipulation of data and dataset optimization</div>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span>Automated data grooming</div>
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Compression">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span>Compression</div>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span>Deduplication</div>
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<li id="toc-Duplication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span>Duplication</div>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span>Encryption</div>
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<ul id="toc-Encryption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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<li id="toc-Multiplexing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Multiplexing">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span>Multiplexing</div>
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<ul id="toc-Multiplexing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
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<li id="toc-Refactoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Refactoring">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span>Refactoring</div>
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<ul id="toc-Refactoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
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<li id="toc-Staging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Staging">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span>Staging</div>
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</ul>
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Objectives">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span>Objectives</div>
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</ul>
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</ul>
</li>
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#See_also">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span>See also</div>
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<ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#Notes">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span>Notes</div>
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<ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#References">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span>References</div>
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#External_links">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span>External links</div>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Backup</span></h1>
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<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span>
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<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugsteun" title="Rugsteun – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A" title="نسخ احتياطي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehtiyat_kopya" title="Ehtiyat kopya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Резервно копие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup" title="Backup – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2pia_de_seguretat" title="Còpia de seguretat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1lohov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_dat" title="Zálohování dat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkerhedskopi" title="Sikkerhedskopi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datensicherung" title="Datensicherung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andmete_varundamine" title="Andmete varundamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF_%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αντίγραφο ασφαλείας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copia_de_seguridad" title="Copia de seguridad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekurkopio" title="Sekurkopio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babeskopia" title="Babeskopia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فرایند پشتیبانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauvegarde_(informatique)" title="Sauvegarde (informatique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EC%97%85" title="백업 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Պահուստավորում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA" title="बैकअप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigurnosna_kopija" title="Sigurnosna kopija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekam_cadang" title="Rekam cadang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup" title="Backup – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%99" title="גיבוי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಅಪ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelezo_(utarakilishi)" title="Chelezo (utarakilishi) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dates%C3%A9cherung" title="Datesécherung – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup" title="Backup – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adatment%C3%A9s" title="Adatmentés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-up" title="Back-up – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97" title="バックアップ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkerhetskopi" title="Sikkerhetskopi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkerheitskopiering" title="Sikkerheitskopiering – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopia_bezpiecze%C5%84stwa" title="Kopia bezpieczeństwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3pia_de_seguran%C3%A7a" title="Cópia de segurança – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Резервное копирование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Stored data in computer systems</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about duplicate data in computer systems for data recovery. For other uses, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Backup (disambiguation)">Backup (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p>
In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>, a <b>backup</b>, or <b>data backup</b> is a copy of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer data">computer data</a> taken and stored elsewhere so that it may be used to restore the original after a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_loss" title="Data loss">data loss</a> event. The verb form, referring to the process of doing so, is "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/back_up" class="extiw" title="wikt:back up">back up</a>", whereas the noun and adjective form is "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/backup" class="extiw" title="wikt:backup">backup</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-AHDictionaryBackup_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-AHDictionaryBackup-1">[1]</a></sup> Backups can be used to recover data after its loss from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_deletion" title="File deletion">data deletion</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_corruption" title="Data corruption">corruption</a>, or to recover data from an earlier time.<span class="nowrap"> </span><sup id="cite_ref-NelsonPro11_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-NelsonPro11-2">[2]</a></sup> Backups provide a simple form of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_recovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster recovery">disaster recovery</a>; however not all backup systems are able to reconstitute a computer system or other complex configuration such as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">computer cluster</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_directory" class="mw-redirect" title="Active directory">active directory</a> server, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_server" title="Database server">database server</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CougiasTheBackup03Chapter01_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-CougiasTheBackup03Chapter01-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>A backup system contains at least one copy of all data considered worth saving. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">data storage</a> requirements can be large. An <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_repository" title="Information repository">information repository</a> model may be used to provide structure to this storage. There are different types of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_storage_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Data storage device">data storage devices</a> used for copying backups of data that is already in secondary storage onto <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive_file" title="Archive file">archive files</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ArchiveFileMayNotContainOld/HistoricalMaterial_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-ArchiveFileMayNotContainOld/HistoricalMaterial-4">[note 1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KissellTakeControlMacOSX_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-KissellTakeControlMacOSX-5">[4]</a></sup> There are also different ways these devices can be arranged to provide geographic dispersion, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_security" title="Data security">data security</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_portability" title="Data portability">portability</a>.
