JsonWriter.cs

#region License
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------*\

    Distributed under the terms of an MIT-style license:

    The MIT License

    Copyright (c) 2006-2010 Stephen M. McKamey

    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
    of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
    in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
    to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
    copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
    furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
    all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
    IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
    AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
    LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
    OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
    THE SOFTWARE.

\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#endregion License

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Globalization;
using System.IO;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Text;

namespace JsonCLR.Json
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Writer for producing JSON data
    /// </summary>
    public class JsonWriter : IDisposable
    {
        #region Constants

        public const string JsonMimeType = "application/json";
        public const string JsonFileExtension = ".json";

        private const string AnonymousTypePrefix = "<>f__AnonymousType";
        private const string ErrorMaxDepth = "The maxiumum depth of {0} was exceeded. Check for cycles in object graph.";
        private const string ErrorIDictionaryEnumerator = "Types which implement Generic IDictionary<TKey, TValue> must have an IEnumerator which implements IDictionaryEnumerator. ({0})";

        #endregion Constants

        #region Fields

        private readonly TextWriter Writer;
        private JsonWriterSettings settings;
        private int depth;

        #endregion Fields

        #region Init

        /// <summary>
        /// Ctor
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="output">TextWriter for writing</param>
        public JsonWriter(TextWriter output)
            : this(output, new JsonWriterSettings())
        {
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Ctor
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="output">TextWriter for writing</param>
        /// <param name="settings">JsonWriterSettings</param>
        public JsonWriter(TextWriter output, JsonWriterSettings settings)
        {
            if (output == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("output");
            }
            if (settings == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("settings");
            }

            this.Writer = output;
            this.settings = settings;
            this.Writer.NewLine = this.settings.NewLine;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Ctor
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="output">Stream for writing</param>
        public JsonWriter(Stream output)
            : this(output, new JsonWriterSettings())
        {
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Ctor
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="output">Stream for writing</param>
        /// <param name="settings">JsonWriterSettings</param>
        public JsonWriter(Stream output, JsonWriterSettings settings)
        {
            if (output == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("output");
            }
            if (settings == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("settings");
            }

            this.Writer = new StreamWriter(output, Encoding.UTF8);
            this.settings = settings;
            this.Writer.NewLine = this.settings.NewLine;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Ctor
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="output">file name for writing</param>
        public JsonWriter(string outputFileName)
            : this(outputFileName, new JsonWriterSettings())
        {
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Ctor
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="output">file name for writing</param>
        /// <param name="settings">JsonWriterSettings</param>
        public JsonWriter(string outputFileName, JsonWriterSettings settings)
        {
            if (outputFileName == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("outputFileName");
            }
            if (settings == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("settings");
            }

            Stream stream = new FileStream(outputFileName, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Read);
            this.Writer = new StreamWriter(stream, Encoding.UTF8);
            this.settings = settings;
            this.Writer.NewLine = this.settings.NewLine;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Ctor
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="output">StringBuilder for appending</param>
        public JsonWriter(StringBuilder output)
            : this(output, new JsonWriterSettings())
        {
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Ctor
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="output">StringBuilder for appending</param>
        /// <param name="settings">JsonWriterSettings</param>
        public JsonWriter(StringBuilder output, JsonWriterSettings settings)
        {
            if (output == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("output");
            }
            if (settings == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("settings");
            }

            this.Writer = new StringWriter(output); //, System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
            this.settings = settings;
            this.Writer.NewLine = this.settings.NewLine;
        }

        #endregion Init

        #region Properties

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets and sets the property name used for type hinting
        /// </summary>
        [Obsolete("This has been deprecated in favor of JsonWriterSettings object")]
        public string TypeHintName
        {
            get { return this.settings.TypeHintName; }
            set { this.settings.TypeHintName = value; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets and sets if JSON will be formatted for human reading
        /// </summary>
        [Obsolete("This has been deprecated in favor of JsonWriterSettings object")]
        public bool PrettyPrint
        {
            get { return this.settings.PrettyPrint; }
            set { this.settings.PrettyPrint = value; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets and sets the string to use for indentation
        /// </summary>
        [Obsolete("This has been deprecated in favor of JsonWriterSettings object")]
        public string Tab
        {
            get { return this.settings.Tab; }
            set { this.settings.Tab = value; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets and sets the line terminator string
        /// </summary>
        [Obsolete("This has been deprecated in favor of JsonWriterSettings object")]
        public string NewLine
        {
            get { return this.settings.NewLine; }
            set { this.Writer.NewLine = this.settings.NewLine = value; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the current nesting depth
        /// </summary>
        protected int Depth
        {
            get { return this.depth; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets and sets the maximum depth to be serialized
        /// </summary>
        [Obsolete("This has been deprecated in favor of JsonWriterSettings object")]
        public int MaxDepth
        {
            get { return this.settings.MaxDepth; }
            set { this.settings.MaxDepth = value; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets and sets if should use XmlSerialization Attributes
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Respects XmlIgnoreAttribute, ...
        /// </remarks>
        [Obsolete("This has been deprecated in favor of JsonWriterSettings object")]
        public bool UseXmlSerializationAttributes
        {
            get { return this.settings.UseXmlSerializationAttributes; }
            set { this.settings.UseXmlSerializationAttributes = value; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets and sets a proxy formatter to use for DateTime serialization
        /// </summary>
        [Obsolete("This has been deprecated in favor of JsonWriterSettings object")]
        public WriteDelegate<DateTime> DateTimeSerializer
        {
            get { return this.settings.DateTimeSerializer; }
            set { this.settings.DateTimeSerializer = value; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the underlying TextWriter
        /// </summary>
        public TextWriter TextWriter
        {
            get { return this.Writer; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets and sets the JsonWriterSettings
        /// </summary>
        public JsonWriterSettings Settings
        {
            get { return this.settings; }
            set
            {
                if (value == null)
                {
                    value = new JsonWriterSettings();
                }
                this.settings = value;
            }
        }

        #endregion Properties

        #region Static Methods

        /// <summary>
        /// A helper method for serializing an object to JSON
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="value"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static string Serialize(object value)
        {
            StringBuilder output = new StringBuilder();

            using (JsonWriter writer = new JsonWriter(output))
            {
                writer.Write(value);
            }

            return output.ToString();
        }

        #endregion Static Methods

        #region Public Methods

        public void Write(object value)
        {
            this.Write(value, false);
        }

        protected virtual void Write(object value, bool isProperty)
        {
            if (isProperty && this.settings.PrettyPrint)
            {
                this.Writer.Write(' ');
            }

            if (value == null)
            {
                this.Writer.Write(JsonReader.LiteralNull);
                return;
            }

            if (value is IJsonSerializable)
            {
                try
                {
                    if (isProperty)
                    {
                        this.depth++;
                        if (this.depth > this.settings.MaxDepth)
                        {
                            throw new JsonSerializationException(String.Format(JsonWriter.ErrorMaxDepth, this.settings.MaxDepth));
                        }
                        this.WriteLine();
                    }
                    ((IJsonSerializable)value).WriteJson(this);
                }
                finally
                {
                    if (isProperty)
                    {
                        this.depth--;
                    }
                }
                return;
            }

            // must test enumerations before value types
            if (value is Enum)
            {
                this.Write((Enum)value);
                return;
            }