</p><p>Data is selected, extracted, and manipulated for storage. The process can include methods for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_consistency#Point-in-time_consistency" title="Data consistency">dealing with live data</a>, including open files, as well as compression, encryption, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">de-duplication</a>. Additional techniques apply to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_client-server_backup" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise client-server backup">enterprise client-server backup</a>. Backup schemes may include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_run_(testing)" title="Dry run (testing)">dry runs</a> that validate the reliability of the data being backed up. There are limitations<sup id="cite_ref-OutaBiz_6-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-OutaBiz-6">[5]</a></sup> and human factors involved in any backup scheme.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Storage">Storage</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Storage"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>A backup strategy requires an information repository, "a secondary storage space for data"<sup id="cite_ref-wiseGEEKInformationRepository_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-wiseGEEKInformationRepository-7">[6]</a></sup> that aggregates backups of data "sources". The repository could be as simple as a list of all backup media (DVDs, etc.) and the dates produced, or could include a computerized index, catalog, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational database</a>.
</p><p>The backup data needs to be stored, requiring a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup_rotation_scheme" title="Backup rotation scheme">backup rotation scheme</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-KissellTakeControlMacOSX_5-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-KissellTakeControlMacOSX-5">[4]</a></sup> which is a system of backing up data to computer media that limits the number of backups of different dates retained separately, by appropriate re-use of the data storage media by overwriting of backups no longer needed. The scheme determines how and when each piece of removable storage is used for a backup operation and how long it is retained once it has backup data stored on it. The 3-2-1 rule can aid in the backup process. It states that there should be at least 3 copies of the data, stored on 2 different types of storage media, and one copy should be kept offsite, in a remote location (this can include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">cloud storage</a>). 2 or more different media should be used to eliminate data loss due to similar reasons (for example, optical discs may tolerate being underwater while LTO tapes may not, and SSDs cannot fail due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_crash" title="Head crash">head crashes</a> or damaged spindle motors since they do not have any moving parts, unlike hard drives). An offsite copy protects against fire, theft of physical media (such as tapes or discs) and natural disasters like floods and earthquakes. Physically protected hard drives are an alternative to an offsite copy, but they have limitations like only being able to resist fire for a limited period of time, so an offsite copy still remains as the ideal choice.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Backup_methods">Backup methods</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Backup methods"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Unstructured">Unstructured</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Unstructured"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>An unstructured repository may simply be a stack of tapes, DVD-Rs or external HDDs with minimal information about what was backed up and when. This method is the easiest to implement, but unlikely to achieve a high level of recoverability as it lacks automation.
</p>
<h4><span id="Full_only.2FSystem_imaging"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Full_only/System_imaging">Full only/System imaging</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Full only/System imaging"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>A repository using this backup method contains complete source data copies taken at one or more specific points in time. Copying <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_image" title="System image">system images</a>, this method is frequently used by computer technicians to record known good configurations. However, imaging<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-8">[7]</a></sup> is generally more useful as a way of deploying a standard configuration to many systems rather than as a tool for making ongoing backups of diverse systems.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Incremental">Incremental</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Incremental"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>An <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incremental_backup" title="Incremental backup">incremental backup</a> stores data changed since a reference point in time. Duplicate copies of unchanged data are not copied. Typically a full backup of all files is made once or at infrequent intervals, serving as the reference point for an incremental repository. Subsequently, a number of incremental backups are made after successive time periods. Restores begin with the last full backup and then apply the incrementals.<sup id="cite_ref-Tech-FAQIncrementalBackup_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-Tech-FAQIncrementalBackup-9">[8]</a></sup>