            // Type.GetTypeCode() allows us to more efficiently switch type
            // plus cannot use 'is' for ValueTypes
            Type type = value.GetType();
            switch (Type.GetTypeCode(type))
            {
                case TypeCode.Boolean:
                    {
                        this.Write((Boolean)value);
                        return;
                    }
                case TypeCode.Byte:
                    {
                        this.Write((Byte)value);
                        return;
                    }
                case TypeCode.Char:
                    {
                        this.Write((Char)value);
                        return;
                    }
                case TypeCode.DateTime:
                    {
                        this.Write((DateTime)value);
                        return;
                    }
                case TypeCode.DBNull:
                case TypeCode.Empty:
                    {
                        this.Writer.Write(JsonReader.LiteralNull);
                        return;
                    }
                case TypeCode.Decimal:
                    {
                        // From MSDN:
                        // Conversions from Char, SByte, Int16, Int32, Int64, Byte, UInt16, UInt32, and UInt64
                        // to Decimal are widening conversions that never lose information or throw exceptions.
                        // Conversions from Single or Double to Decimal throw an OverflowException
                        // if the result of the conversion is not representable as a Decimal.
                        this.Write((Decimal)value);
                        return;
                    }
                case TypeCode.Double:
                    {
                        this.Write((Double)value);
                        return;
                    }
                case TypeCode.Int16:
                    {
                        this.Write((Int16)value);
                        return;
                    }
                case TypeCode.Int32:
                    {
                        this.Write((Int32)value);
                        return;
                    }
                case TypeCode.Int64:
                    {
                        this.Write((Int64)value);
                        return;
                    }
                case TypeCode.SByte:
                    {
                        this.Write((SByte)value);
                        return;
                    }
                case TypeCode.Single:
                    {
                        this.Write((Single)value);
                        return;
                    }
                case TypeCode.String:
                    {
                        this.Write((String)value);
                        return;
                    }
                case TypeCode.UInt16:
                    {
                        this.Write((UInt16)value);
                        return;
                    }
                case TypeCode.UInt32:
                    {
                        this.Write((UInt32)value);
                        return;
                    }
                case TypeCode.UInt64:
                    {
                        this.Write((UInt64)value);
                        return;
                    }
                default:
                case TypeCode.Object:
                    {
                        // all others must be explicitly tested
                        break;
                    }
            }

            if (value is Guid)
            {
                this.Write((Guid)value);
                return;
            }

            if (value is Uri)
            {
                this.Write((Uri)value);
                return;
            }

            if (value is TimeSpan)
            {
                this.Write((TimeSpan)value);
                return;
            }

            if (value is Version)
            {
                this.Write((Version)value);
                return;
            }

            // IDictionary test must happen BEFORE IEnumerable test
            // since IDictionary implements IEnumerable
            if (value is IDictionary)
            {
                try
                {
                    if (isProperty)
                    {
                        this.depth++;
                        if (this.depth > this.settings.MaxDepth)
                        {
                            throw new JsonSerializationException(String.Format(JsonWriter.ErrorMaxDepth, this.settings.MaxDepth));
                        }
                        this.WriteLine();
                    }
                    this.WriteObject((IDictionary)value);
                }
                finally
                {
                    if (isProperty)
                    {
                        this.depth--;
                    }
                }
                return;
            }

            if (type.GetInterface(JsonReader.TypeGenericIDictionary) != null)
            {
                try
                {
                    if (isProperty)
                    {
                        this.depth++;
                        if (this.depth > this.settings.MaxDepth)
                        {
                            throw new JsonSerializationException(String.Format(JsonWriter.ErrorMaxDepth, this.settings.MaxDepth));
                        }
                        this.WriteLine();
                    }

                    this.WriteDictionary((IEnumerable)value);
                }
                finally
                {
                    if (isProperty)
                    {
                        this.depth--;
                    }
                }
                return;
            }

            // IDictionary test must happen BEFORE IEnumerable test
            // since IDictionary implements IEnumerable
            if (value is IEnumerable)
            {
#if !UNITY3D
                if (value is XmlNode)
                {
                    this.Write((System.Xml.XmlNode)value);
                    return;
                }
#endif
                try
                {
                    if (isProperty)
                    {
                        this.depth++;
                        if (this.depth > this.settings.MaxDepth)
                        {
                            throw new JsonSerializationException(String.Format(JsonWriter.ErrorMaxDepth, this.settings.MaxDepth));
                        }
                        this.WriteLine();
                    }
                    this.WriteArray((IEnumerable)value);
                }
                finally
                {
                    if (isProperty)
                    {
                        this.depth--;
                    }
                }
                return;
            }

            // structs and classes
            try
            {
                if (isProperty)
                {
                    this.depth++;
                    if (this.depth > this.settings.MaxDepth)
                    {
                        throw new JsonSerializationException(String.Format(JsonWriter.ErrorMaxDepth, this.settings.MaxDepth));
                    }
                    this.WriteLine();
                }
                this.WriteObject(value, type);
            }
            finally
            {
                if (isProperty)
                {
                    this.depth--;
                }
            }
        }

        public virtual void WriteBase64(byte[] value)
        {
            this.Write(Convert.ToBase64String(value));
        }

        public virtual void WriteHexString(byte[] value)
        {
            if (value == null || value.Length == 0)
            {
                this.Write(String.Empty);
                return;
            }

            StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();

            // Loop through each byte of the binary data 
            // and format each one as a hexadecimal string
            for (int i = 0; i < value.Length; i++)
            {
                builder.Append(value[i].ToString("x2"));
            }

            // the hexadecimal string
            this.Write(builder.ToString());
        }

        public virtual void Write(DateTime value)
        {
            if (this.settings.DateTimeSerializer != null)
            {
                this.settings.DateTimeSerializer(this, value);
                return;
            }

            switch (value.Kind)
            {
                case DateTimeKind.Local:
                    {
                        value = value.ToUniversalTime();
                        goto case DateTimeKind.Utc;
                    }
                case DateTimeKind.Utc:
                    {
                        // UTC DateTime in ISO-8601
                        this.Write(String.Format("{0:s}Z", value));
                        break;
                    }
                default:
                    {
                        // DateTime in ISO-8601
                        this.Write(String.Format("{0:s}", value));
                        break;
                    }
            }
        }

        public virtual void Write(Guid value)
        {
            this.Write(value.ToString("D"));
        }

        public virtual void Write(Enum value)
        {
            string enumName = null;

            Type type = value.GetType();

            if (type.IsDefined(typeof(FlagsAttribute), true) && !Enum.IsDefined(type, value))
            {
                Enum[] flags = JsonWriter.GetFlagList(type, value);
                string[] flagNames = new string[flags.Length];
                for (int i = 0; i < flags.Length; i++)
                {
                    flagNames[i] = JsonNameAttribute.GetJsonName(flags[i]);
                    if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(flagNames[i]))
                    {
                        flagNames[i] = flags[i].ToString("f");
                    }
                }
                enumName = String.Join(", ", flagNames);
            }
            else
            {
                enumName = JsonNameAttribute.GetJsonName(value);
                if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(enumName))
                {
                    enumName = value.ToString("f");
                }
            }

            this.Write(enumName);
        }

        public virtual void Write(string value)
        {
            if (value == null)
            {
                this.Writer.Write(JsonReader.LiteralNull);
                return;
            }

            int start = 0,
                length = value.Length;

            this.Writer.Write(JsonReader.OperatorStringDelim);

            for (int i = start; i < length; i++)
            {
                char ch = value[i];

                if (ch <= '\u001F' ||
                    ch >= '\u007F' ||
                    ch == '<' || // improves compatibility within script blocks
                    ch == JsonReader.OperatorStringDelim ||
                    ch == JsonReader.OperatorCharEscape)
                {
                    if (i > start)
                    {
                        this.Writer.Write(value.Substring(start, i - start));
                    }
                    start = i + 1;

                    switch (ch)
                    {
                        case JsonReader.OperatorStringDelim:
                        case JsonReader.OperatorCharEscape:
                            {
                                this.Writer.Write(JsonReader.OperatorCharEscape);
                                this.Writer.Write(ch);
                                continue;
                            }
                        case '\b':
                            {
                                this.Writer.Write("\\b");
                                continue;
                            }
                        case '\f':
                            {
                                this.Writer.Write("\\f");
                                continue;
                            }
                        case '\n':
                            {
                                this.Writer.Write("\\n");
                                continue;
                            }
                        case '\r':
                            {
                                this.Writer.Write("\\r");
                                continue;
                            }
                        case '\t':
                            {
                                this.Writer.Write("\\t");
                                continue;
                            }
                        default:
                            {
                                //this.Writer.Write("\\u");
                                this.Writer.Write(ch); // Char.ConvertToUtf32(value, i).ToString("X4"));
                                continue;
                            }
                    }
                }
            }

            if (length > start)
            {
                this.Writer.Write(value.Substring(start, length - start));
            }