Some backup systems<sup id="cite_ref-PondHowTimeMachineWorks_10-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-PondHowTimeMachineWorks-10">[9]</a></sup> can create a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023754711">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="synthetic_full_backup"></span><span class="vanchor-text">synthetic full backup</span></span> from a series of incrementals, thus providing the equivalent of frequently doing a full backup. When done to modify a single archive file, this speeds restores of recent versions of files.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Near-CDP">Near-CDP<span class="anchor" id="Continuous_data_protection"></span></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Near-CDP"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_Data_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous Data Protection">Continuous Data Protection</a> (CDP) refers to a backup that instantly saves a copy of every change made to the data. This allows restoration of data to any point in time and is the most comprehensive and advanced data protection.<sup id="cite_ref-InformationWeekWhyCDPGettingMorePractical_11-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-InformationWeekWhyCDPGettingMorePractical-11">[10]</a></sup> Near-CDP backup applications—often <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_backup_software#Proprietary" title="List of backup software">marketed</a> as "CDP"—automatically take incremental backups at a specific interval, for example every 15 minutes, one hour, or 24 hours. They can therefore only allow restores to an interval boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-InformationWeekWhyCDPGettingMorePractical_11-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-InformationWeekWhyCDPGettingMorePractical-11">[10]</a></sup> Near-CDP backup applications use <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">journaling</a> and are typically based on periodic "snapshots",<sup id="cite_ref-ComputerWeeklyCDPExplained_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-ComputerWeeklyCDPExplained-12">[11]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system_permissions" class="mw-redirect" title="File system permissions">read-only</a> copies of the data frozen at a particular <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_in_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Point in time">point in time</a>.
</p><p>Near-CDP (except for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Time_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Time Machine">Apple Time Machine</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-PondiniHowTMWorksItsMagic_13-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-PondiniHowTMWorksItsMagic-13">[12]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intent_log" title="Intent log">intent-logs</a> every change on the host system,<sup id="cite_ref-deGuiseEnterprise09#A.3.3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-deGuiseEnterprise09#A.3.3-14">[13]</a></sup> often by saving byte or block-level differences rather than file-level differences. This backup method differs from simple <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_mirroring" title="Disk mirroring">disk mirroring</a> in that it enables a roll-back of the log and thus a restoration of old images of data. Intent-logging allows precautions for the consistency of live data, protecting <i>self-consistent</i> files but requiring <i>applications</i> "be quiesced and made ready for backup."
</p><p>Near-CDP is more practicable for ordinary personal backup applications, as opposed to <i>true</i> CDP, which must be run in conjunction with a virtual machine<sup id="cite_ref-VictorWuEMCRecoverPointVM_15-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-VictorWuEMCRecoverPointVM-15">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RES-QServicesZertoOrVeeam_16-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-RES-QServicesZertoOrVeeam-16">[15]</a></sup> or equivalent<sup id="cite_ref-CloudEndureAgentRelated_17-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-CloudEndureAgentRelated-17">[16]</a></sup> and is therefore generally used in enterprise client-server backups.
</p><p>Software may create copies of individual files such as written documents, multimedia projects, or user preferences, to prevent failed write events caused by power outages, operating system crashes, or exhausted disk space, from causing data loss. A common implementation is an appended <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bak_file" title="Bak file">".bak" extension</a> to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_name" class="mw-redirect" title="File name">file name</a>.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Reverse_incremental">Reverse incremental</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Reverse incremental"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incremental_backup#Reverse_incremental" title="Incremental backup">Reverse incremental</a> backup method stores a recent archive file "mirror" of the source data and a series of differences between the "mirror" in its current state and its previous states. A reverse incremental backup method starts with a non-image full backup. After the full backup is performed, the system periodically synchronizes the full backup with the live copy, while storing the data necessary to reconstruct older versions. This can either be done using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_links" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard links">hard links</a>—as Apple Time Machine does, or using binary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_comparison" class="mw-redirect" title="Data comparison">diffs</a>.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Differential">Differential</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Differential"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_backup" title="Differential backup">differential backup</a> saves only the data that has changed since the last full backup. This means a maximum of two backups from the repository are used to restore the data. However, as time from the last full backup (and thus the accumulated changes in data) increases, so does the time to perform the differential backup. Restoring an entire system requires starting from the most recent full backup and then applying just the last differential backup.