            this.Writer.Write(JsonReader.OperatorStringDelim);
        }

        #endregion Public Methods

        #region Primative Writer Methods

        public virtual void Write(bool value)
        {
            this.Writer.Write(value ? JsonReader.LiteralTrue : JsonReader.LiteralFalse);
        }

        public virtual void Write(byte value)
        {
            this.Writer.Write(value.ToString("g", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
        }

        public virtual void Write(sbyte value)
        {
            this.Writer.Write(value.ToString("g", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
        }

        public virtual void Write(short value)
        {
            this.Writer.Write(value.ToString("g", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
        }

        public virtual void Write(ushort value)
        {
            this.Writer.Write(value.ToString("g", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
        }

        public virtual void Write(int value)
        {
            this.Writer.Write(value.ToString("g", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
        }

        public virtual void Write(uint value)
        {
            if (this.InvalidIeee754(value))
            {
                // emit as string since Number cannot represent
                this.Write(value.ToString("g", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
                return;
            }

            this.Writer.Write(value.ToString("g", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
        }

        public virtual void Write(long value)
        {
            if (this.InvalidIeee754(value))
            {
                // emit as string since Number cannot represent
                this.Write(value.ToString("g", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
                return;
            }

            this.Writer.Write(value.ToString("g", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
        }

        public virtual void Write(ulong value)
        {
            if (this.InvalidIeee754(value))
            {
                // emit as string since Number cannot represent
                this.Write(value.ToString("g", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
                return;
            }

            this.Writer.Write(value.ToString("g", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
        }

        public virtual void Write(float value)
        {
            if (Single.IsNaN(value) || Single.IsInfinity(value))
            {
                this.Writer.Write(JsonReader.LiteralNull);
            }
            else
            {
                this.Writer.Write(value.ToString("r", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
            }
        }

        public virtual void Write(double value)
        {
            if (Double.IsNaN(value) || Double.IsInfinity(value))
            {
                this.Writer.Write(JsonReader.LiteralNull);
            }
            else
            {
                this.Writer.Write(value.ToString("r", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
            }
        }

        public virtual void Write(decimal value)
        {
            if (this.InvalidIeee754(value))
            {
                // emit as string since Number cannot represent
                this.Write(value.ToString("g", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
                return;
            }

            this.Writer.Write(value.ToString("g", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
        }

        public virtual void Write(char value)
        {
            this.Write(new String(value, 1));
        }

        public virtual void Write(TimeSpan value)
        {
            this.Write(value.Ticks);
        }

        public virtual void Write(Uri value)
        {
            this.Write(value.ToString());
        }

        public virtual void Write(Version value)
        {
            this.Write(value.ToString());
        }

#if !UNITY3D
        public virtual void Write(XmlNode value)
        {
            // TODO: auto-translate XML to JsonML
            this.Write(value.OuterXml);
        }
#endif

        #endregion Primative Writer Methods

        #region Writer Methods

        protected internal virtual void WriteArray(IEnumerable value)
        {
            bool appendDelim = false;

            this.Writer.Write(JsonReader.OperatorArrayStart);

            this.depth++;
            if (this.depth > this.settings.MaxDepth)
            {
                throw new JsonSerializationException(String.Format(JsonWriter.ErrorMaxDepth, this.settings.MaxDepth));
            }
            try
            {
                foreach (object item in value)
                {
                    if (appendDelim)
                    {
                        this.WriteArrayItemDelim();
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        appendDelim = true;
                    }

                    this.WriteLine();
                    this.WriteArrayItem(item);
                }
            }
            finally
            {
                this.depth--;
            }

            if (appendDelim)
            {
                this.WriteLine();
            }
            this.Writer.Write(JsonReader.OperatorArrayEnd);
        }

        protected virtual void WriteArrayItem(object item)
        {
            this.Write(item, false);
        }

        protected virtual void WriteObject(IDictionary value)
        {
            this.WriteDictionary((IEnumerable)value);
        }

        protected virtual void WriteDictionary(IEnumerable value)
        {
            IDictionaryEnumerator enumerator = value.GetEnumerator() as IDictionaryEnumerator;
            if (enumerator == null)
            {
                throw new JsonSerializationException(String.Format(JsonWriter.ErrorIDictionaryEnumerator, value.GetType()));
            }

            bool appendDelim = false;

            this.Writer.Write(JsonReader.OperatorObjectStart);

            this.depth++;
            if (this.depth > this.settings.MaxDepth)
            {
                throw new JsonSerializationException(String.Format(JsonWriter.ErrorMaxDepth, this.settings.MaxDepth));
            }

            try
            {
                while (enumerator.MoveNext())
                {
                    if (appendDelim)
                    {
                        this.WriteObjectPropertyDelim();
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        appendDelim = true;
                    }

                    this.WriteObjectProperty(Convert.ToString(enumerator.Entry.Key), enumerator.Entry.Value);
                }
            }
            finally
            {
                this.depth--;
            }

            if (appendDelim)
            {
                this.WriteLine();
            }
            this.Writer.Write(JsonReader.OperatorObjectEnd);
        }

        private void WriteObjectProperty(string key, object value)
        {
            this.WriteLine();
            this.WriteObjectPropertyName(key);
            this.Writer.Write(JsonReader.OperatorNameDelim);
            this.WriteObjectPropertyValue(value);
        }

        protected virtual void WriteObjectPropertyName(string name)
        {
            this.Write(name);
        }

        protected virtual void WriteObjectPropertyValue(object value)
        {
            this.Write(value, true);
        }

        protected virtual void WriteObject(object value, Type type)
        {
            bool appendDelim = false;

            this.Writer.Write(JsonReader.OperatorObjectStart);

            this.depth++;
            if (this.depth > this.settings.MaxDepth)
            {
                throw new JsonSerializationException(String.Format(JsonWriter.ErrorMaxDepth, this.settings.MaxDepth));
            }
            try
            {
                if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(this.settings.TypeHintName))
                {
                    if (appendDelim)
                    {
                        this.WriteObjectPropertyDelim();
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        appendDelim = true;
                    }

                    this.WriteObjectProperty(this.settings.TypeHintName, type.FullName + ", " + type.Assembly.GetName().Name);
                }

                bool anonymousType = type.IsGenericType && type.Name.StartsWith(JsonWriter.AnonymousTypePrefix);

                // serialize public properties
                PropertyInfo[] properties = type.GetProperties();
                foreach (PropertyInfo property in properties)
                {
                    if (!property.CanRead)
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    if (!property.CanWrite && !anonymousType)
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    if (this.IsIgnored(type, property, value))
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    object propertyValue = property.GetValue(value, null);
                    if (this.IsDefaultValue(property, propertyValue))
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    if (appendDelim)
                    {
                        this.WriteObjectPropertyDelim();
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        appendDelim = true;
                    }

                    // use Attributes here to control naming
                    string propertyName = JsonNameAttribute.GetJsonName(property);
                    if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(propertyName))
                    {
                        propertyName = property.Name;
                    }

                    this.WriteObjectProperty(propertyName, propertyValue);
                }

                // serialize public fields
                FieldInfo[] fields = type.GetFields();
                foreach (FieldInfo field in fields)
                {
                    if (!field.IsPublic || field.IsStatic)
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    if (this.IsIgnored(type, field, value))
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    object fieldValue = field.GetValue(value);
                    if (this.IsDefaultValue(field, fieldValue))
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    if (appendDelim)
                    {
                        this.WriteObjectPropertyDelim();
                        this.WriteLine();
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        appendDelim = true;
                    }

                    // use Attributes here to control naming
                    string fieldName = JsonNameAttribute.GetJsonName(field);
                    if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(fieldName))
                    {
                        fieldName = field.Name;
                    }

                    this.WriteObjectProperty(fieldName, fieldValue);
                }
            }
            finally
            {
                this.depth--;
            }

            if (appendDelim)
            {
                this.WriteLine();
            }
            this.Writer.Write(JsonReader.OperatorObjectEnd);
        }

        protected virtual void WriteArrayItemDelim()
        {
            this.Writer.Write(JsonReader.OperatorValueDelim);
        }

        protected virtual void WriteObjectPropertyDelim()
        {
            this.Writer.Write(JsonReader.OperatorValueDelim);
        }

        protected virtual void WriteLine()
        {
            if (!this.settings.PrettyPrint)
            {
                return;
            }

            this.Writer.WriteLine();
            for (int i = 0; i < this.depth; i++)
            {
                this.Writer.Write(this.settings.Tab);
            }
        }