</p><p>A differential backup copies files that have been created or changed since the last full backup, regardless of whether any other differential backups have been made since, whereas an incremental backup copies files that have been created or changed since the most recent backup of any type (full or incremental). Changes in files may be detected through a more recent date/time of last modification <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">file attribute</a>, and/or changes in file size. Other variations of incremental backup include multi-level incrementals and block-level incrementals that compare parts of files instead of just entire files.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Storage_media">Storage media</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Storage media"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DVD,_USB_flash_drive_and_external_hard_drive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="./Backup - Wikipedia_files/DVD,_USB_flash_drive_and_external_hard_drive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/DVD%2C_USB_flash_drive_and_external_hard_drive.jpg/330px-DVD%2C_USB_flash_drive_and_external_hard_drive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/DVD%2C_USB_flash_drive_and_external_hard_drive.jpg/440px-DVD%2C_USB_flash_drive_and_external_hard_drive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2244"></a><figcaption>From left to right, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> disc in plastic cover, a USB flash drive and an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_hard_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="External hard drive">external hard drive</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Regardless of the repository model that is used, the data has to be copied onto an archive file data storage medium. The medium used is also referred to as the type of backup destination.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Magnetic_tape">Magnetic tape</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Magnetic tape"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_tape_data_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic tape data storage">Magnetic tape</a> was for a long time the most commonly used medium for bulk data storage, backup, archiving, and interchange. It was previously a less expensive option, but this is no longer the case for smaller amounts of data.<sup id="cite_ref-EngenioDiskToDiskVsTape_18-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-EngenioDiskToDiskVsTape-18">[17]</a></sup> Tape is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_access" title="Sequential access">sequential access</a> medium, so the rate of continuously writing or reading data can be very fast. While tape media itself has a low cost per space, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_drive" title="Tape drive">tape drives</a> are typically dozens of times as expensive as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drives</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical drive">optical drives</a>.
</p><p>Many tape formats have been proprietary or specific to certain markets like mainframes or a particular brand of personal computer. By 2014 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_Tape-Open#Market_performance" title="Linear Tape-Open">LTO</a> had become the primary tape technology.<sup id="cite_ref-SpectraLogicDigitalDataStorageOutlook2017_19-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-SpectraLogicDigitalDataStorageOutlook2017-19">[18]</a></sup> The other remaining viable "super" format is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_3592" title="IBM 3592">IBM 3592</a> (also referred to as the TS11xx series). The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StorageTek_tape_formats#T10000" title="StorageTek tape formats">Oracle StorageTek T10000</a> was discontinued in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-ForbesKeepingDataLongTime_20-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-ForbesKeepingDataLongTime-20">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Hard_disk">Hard disk</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Hard disk"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>The use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">hard disk</a> storage has increased over time as it has become progressively cheaper. Hard disks are usually easy to use, widely available, and can be accessed quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-SpectraLogicDigitalDataStorageOutlook2017_19-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-SpectraLogicDigitalDataStorageOutlook2017-19">[18]</a></sup> However, hard disk backups are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive#Magnetic_recording" title="Hard disk drive">close-tolerance mechanical devices</a> and may be more easily damaged than tapes, especially while being transported.<sup id="cite_ref-PCWorldHardCoreDataPreservation_21-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-PCWorldHardCoreDataPreservation-21">[20]</a></sup> In the mid-2000s, several drive manufacturers began to produce portable drives employing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_failure#Unloading" title="Hard disk drive failure">ramp loading and accelerometer</a> technology (sometimes termed a "shock sensor"),<sup id="cite_ref-HGSTRampLoadUnload_22-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-HGSTRampLoadUnload-22">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ToshibaCanvio3.0PortableHDD_23-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-ToshibaCanvio3.0PortableHDD-23">[22]</a></sup> and by 2010 the industry average in drop tests for drives with that technology showed drives remaining intact and working after a 36-inch non-operating drop onto industrial carpeting.<sup id="cite_ref-IomegaDropShock_24-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-IomegaDropShock-24">[23]</a></sup> Some manufacturers also offer 'ruggedized' portable hard drives, which include a shock-absorbing case around the hard disk, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIL-STD-810#Applicability_to_%22ruggedized%22_consumer_products" title="MIL-STD-810">claim</a> a range of higher drop specifications.<sup id="cite_ref-IomegaDropShock_24-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-IomegaDropShock-24">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PCMagBest_25-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-PCMagBest-25">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WirecutterBestPortableHardDrive2017Don'tBuy_26-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-WirecutterBestPortableHardDrive2017Don'tBuy-26">[25]</a></sup> Over a period of years the stability of hard disk backups is shorter than that of tape backups.<sup id="cite_ref-ForbesKeepingDataLongTime_20-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-ForbesKeepingDataLongTime-20">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IronMountainBestLong-TermDataArchiveSolutions_27-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-IronMountainBestLong-TermDataArchiveSolutions-27">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PCWorldHardCoreDataPreservation_21-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-PCWorldHardCoreDataPreservation-21">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>External hard disks can be connected via local interfaces like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a>, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESATA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESATA">eSATA</a>, or via longer-distance technologies like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISCSI" title="ISCSI">iSCSI</a>, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a>. Some disk-based backup systems, via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_tape_library" title="Virtual tape library">Virtual Tape Libraries</a> or otherwise, support data deduplication, which can reduce the amount of disk storage capacity consumed by daily and weekly backup data.<sup id="cite_ref-KissellTakeControlBackingUp_28-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-KissellTakeControlBackingUp-28">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NetBackupDeduplicationGuide_30-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-NetBackupDeduplicationGuide-30">[29]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Optical_storage">Optical storage</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Optical storage"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Water_running_on_CD-RW_-_label_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="./Backup - Wikipedia_files/Water_running_on_CD-RW_-_label_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Water_running_on_CD-RW_-_label_side.jpg/330px-Water_running_on_CD-RW_-_label_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Water_running_on_CD-RW_-_label_side.jpg/440px-Water_running_on_CD-RW_-_label_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></a><figcaption>Optical discs are not vulnerable to water, making them likely to survive a flood disaster.</figcaption></figure>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_media_preservation" title="Optical media preservation">Optical media preservation</a></div>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_storage" title="Optical storage">Optical storage</a> uses lasers to store and retrieve data. Recordable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CDs</a>, DVDs, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Discs</a> are commonly used with personal computers and are generally cheap. The capacities and speeds of these discs have typically been lower than hard disks or tapes. Advances in optical media may shrink that gap in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-WanOptical14_31-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-WanOptical14-31">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>Potential future data losses caused by gradual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_rot" title="Disc rot">media degradation</a> can be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_failure_analysis" title="Predictive failure analysis">predicted</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc#Surface_error_scanning" title="Optical disc">measuring the rate of correctable minor data errors</a>, of which consecutively too many increase the risk of uncorrectable sectors. Support for error scanning varies among <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical drive">optical drive</a> vendors.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>Many optical disc formats are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write_Once_Read_Many" class="mw-redirect" title="Write Once Read Many">WORM</a> type, which makes them useful for archival purposes since the data cannot be changed. Moreover, optical discs are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">not vulnerable</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_crash" title="Head crash">head crashes</a>, magnetism, imminent water ingress or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_spike" title="Voltage spike">power surges</a>; and, a fault of the drive typically just halts the spinning.