        #endregion Writer Methods

        #region Private Methods

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines if the property or field should not be serialized.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="objType"></param>
        /// <param name="member"></param>
        /// <param name="value"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Checks these in order, if any returns true then this is true:
        /// - is flagged with the JsonIgnoreAttribute property
        /// - has a JsonSpecifiedProperty which returns false
        /// </remarks>
        private bool IsIgnored(Type objType, MemberInfo member, object obj)
        {
            if (JsonIgnoreAttribute.IsJsonIgnore(member))
            {
                return true;
            }

            string specifiedProperty = JsonSpecifiedPropertyAttribute.GetJsonSpecifiedProperty(member);
            if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(specifiedProperty))
            {
                PropertyInfo specProp = objType.GetProperty(specifiedProperty);
                if (specProp != null)
                {
                    object isSpecified = specProp.GetValue(obj, null);
                    if (isSpecified is Boolean && !Convert.ToBoolean(isSpecified))
                    {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }

            if (this.settings.UseXmlSerializationAttributes)
            {
                if (JsonIgnoreAttribute.IsXmlIgnore(member))
                {
                    return true;
                }

                PropertyInfo specProp = objType.GetProperty(member.Name + "Specified");
                if (specProp != null)
                {
                    object isSpecified = specProp.GetValue(obj, null);
                    if (isSpecified is Boolean && !Convert.ToBoolean(isSpecified))
                    {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }

            return false;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines if the member value matches the DefaultValue attribute
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>if has a value equivalent to the DefaultValueAttribute</returns>
        private bool IsDefaultValue(MemberInfo member, object value)
        {
            DefaultValueAttribute attribute = Attribute.GetCustomAttribute(member, typeof(DefaultValueAttribute)) as DefaultValueAttribute;
            if (attribute == null)
            {
                return false;
            }

            if (attribute.Value == null)
            {
                return (value == null);
            }

            return (attribute.Value.Equals(value));
        }

        #endregion Private Methods

        #region Utility Methods

        /// <summary>
        /// Splits a bitwise-OR'd set of enums into a list.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="enumType">the enum type</param>
        /// <param name="value">the combined value</param>
        /// <returns>list of flag enums</returns>
        /// <remarks>
        /// from PseudoCode.EnumHelper
        /// </remarks>
        private static Enum[] GetFlagList(Type enumType, object value)
        {
            ulong longVal = Convert.ToUInt64(value);
            Array enumValues = Enum.GetValues(enumType);

            List<Enum> enums = new List<Enum>(enumValues.Length);

            // check for empty
            if (longVal == 0L)
            {
                // Return the value of empty, or zero if none exists
                enums.Add((Enum)Convert.ChangeType(value, enumType));
                return enums.ToArray();
            }

            for (int i = enumValues.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
            {
                ulong enumValue = Convert.ToUInt64(enumValues.GetValue(i));

                if ((i == 0) && (enumValue == 0L))
                {
                    continue;
                }

                // matches a value in enumeration
                if ((longVal & enumValue) == enumValue)
                {
                    // remove from val
                    longVal -= enumValue;

                    // add enum to list
                    enums.Add(enumValues.GetValue(i) as Enum);
                }
            }

            if (longVal != 0x0L)
            {
                enums.Add(Enum.ToObject(enumType, longVal) as Enum);
            }

            return enums.ToArray();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines if a numberic value cannot be represented as IEEE-754.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="value"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        protected virtual bool InvalidIeee754(decimal value)
        {
            // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1601646

            try
            {
                return (decimal)((double)value) != value;
            }
            catch
            {
                return true;
            }
        }

        #endregion Utility Methods

        #region IDisposable Members

        void IDisposable.Dispose()
        {
            if (this.Writer != null)
            {
                this.Writer.Dispose();
            }
        }

        #endregion IDisposable Members
    }
}