</p><p>Optical media is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modularity" title="Modularity">modular</a>; the storage controller is not tied to media itself like with hard drives or flash storage (→<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory_controller" title="Flash memory controller">flash memory controller</a>), allowing it to be removed and accessed through a different drive. However, recordable media may degrade earlier under long-term exposure to light.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some optical storage systems allow for cataloged data backups without human contact with the discs, allowing for longer data integrity. A French study in 2008 indicated that the lifespan of typically-sold <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-R#Lifespan" title="CD-R">CD-Rs</a> was 2–10 years,<sup id="cite_ref-INA_CD-R_Study_35-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-INA_CD-R_Study-35">[34]</a></sup> but one manufacturer later estimated the longevity of its CD-Rs with a gold-sputtered layer to be as high as 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-36">[35]</a></sup> Sony's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary format">proprietary</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Disc_Archive" title="Optical Disc Archive">Optical Disc Archive</a><sup id="cite_ref-SpectraLogicDigitalDataStorageOutlook2017_19-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-SpectraLogicDigitalDataStorageOutlook2017-19">[18]</a></sup> can in 2016 reach a read rate of 250MB/s.<sup id="cite_ref-SonyOpticalDiscArchiveGen2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-SonyOpticalDiscArchiveGen2-37">[36]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Solid-state_drive">Solid-state drive</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Solid-state drive"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drives" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state drives">Solid-state drives</a> (SSDs) use <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> assemblies to store data. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumb_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Thumb drive">thumb drives</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drives</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompactFlash" title="CompactFlash">CompactFlash</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmartMedia" title="SmartMedia">SmartMedia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_Stick" title="Memory Stick">Memory Sticks</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital card">Secure Digital card</a> devices are relatively expensive for their low capacity, but convenient for backing up relatively low data volumes. A solid-state drive does not contain any movable parts, making it less susceptible to physical damage, and can have huge throughput of around 500 Mbit/s up to 6 Gbit/s. Available SSDs have become more capacious and cheaper.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-38">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PCMagBest_25-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-PCMagBest-25">[24]</a></sup> Flash memory backups are stable for fewer years than hard disk backups.<sup id="cite_ref-ForbesKeepingDataLongTime_20-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-ForbesKeepingDataLongTime-20">[19]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Remote_backup_service">Remote backup service</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Remote backup service"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_backup_service" title="Remote backup service">Remote backup services</a> or cloud backups involve service providers storing data offsite. This has been used to protect against events such as fires, floods, or earthquakes which could destroy locally stored backups.<sup id="cite_ref-DellRemoteBackup_39-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-DellRemoteBackup-39">[38]</a></sup> Cloud-based backup (through services like or similar to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Drive" title="Google Drive">Google Drive</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_OneDrive" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft OneDrive">Microsoft OneDrive</a>) provides a layer of data protection.<sup id="cite_ref-PCWorldHardCoreDataPreservation_21-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-PCWorldHardCoreDataPreservation-21">[20]</a></sup> However, the users must trust the provider to maintain the privacy and integrity of their data, with confidentiality enhanced by the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a>. Because speed and availability are limited by a user's online connection,<sup id="cite_ref-PCWorldHardCoreDataPreservation_21-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-PCWorldHardCoreDataPreservation-21">[20]</a></sup> users with large amounts of data may need to use cloud seeding and large-scale recovery.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Management">Management</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Management"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Various methods can be used to manage backup media, striking a balance between accessibility, security and cost. These media management methods are not mutually exclusive and are frequently combined to meet the user's needs. Using on-line disks for staging data before it is sent to a near-line <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_library" title="Tape library">tape library</a> is a common example.<sup id="cite_ref-StackpoleSoftware07_40-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-StackpoleSoftware07-40">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GnanasundaramInfo12_41-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-GnanasundaramInfo12-41">[40]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Online">Online</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Online"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Online">Online</a> backup storage is typically the most accessible type of data storage, and can begin a restore in milliseconds. An internal hard disk or a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_array" title="Disk array">disk array</a> (maybe connected to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_area_network" title="Storage area network">SAN</a>) is an example of an online backup. This type of storage is convenient and speedy, but is vulnerable to being deleted or overwritten, either by accident, by malevolent action, or in the wake of a data-deleting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">virus</a> payload.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Near-line">Near-line</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Near-line"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearline_storage" title="Nearline storage">Nearline storage</a> is typically less accessible and less expensive than online storage, but still useful for backup data storage. A mechanical device is usually used to move media units from storage into a drive where the data can be read or written. Generally it has safety properties similar to on-line storage. An example is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_library" title="Tape library">tape library</a> with restore times ranging from seconds to a few minutes.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Off-line">Off-line</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Off-line"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-line_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-line storage">Off-line storage</a> requires some direct action to provide access to the storage media: for example, inserting a tape into a tape drive or plugging in a cable. Because the data is not accessible via any computer except during limited periods in which they are written or read back, they are largely immune to on-line backup failure modes. Access time varies depending on whether the media are on-site or off-site.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Off-site_data_protection">Off-site data protection</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Off-site data protection"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Backup media may be sent to an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-site_data_protection" title="Off-site data protection">off-site</a> vault to protect against a disaster or other site-specific problem. The vault can be as simple as a system administrator's home office or as sophisticated as a disaster-hardened, temperature-controlled, high-security bunker with facilities for backup media storage. A data replica can be off-site but also on-line (e.g., an off-site <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a> mirror). Such a replica has fairly limited value as a backup.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Backup_site">Backup site</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Backup site"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup_site" title="Backup site">backup site</a> or disaster recovery center is used to store data that can enable computer systems and networks to be restored and properly configured in the event of a disaster. Some organisations have their own data recovery centres, while others contract this out to a third-party. Due to high costs, backing up is rarely considered the preferred method of moving data to a DR site. A more typical way would be remote <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_mirroring" title="Disk mirroring">disk mirroring</a>, which keeps the DR data as up to date as possible.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Selection_and_extraction_of_data">Selection and extraction of data</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Selection and extraction of data"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>A backup operation starts with selecting and extracting coherent units of data. Most data on modern computer systems is stored in discrete units, known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a>. These files are organized into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Filesystem">filesystems</a>. Deciding what to back up at any given time involves tradeoffs. By backing up too much redundant data, the information repository will fill up too quickly. Backing up an insufficient amount of data can eventually lead to the loss of critical information.<sup id="cite_ref-LeesWhatTo17_42-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-LeesWhatTo17-42">[41]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Files">Files</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Files"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_copying" title="File copying">Copying files</a>: Making copies of files is the simplest and most common way to perform a backup. A means to perform this basic function is included in all backup software and all operating systems.</li>
<li>Partial file copying: A backup may include only the blocks or bytes within a file that have changed in a given period of time. This can substantially reduce needed storage space, but requires higher sophistication to reconstruct files in a restore situation. Some implementations require integration with the source file system.</li>
<li>Deleted files: To prevent the unintentional restoration of files that have been intentionally deleted, a record of the deletion must be kept.</li>
<li>Versioning of files: Most backup applications, other than those that do only full only/System imaging, also back up files that have been modified since the last backup. "That way, you can retrieve many different versions of a given file, and if you delete it on your hard disk, you can still find it in your [information repository] archive."<sup id="cite_ref-KissellTakeControlMacOSX_5-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-KissellTakeControlMacOSX-5">[4]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Filesystems">Filesystems</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Filesystems"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>Filesystem dump: A copy of the whole filesystem in block-level can be made. This is also known as a "raw partition backup" and is related to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_image" title="Disk image">disk imaging</a>. The process usually involves unmounting the filesystem and running a program like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dd_(Unix)" title="Dd (Unix)">dd (Unix)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PrestonBackup07_43-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-PrestonBackup07-43">[42]</a></sup> Because the disk is read sequentially and with large buffers, this type of backup can be faster than reading every file normally, especially when the filesystem contains many small files, is highly fragmented, or is nearly full. But because this method also reads the free disk blocks that contain no useful data, this method can also be slower than conventional reading, especially when the filesystem is nearly empty. Some filesystems, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS" title="XFS">XFS</a>, provide a "dump" utility that reads the disk sequentially for high performance while skipping unused sections. The corresponding restore utility can selectively restore individual files or the entire volume at the operator's choice.<sup id="cite_ref-PrestonUnix99_44-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-PrestonUnix99-44">[43]</a></sup></li>
<li>Identification of changes: Some filesystems have an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive_bit" title="Archive bit">archive bit</a> for each file that says it was recently changed. Some backup software looks at the date of the file and compares it with the last backup to determine whether the file was changed.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versioning_file_system" title="Versioning file system">Versioning file system</a>: A versioning filesystem tracks all changes to a file. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a> versioning filesystem for Linux is an example.<sup id="cite_ref-NILFSHome_45-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-NILFSHome-45">[44]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Live_data">Live data</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Live data"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Files that are actively being updated present a challenge to back up. One way to back up live data is to temporarily <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiesce" title="Quiesce">quiesce</a> them (e.g., close all files), take a "snapshot", and then resume live operations. At this point the snapshot can be backed up through normal methods.<sup id="cite_ref-CougiasTheBackup03Chapter11_46-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-CougiasTheBackup03Chapter11-46">[45]</a></sup> A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapshot_(computer_storage)" title="Snapshot (computer storage)">snapshot</a> is an instantaneous function of some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system" title="File system">filesystems</a> that presents a copy of the filesystem as if it were frozen at a specific point in time, often by a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">copy-on-write</a> mechanism. Snapshotting a file while it is being changed results in a corrupted file that is unusable. This is also the case across interrelated files, as may be found in a conventional database or in applications such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server">Microsoft Exchange Server</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ComputerWeeklyCDPExplained_12-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-ComputerWeeklyCDPExplained-12">[11]</a></sup> The term <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_backup" title="Fuzzy backup">fuzzy backup</a> can be used to describe a backup of live data that looks like it ran correctly, but does not represent the state of the data at a single point in time.<sup id="cite_ref-LiotineMission03_47-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-LiotineMission03-47">[46]</a></sup>
</p><p>Backup options for data files that cannot be or are not quiesced include:<sup id="cite_ref-deGuiseEnterprise09#3.4.7_48-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-deGuiseEnterprise09#3.4.7-48">[47]</a></sup>
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<ul><li>Open file backup: Many backup software applications undertake to back up open files in an internally consistent state.<sup id="cite_ref-HandyBackupOpenFileWindows_49-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-HandyBackupOpenFileWindows-49">[48]</a></sup> Some applications simply check whether open files are in use and try again later.<sup id="cite_ref-CougiasTheBackup03Chapter11_46-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-CougiasTheBackup03Chapter11-46">[45]</a></sup> Other applications exclude open files that are updated very frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-ArqTroubleshootingBackingUpOpen/lockedFiles_50-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-ArqTroubleshootingBackingUpOpen/lockedFiles-50">[49]</a></sup> Some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_availability" title="High availability">low-availability</a> interactive applications can be backed up via natural/induced pausing.</li>
<li>Interrelated database files backup: Some interrelated database file systems offer a means to generate a "hot backup"<sup id="cite_ref-UWiscOracleBackups_51-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-UWiscOracleBackups-51">[50]</a></sup> of the database while it is online and usable. This may include a snapshot of the data files plus a snapshotted log of changes made while the backup is running. Upon a restore, the changes in the log files are applied to bring the copy of the database up to the point in time at which the initial backup ended.<sup id="cite_ref-ArcserveOracleWhatIsARCHIVE-LOG_52-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-ArcserveOracleWhatIsARCHIVE-LOG-52">[51]</a></sup> Other low-availability interactive applications can be backed up via coordinated snapshots. However, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_availability" title="High availability">genuinely-high-availability</a> interactive applications can be only be backed up via Continuous Data Protection.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Metadata">Metadata</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Metadata"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Not all information stored on the computer is stored in files. Accurately recovering a complete system from scratch requires keeping track of this <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">non-file data</a> too.<sup id="cite_ref-Gresovnik1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup#cite_note-Gresovnik1-53">[52]</a></sup>
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<ul><li>System description: System specifications are needed to procure an exact replacement after a disaster.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_sector" title="Boot sector">Boot sector</a>: The boot sector can sometimes be recreated more easily than saving it. It usually isn't a normal file and the system won't boot without it.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">Partition</a> layout: The layout of the original disk, as well as partition tables and filesystem settings, is needed to properly recreate the original system.</li>
<li>File <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>: Each file's permissions, owner, group, ACLs, and any other metadata need to be backed up for a restore to properly recreate the original environment.</li>
<li>System metadata: Different operating systems have different ways of storing configuration information. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> keeps a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Registry" title="Windows Registry">registry</a> of system information that is more difficult to restore than a typical file.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Manipulation_of_data_and_dataset_optimization">Manipulation of data and dataset optimization</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backup&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Manipulation of data and dataset optimization"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>It is frequently useful or required to manipulate the data being backed up to optimize the backup process. These manipulations can improve backup speed, restore speed, data security, media usage and/or reduced bandwidth requirements.